Profiling and Determinants of Impaired Lipid Profile Parameters among Breast Cancer Women of Childbearing Age Living in Douala, Cameroon

Objective: Breast cancer in women of childbearing age (WCBA) is a major public health concern. This study aimed to determine variation and determinants in lipid profile among Cameroonian WCBA diagnosed with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A case-control study took place at two reference hospitals in Douala, Cameroon. A total of 176 WCBA (88 cases and 88 controls) were finally enrolled. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical and anthropometric data. Three millilitres of venous blood were collected for analysis of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglycerides (TG). Results: Overweight was predominantly seen in cases and controls. Serum levels of TC and LDL-c were significantly lower in cancer women (167.02 ± 45.46 vs 183.12 ± 27.38 mg/dL, p = 0.005 for TC;85.83 ± 40.34 vs 105.25 ± 29.95 mg/dL, p = 0.0004 for LDL-c), while HDL-c levels were higher in controls (45.09 ± 7.20 vs 38.24 ± 11.14 mg/dL, p Conclusion: This study suggests the influence of breast cancer on lipid profile parameters especially HDL-c and LDL-c, and possibly their putative clinical utility for early diagnosis in premenopausal women in Cameroon.

Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis B among Women of Childbearing Age in the Kara Region of Togo in 2022

Introduction: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Few up-to-date data on this disease are available in developing countries, including Togo. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B among women of childbearing age in the Kara region of Togo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 23 to 25 September 2022 during a fairground campaign. Data were collected using a standardised questionnaire. HBV screening was performed using “SD-BIOLINE HBsAg WB” rapid immunochromatographic tests. HBV prevalence was reported with its 95% confidence interval (CI). Regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with HBV infection. Results: A total of 327 women were enrolled, with a median age of 34 years and an interquartile range of [25 - 43]. Nearly half (49.5%) of the women had had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 18 and 2.1% had at least 2 sexual partners at the time of the survey. The majority (91.7%) had not used a condom the last time they had sex. The prevalence of hepatitis B was 10.4% (95% CI: 7.5 - 14.2]). In multivariable analysis, having had sexual intercourse for the first time after the age of 18 (ORa = 0.17;95% CI [0.06 - 0.43];p Conclusion: The results of this study underline the importance of monitoring the prevalence of hepatitis B in women of childbearing age, and of implementing targeted prevention and screening measures to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HBV.

TORCH Infection Status in Women of Childbearing Age in China:A Meta-Analysis

Objective:This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of comprehensive information on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis(TOX),rubella virus(RV),cytomegalovirus(CMV),and herpes simplex(HSV)also known as TORCH infection in women of childbearing age.Besides,the positive rates of TORCH-Immunoglobulin G(TORCH-IgG)and Immunoglobulin M(IgM)antibodies in women of childbearing age in different regions of China were statistically analyzed,so as to highlight the issue of TORCH infection in women of childbearing age.Methods:A total of 12,694 articles were retrieved by keyword searching.The works were screened according to the inclusion criteria,and 25 studies were included totaling 531,617 women of childbearing age.The OpenMeta[Analyst]software was used to perform a heterogeneity test,and a random-effects model was used for system analysis.Results:The results of the meta-analysis showed that the positive rates of TORCH-IgG antibodies in women of childbearing age nationwide were 3.2%for TOX-IgG,73.4%for RV-IgG,73.8%for CMV-IgG,and 57.4%for HSV-IgG.The positive rates of IgM antibody infection in TORCH were 1.3%for TOX-IgM,6.1%for RV-IgM,9.5%for CMV-IgM,7.6%for HSV-IgM,2.0%for HSV-1-IgM,and 1.9%for HSV-2-IgM.All meta-analyses had I2≥98%and P<0.001,which meant that the results were statistically significant.Conclusions:A meta-analysis of the positive rates of IgG and IgM antibodies of TORCH infection in women of childbearing age found that the early infection rate of HSV was the highest,and the previous infection rate of RV was the highest.This result can provide epidemiological basis for the prevention and treatment of TORCH infection.

Factors Associated with the Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods by Women of Childbearing Age in Parakou in 2017

As in other countries of West Africa, Benin has a low rate of MCM utilization. The factors which lead to this low rate of use vary from one country to another. Purpose: The purpose of this work was to determine the factors associated with the use of modern contraceptive method (MCM) by women of childbearing age (WCBA) in Parakou in 2017. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional and descriptive study with an analytical purpose among WCBA selected in households of the municipality of Parakou after a 2-degree cluster survey. Results: The WCBA’s average age was 29 ± 5.6 years old with extremes of 15 and 46 years. The modern contraceptive prevalence was 14.74%. Among WCBA, 57.14% had an average level of knowledge. The media were the main source of information (75.84%). Among them 34.39% never discussed the matter with their spouse;the latter were not in favor of contraception. The educational level, the perception of woman, the spouse’s favorable opinion, the discussion with the spouse, the level of knowledge of MCM and the knowledge of the existence of FP service were significantly associated with the use of MCM with p = 0.0000 after multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The level of MCM use still remains low. Any effort to increase the modern contraceptive prevalence should take into account its associated factors in order to optimize the use of MCM in the municipality of Parakou in 2017.

