The liberation of women is the historical process in which women have striven for gender equality, freedom from oppression, confinement and discrimination, and are becoming the masters of the society and their own des...The liberation of women is the historical process in which women have striven for gender equality, freedom from oppression, confinement and discrimination, and are becoming the masters of the society and their own destinies. According to the diversity in history and the state, the process can be divided into a serial of correlated phases, with each phase focusing on different issues. Sexism order in China had remained stable in the traditional society for centuries through a set of institutions. Women had believed in a sexual order and the rules of propriety, which advocated that men were superior to women. After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, women’s rights in politics, economy, society, and even family were recognized and secured by the Constitution and laws just as men’s during a short period. Women’s liberation in China has made a significant progress.展开更多
This article investigates one of the last polygamous families in modern China,the household of Yuan Shikai,who was the first president of the Republic of China.Before his presidency,Yuan was a prominent reformer and h...This article investigates one of the last polygamous families in modern China,the household of Yuan Shikai,who was the first president of the Republic of China.Before his presidency,Yuan was a prominent reformer and high-ranking official in the late Qing Empire.Although he implemented numerous influential progressive reforms to promote China's modernization,he himself led a traditional private life within his own home:He married ten women,built himself a large harem,and fathered thirty-two children.This article explores Yuan's polygamous marriages by revealing the characteristics of his marital life,probing the styles of his nuptial experience,and examining his approach of managing his family.Through this study,we can see another aspect of China's transformation from tradition to modernity,along w让h its national transformation from empire to republic.Therefore,this study help us not only explore the long-relinquished old-style marriage system and uncover a long forgotten system of spousal union,but also unmask the role of polygamy in shaping the lives of Chinese social and political elites before its final abolition in the early 20th century.展开更多
In the first half of the 20th century, during China's rapid transition from tradition to modernity, three major historical events occurred successively in Ding County, Hebei Province. These events illustrate the g...In the first half of the 20th century, during China's rapid transition from tradition to modernity, three major historical events occurred successively in Ding County, Hebei Province. These events illustrate the gradual broadening of the horizons of some rural women: shifting from the Confucian expectation that "women's rightful place is in the home" to a gradual extension into the public domain. The Zhaicheng village system took the first small step in breaking the Confucian gender norms by promoting female education in public spaces, yet it did not truly challenge the fundamental gender order of males outside the home and females within it. The Mass Education Movement saw the emergence of the first group of professional women in rural Ding County. However, they faced social exclusion as a consequence of entering the public domain. The Zhaicheng system and the gender-based teaching practices during the Mass Education Movement sowed the seeds of the impending tension and conflict experienced by women juggling dual roles within and outside the family. Amidst the bloodshed of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation(wars of Resistance and Liberation), female warriors, through sacrifice and devotion, ventured into the newly expanded public sphere of war, yet traditional gender norms continued to confine their broadened horizons to a transient phase in their lives. A collective examination of these three major occurrences shows that the gradual broadening of horizons for rural women in Ding County during the first half of the 20th century was inherent in the developmental trajectory of the village, embodying the idea that the modern nation was gradually emerging within the village in the concept of "nation from village."展开更多
文摘The liberation of women is the historical process in which women have striven for gender equality, freedom from oppression, confinement and discrimination, and are becoming the masters of the society and their own destinies. According to the diversity in history and the state, the process can be divided into a serial of correlated phases, with each phase focusing on different issues. Sexism order in China had remained stable in the traditional society for centuries through a set of institutions. Women had believed in a sexual order and the rules of propriety, which advocated that men were superior to women. After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, women’s rights in politics, economy, society, and even family were recognized and secured by the Constitution and laws just as men’s during a short period. Women’s liberation in China has made a significant progress.
文摘This article investigates one of the last polygamous families in modern China,the household of Yuan Shikai,who was the first president of the Republic of China.Before his presidency,Yuan was a prominent reformer and high-ranking official in the late Qing Empire.Although he implemented numerous influential progressive reforms to promote China's modernization,he himself led a traditional private life within his own home:He married ten women,built himself a large harem,and fathered thirty-two children.This article explores Yuan's polygamous marriages by revealing the characteristics of his marital life,probing the styles of his nuptial experience,and examining his approach of managing his family.Through this study,we can see another aspect of China's transformation from tradition to modernity,along w让h its national transformation from empire to republic.Therefore,this study help us not only explore the long-relinquished old-style marriage system and uncover a long forgotten system of spousal union,but also unmask the role of polygamy in shaping the lives of Chinese social and political elites before its final abolition in the early 20th century.
基金the National Social Science Fund project "Research on the Formative Mechanism and Governance of Absent Fatherhood from the Perspective of Early Childhood Education"(21BSH118)。
文摘In the first half of the 20th century, during China's rapid transition from tradition to modernity, three major historical events occurred successively in Ding County, Hebei Province. These events illustrate the gradual broadening of the horizons of some rural women: shifting from the Confucian expectation that "women's rightful place is in the home" to a gradual extension into the public domain. The Zhaicheng village system took the first small step in breaking the Confucian gender norms by promoting female education in public spaces, yet it did not truly challenge the fundamental gender order of males outside the home and females within it. The Mass Education Movement saw the emergence of the first group of professional women in rural Ding County. However, they faced social exclusion as a consequence of entering the public domain. The Zhaicheng system and the gender-based teaching practices during the Mass Education Movement sowed the seeds of the impending tension and conflict experienced by women juggling dual roles within and outside the family. Amidst the bloodshed of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation(wars of Resistance and Liberation), female warriors, through sacrifice and devotion, ventured into the newly expanded public sphere of war, yet traditional gender norms continued to confine their broadened horizons to a transient phase in their lives. A collective examination of these three major occurrences shows that the gradual broadening of horizons for rural women in Ding County during the first half of the 20th century was inherent in the developmental trajectory of the village, embodying the idea that the modern nation was gradually emerging within the village in the concept of "nation from village."
