Differential effects of methamidophos and three pyrethroids on ATPase activity and membrane fluidity of mitochondria were investigated between the wolf spider（Pirata subpiraticus（Boes.et Str.））and the rice stem bo...Differential effects of methamidophos and three pyrethroids on ATPase activity and membrane fluidity of mitochondria were investigated between the wolf spider（Pirata subpiraticus（Boes.et Str.））and the rice stem borer（Chilo suppressalis（Walker））.Based on a comparison of LD_（50） values,the toxicities of the tested insecticides were higher to the wolf spider than to the rice stem borer.Cyhalothrin at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） caused inhibition of the mitochondrial Na~＋-K~＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities,and it’s inhibitions on Na＋-K＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities were significantly higher in the wolf spider（44 and 28%）than in the rice stem borer（19 and 11%）.Methamidophos at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） decreased Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activity by 16 and 27%in the wolf spider and the rice stem borer,respectively,but no significant effect on the specific activity of Na＋-K＋-ATPase was observed.The DPH（1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene）fluorescence polarization values of mitochondrial membranes were not significantly affected by methamidophos in either species.However,cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin induced the values of DPH polarization of mitochondrial membrane increasing with the concentration of cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin from 20 to 100μmol L^（–1） in the rice stem borer and the wolf spider.Effect of ethofenprox on fluidity of the wolf spider and the rice stem borer was contrary.These results suggest that both inhibition of membrane ATPase and changes of membrane fluidity could be appended to the action mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticides.展开更多
Allocosa brasiliensis is a sand-dwelling wolf spider considered a good bioindicator to evaluate the quality of coastal dune ecosystems from Uruguay. Habitat fragmentation and human activities have impacted and reduced...Allocosa brasiliensis is a sand-dwelling wolf spider considered a good bioindicator to evaluate the quality of coastal dune ecosystems from Uruguay. Habitat fragmentation and human activities have impacted and reduced the Southern Uruguayan coast during the last decades. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the density, surface activity and habitat preference of A. brasiliensis in beaches with different human impact. For that purpose, we sampled during the night with head lamps and applied the capture-mark-recapture method. Females were more abundant than males and were the most recaptured sex. The most fragmented beaches showed lower number of burrows and individuals, especially in immatures stages. We found that the most suitable sandy habitat for A. brasiliensis should present a vegetation cover optimum of 25% - 50% of the surface. This study could provide tools for the implementation of future management conservation plans of the Southern Uruguayan coastline.展开更多
The spiders are the member of the class Arachnida of the phylum Arthropoda with a hard cephalothorax and soft abdomen. They are environmental indicators and play an important role in biological control of insect popul...The spiders are the member of the class Arachnida of the phylum Arthropoda with a hard cephalothorax and soft abdomen. They are environmental indicators and play an important role in biological control of insect population. The present study was conducted to prepare the checklist of the first recorded spider fauna of the 6 quadrates, i.e., Daramdala, Doki, Guryaal, Samang, Shahoor and Sia-Sheringal of Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan during June 2013-July 2014. Ten species (spp) belonging to 7 families, and 10 genera (n = 123: total;n = 77: identified;n = 46: unidentified) were recorded. The family Opilionidae (n = 12): harvestmen spider, Hadrobunus grandis Sundevall, 1833;family, Hersiliidae (n = 6): two-tailed spider, Harsilia savignyi Lucas, 1836;family, Pholcidae (n = 10): cellar spider, Crossopriza lyoni Blackwall, 1867;family, Araneidae (n = 5): garden spider, Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757;family, Gnaphosidae (n = 3): ground spider, Gnaphosa eucalyptus Ghafoor and Beg, 2002 were with one species;family, Sparassidae (n = 19), huntsman spider with 2 spp including Halconia insignis Thorell, 1836, and Isopeda tuhogniga Barrion and Litsinger, 1995;while the highest number of species caught from family Lycosidae (n = 20): wolf spider with 3 spp including Arctosa littorali Simon, 1897;Hippasa partita Takidar, 1970 and Pardosa distincta Backwall, 1867 were recorded. It was concluded that 7 families with 10 genera and species each, respectively, were identified from the study area. A detail study is required for further enhancing of the biodiversity of the spider fauna of Sheringal, KP, Pakistan for synthesis of the ethnozoopharmaco-products.展开更多