Association between Metal(loid)Exposure and Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mediated by Anti-Müllerian Hormone among Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer

Objective To investigate the relationship and potential pathways between metal(loid)exposure and the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)in women of childbearing age.Methods This case-control study included 200 patients with PCOS(cases)and 896 non-PCOS controls with the age of 25-37 years.The concentrations of 29 metal(loid)s in the follicular fluid(FF)and clinical indicators in the serum were measured in all participants.Logistic regression analysis and mediation analysis were conducted to evaluate the associations between metal(loid)exposure and PCOS risk and investigate the possible roles of clinical indicators,respectively.Results Logistic regression analysis revealed an association between high copper levels in FF and increased PCOS risk(highest vs.lowest quartile:adjusted odds ratio=2.94,95%confidence interval:1.83-4.72).A high luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio and elevated levels of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)were strongly associated with increased PCOS risk induced by high copper exposure.The mediation analysis indicated a mediating effect of AMH in the association between copper exposure and PCOS risk.Conclusion Copper may affect PCOS risk through the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis,mediated by AMH.Copper exposure and internal AMH levels are important indicators for early warning of PCOS development.

Assessment of Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Women of Childbearing Age in Cameroon: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Malnutrition due to poor feeding habits, is still a serious public health issue in Cameroon. The objective of this study was to assess the dietary patterns and nutritional status of women of childbearing age in various geographical settings in Cameroon so as to propose intervention strategies. Methods: In a cross sectional study conducted from January 2014 to August 2015, women aged 14 - 49 years were randomly selected from the capital city Yaounde and four regions of Cameroon. Anthropometric measures were collected for nutritional status assessment. Data on diet habits and socio-demographic parameters were collected. Results: 608 women of reproductive age with average age 34.68 ± 0.39 years made up the study. Dietary patterns assessment revealed that, most study participants had a frequent intake of carbohydrate rich foods and fats and oils rich foods;but an infrequent intake of protein rich foods and vitamin and minerals rich foods in a week. Nutritional status assessment revealed that, 2.1% were underweight, 28.6% had a normal weight, 30.8% overweight, and 38.5% obese. The grass field regions presented the highest prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity. Higher malnutrition levels were linked to low intakes of pulses and beans;milk and dairy products;vegetables and fruits food groups. Conclusion: Women of the study population had an unhealthy dietary pattern and a poor nutritional status. Therefore, strategies such as nutritional education are warranted and should be age and region specific, so as to target specific groups of women and ensure adequate nutritional status and health.

Psychological Cognition of Women of Childbearing Age on the Use of Cosmetics During Pregnancy

Objective:To investigate the psychological cognition of women of childbearing age on the use of cosmetics during pregnancy,so as to provide guidance for women of childbearing age to correctly use cosmetics during pregnancy.Methods:A total of 180 women of childbearing age who underwent gynecological examination in Dezhou People’s Hospital from October 2020 to October 2021 were selected as the research subjects.Questionnaires were used to investigate the psychological cognition of women of childbearing age on the use of cosmetics during pregnancy.Results:Among the 180 women of childbearing age,48(26.67%)felt that cosmetics cannot be used during pregnancy,60(33.33%)felt that it did not matter,and 72(40.00%)agreed that cosmetics can be used during pregnancy.In addition,urban women,highly educated women,unmarried women,and enterprise employees agreed with the use of special cosmetics for pregnant women or the selective use of cosmetics during pregnancy.Conclusion:Most women of child-bearing age felt that cosmetics can be used during pregnancy;this cognition is related to their education level,occupation,and registered residence.

Health Care Policy and Reform—Case Study on Liberia Tuberculosis among Childbearing Age Women

Objective: Liberia health care needs to focus on addressing this disease called Tuberculosis among childbearing age women in Liberia and the world;focusing on women’s health governance of Liberia should involve these three sets of actors to control a disease outbreak. The first set of state actors, including politicians, policymakers, and other government officials, need to provide health care education in every part. The public sector health bureaucracy comprising the health ministry, health, social insurance agencies, public pharmaceutical procurement and distribution entities, etc., is central. Still, non-health public sector actors also play a role. Methods: The researcher used the questionnaire method as the main instrument for the study. Results: This survey indicates that 48% of those responding to health education can reduce TB among childbearing age women showed that education could minimize the spread of TB. 25% can improve economic status. 27% said it could reduce the illiteracy rate. The instruments used were positively related to the topic to obtain the needed findings. This set comprises public, private, should not be-for-profit individuals and groups that deliver health services and organizations that support service provision: medical training institutions, health insurance agencies, the pharmaceutical industry. Health service delivery can be presenting from the health system perspective, with inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes. WHO’re Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening explaining that service delivery includes “effective, safe and quality personal and non-personal health interventions that are providing to those in need, when and where needed (including infrastructure), with minimal waste of resources”. Conclusion: Inputs for a sound health system, the need for health care delivery include financial resources, competent health care staff, adequate physical facilities and equipment, essential medicines and supplies, current clinical guidelines, and operational policies.