In this current century,most industries are moving towards automation,where human intervention is dramatically reduced.This revolution leads to industrial revolution 4.0,which uses the Internet of Things(IoT)and wirel...In this current century,most industries are moving towards automation,where human intervention is dramatically reduced.This revolution leads to industrial revolution 4.0,which uses the Internet of Things(IoT)and wireless sensor networks(WSN).With its associated applications,this IoT device is used to compute the receivedWSN data from devices and transfer it to remote locations for assistance.In general,WSNs,the gateways are a long distance from the base station(BS)and are communicated through the gateways nearer to the BS.At the gateway,which is closer to the BS,energy drains faster because of the heavy load,which leads to energy issues around the BS.Since the sensors are battery-operated,either replacement or recharging of those sensor node batteries is not possible after it is deployed to their corresponding areas.In that situation,energy plays a vital role in sensor survival.Concerning reducing the network energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime,this paper proposed an efficient cluster head selection using Improved Social spider Optimization with a Rough Set(ISSRS)and routing path selection to reduce the network load using the Improved Grey wolf optimization(IGWO)approach.(i)Using ISSRS,the initial clusters are formed with the local nodes,and the cluster head is chosen.(ii)Load balancing through routing path selection using IGWO.The simulation results prove that the proposed optimization-based approaches efficiently reduce the energy through load balancing compared to existing systems in terms of energy efficiency,packet delivery ratio,network throughput,and packet loss percentage.展开更多
Females must be able to perceive and assess male signals,especially when they occur simultaneously with those of other males.Previous studies show female Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders display receptivity to isolated...Females must be able to perceive and assess male signals,especially when they occur simultaneously with those of other males.Previous studies show female Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders display receptivity to isolated visual or vibratory courtship signals,but increased receptivity to multimodal courtship.It is unknown whether this is true when females are presented with a choice between simultaneous multimodal and isolated unimodal male courtship.We used digital playback to present females with a choice simulating simultaneous male courtship in different sensory modes without variation in information content:1)isolated unimodal visual versus vibratory signals;2)multimodal versus vibratory signals;and 3)multimodal versus visual signals.When choosing between isolated unimodal signals(visual or vibratory),there were no significant differences in orientation latency and number of orientations,approaches or receptive displays directed to either signal.When given a choice between multimodal versus vibratory-only male courtship signals,females were more likely to orient to the multimodal stimulus,and directed significantly more orients,approaches and receptivity behaviors to the multimodal signal.When presented with a choice between multimodal and visual-only signals,there were significantly more orients and approaches to the multimodal signal,but no significant difference in female receptivity.Results suggest that signal modes are redundant and equivalent in terms of qualitative responses,but when combined,multimodal signals quantitatively enhance detection and/or reception.This study confirms the value of testing preference behavior using a choice paradigm,as female preferences may depend on the context(e.g.,environmental context and social context)in which they are presented with male signals.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB114103)
文摘Differential effects of methamidophos and three pyrethroids on ATPase activity and membrane fluidity of mitochondria were investigated between the wolf spider（Pirata subpiraticus（Boes.et Str.））and the rice stem borer（Chilo suppressalis（Walker））.Based on a comparison of LD_（50） values,the toxicities of the tested insecticides were higher to the wolf spider than to the rice stem borer.Cyhalothrin at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） caused inhibition of the mitochondrial Na~＋-K~＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities,and it’s inhibitions on Na＋-K＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities were significantly higher in the wolf spider（44 and 28%）than in the rice stem borer（19 and 11%）.Methamidophos at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） decreased Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activity by 16 and 27%in the wolf spider and the rice stem borer,respectively,but no significant effect on the specific activity of Na＋-K＋-ATPase was observed.The DPH（1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene）fluorescence polarization values of mitochondrial membranes were not significantly affected by methamidophos in either species.However,cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin induced the values of DPH polarization of mitochondrial membrane increasing with the concentration of cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin from 20 to 100μmol L^（–1） in the rice stem borer and the wolf spider.Effect of ethofenprox on fluidity of the wolf spider and the rice stem borer was contrary.These results suggest that both inhibition of membrane ATPase and changes of membrane fluidity could be appended to the action mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticides.
文摘Allocosa brasiliensis is a sand-dwelling wolf spider considered a good bioindicator to evaluate the quality of coastal dune ecosystems from Uruguay. Habitat fragmentation and human activities have impacted and reduced the Southern Uruguayan coast during the last decades. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the density, surface activity and habitat preference of A. brasiliensis in beaches with different human impact. For that purpose, we sampled during the night with head lamps and applied the capture-mark-recapture method. Females were more abundant than males and were the most recaptured sex. The most fragmented beaches showed lower number of burrows and individuals, especially in immatures stages. We found that the most suitable sandy habitat for A. brasiliensis should present a vegetation cover optimum of 25% - 50% of the surface. This study could provide tools for the implementation of future management conservation plans of the Southern Uruguayan coastline.
文摘The spiders are the member of the class Arachnida of the phylum Arthropoda with a hard cephalothorax and soft abdomen. They are environmental indicators and play an important role in biological control of insect population. The present study was conducted to prepare the checklist of the first recorded spider fauna of the 6 quadrates, i.e., Daramdala, Doki, Guryaal, Samang, Shahoor and Sia-Sheringal of Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan during June 2013-July 2014. Ten species (spp) belonging to 7 families, and 10 genera (n = 123: total;n = 77: identified;n = 46: unidentified) were recorded. The family Opilionidae (n = 12): harvestmen spider, Hadrobunus grandis Sundevall, 1833;family, Hersiliidae (n = 6): two-tailed spider, Harsilia savignyi Lucas, 1836;family, Pholcidae (n = 10): cellar spider, Crossopriza lyoni Blackwall, 1867;family, Araneidae (n = 5): garden spider, Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757;family, Gnaphosidae (n = 3): ground spider, Gnaphosa eucalyptus Ghafoor and Beg, 2002 were with one species;family, Sparassidae (n = 19), huntsman spider with 2 spp including Halconia insignis Thorell, 1836, and Isopeda tuhogniga Barrion and Litsinger, 1995;while the highest number of species caught from family Lycosidae (n = 20): wolf spider with 3 spp including Arctosa littorali Simon, 1897;Hippasa partita Takidar, 1970 and Pardosa distincta Backwall, 1867 were recorded. It was concluded that 7 families with 10 genera and species each, respectively, were identified from the study area. A detail study is required for further enhancing of the biodiversity of the spider fauna of Sheringal, KP, Pakistan for synthesis of the ethnozoopharmaco-products.
基金This work was supported by the Collabo R&D between Industry,Academy,and Research Institute(S3250534)funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MSS,Korea)the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund。
文摘In this current century,most industries are moving towards automation,where human intervention is dramatically reduced.This revolution leads to industrial revolution 4.0,which uses the Internet of Things(IoT)and wireless sensor networks(WSN).With its associated applications,this IoT device is used to compute the receivedWSN data from devices and transfer it to remote locations for assistance.In general,WSNs,the gateways are a long distance from the base station(BS)and are communicated through the gateways nearer to the BS.At the gateway,which is closer to the BS,energy drains faster because of the heavy load,which leads to energy issues around the BS.Since the sensors are battery-operated,either replacement or recharging of those sensor node batteries is not possible after it is deployed to their corresponding areas.In that situation,energy plays a vital role in sensor survival.Concerning reducing the network energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime,this paper proposed an efficient cluster head selection using Improved Social spider Optimization with a Rough Set(ISSRS)and routing path selection to reduce the network load using the Improved Grey wolf optimization(IGWO)approach.(i)Using ISSRS,the initial clusters are formed with the local nodes,and the cluster head is chosen.(ii)Load balancing through routing path selection using IGWO.The simulation results prove that the proposed optimization-based approaches efficiently reduce the energy through load balancing compared to existing systems in terms of energy efficiency,packet delivery ratio,network throughput,and packet loss percentage.
基金This work represents a portion of a thesis submitted by E.C.K.in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S.degree from the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Cincinnati.This research was supported by grant IOS-1026995 from the National Science Foundation(to G.W.U.)。
文摘Females must be able to perceive and assess male signals,especially when they occur simultaneously with those of other males.Previous studies show female Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders display receptivity to isolated visual or vibratory courtship signals,but increased receptivity to multimodal courtship.It is unknown whether this is true when females are presented with a choice between simultaneous multimodal and isolated unimodal male courtship.We used digital playback to present females with a choice simulating simultaneous male courtship in different sensory modes without variation in information content:1)isolated unimodal visual versus vibratory signals;2)multimodal versus vibratory signals;and 3)multimodal versus visual signals.When choosing between isolated unimodal signals(visual or vibratory),there were no significant differences in orientation latency and number of orientations,approaches or receptive displays directed to either signal.When given a choice between multimodal versus vibratory-only male courtship signals,females were more likely to orient to the multimodal stimulus,and directed significantly more orients,approaches and receptivity behaviors to the multimodal signal.When presented with a choice between multimodal and visual-only signals,there were significantly more orients and approaches to the multimodal signal,but no significant difference in female receptivity.Results suggest that signal modes are redundant and equivalent in terms of qualitative responses,but when combined,multimodal signals quantitatively enhance detection and/or reception.This study confirms the value of testing preference behavior using a choice paradigm,as female preferences may depend on the context(e.g.,environmental context and social context)in which they are presented with male signals.