Analysis of Antenatal Care and its Related Factors among Married Chinese Women

Objective To explore the related factors of antenatal careMethods The data derived from National Demography and Reproductive Health Survey in1997 conducted by National Population and Family Planning Commission. 11 892 women whohad given birth to at least one survival child were involved in this study. SAS software was usedin multivariate analysis.Results The average rate of general antenatal care is 57.3% and has increased dramatically inthe recent 30 years. The major reason why most subjects didn’t have antenatal care was lackingthe recognition of the importance of antenatal care. The antenatal care was associated withresidence in rural area or urban area, age, educational level, parity of the last birth, localaverage income, distance between home and township in rural area and so on.Conclusion Women of childbearing age need to improve their health knowledge; thegovernment should increase the availability of antenatal care.

Periodontal status and associated risk factors among childbearing age women in Cixi City of China

Objective:To investigate the periodontal status and associated risk factors among women of childbearing age to increase the awareness of oral health.Methods:The study was conducted on childbearing age women in Cixi,a city in Zhejiang Province in the southeast of China.A total of 754 women participated in periodontal examination while receiving prenatal care.Data of the women were collected from the Cixi Family Planning Commission and during an interview.Clinical periodontal indices,such as bleeding on probing(BOP),probing depth(PD),and clinical attachment level(CAL) were measured during the examination.Statistical analysis on subject-based data was performed.Results:The prevalence of periodontal disease among childbearing age women in Cixi was high(84.7%).A significant association was found between the disease and educational level,pregnancy,taking oral contraceptives,stress,alcohol consumption,overweight,dental visit,and teeth brushing(P<0.05).Women who suffered periodontal disease showed deep PD,obvious BOP,and clinical attachment loss.Among this population,pregnancy was closely associated with higher BOP percentage;teeth brushing no more than once per day or brushing for less than 1 min(P<0.001) after adjusting for age and stress.Conclusions:The periodontal status of childbearing age women in Cixi needs to be improved urgently.Attention towards the periodontal health should be warranted,especially for those in special statuses and with poor awareness.

Appearance of Inflammation in Peripheral Blood during Menstrual Cycles in Women of Childbearing Age

Background:Chronic inflammation has been reported as a triggering and driving factor in the pathogenesis of various diseases and is believed to be closely associated with tumor pathogenesis.In this study,we aimed to explore the changes of the inflammatory stress-related indexes during the menstrual period.Methods:Cytokines and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens from 76 childbearing-age women during the follicular phase,luteal phase,and menstrual period were measured.Results:The expression of inflammatory indexes,such as platelets(PLT),lymphocytes(Lym),the percentage of Lym(Lym%),neutrophils(Neu),the percantage of Neu(Neu%),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),interleukin-6(IL-6),and cancer antigen 125(CA125),reached the highest level during the menstrual period.Conclusions:Female genital organs are under inflammatory stress during menstruation,which hints that the changes of the inflammatory state of the body play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases.

Study on Relationship between Reproductive Tract Infections and Personal Hygiene Behaviors among Vulnerable Married Women in Shanghai

Objective:To understand the influence of personal hygiene behaviors on reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and to provide evidence for the intervention among married women at childbearing age Methods:A total of 1 631 married women in 60 residence neighborhoods from 4 streets and 2 stagnant enterprises were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and interviewed face-to-face through questionnaires, laboratory tests assay and gynecological examination. All data were analyzed by SAS 8.2. Results:The positive detection rates of five target pathogens, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, G.vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in the study were 3.04%, 5.04%, 1.52%, 6.68%, and 0.12%, respectively. Personal hygiene practices and sexual behaviors among married women in the study were good in general. The vast majority of women (98.77%) rinsed their vulvae every day and more than half of the women (53.03%) took bath every day. In terms of the prevalence of endogenous infection, there were statistical differences between women who had different frequencies of rinsing their vulvae and taking bath; and for the prevalence of sexually transmitted infection, there were significant differences between women whose husband had different frequency of washing their external genital organs before sexual intercourses each time. The mostly adopted contraceptive methods among women ranked by frequency were intra-uterine devices (IUD) (68.69%), male condom (16.69%) and safe period (6.20%), among which male condom could prevent sexually transmitted infections. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the frequency of taking bath, the husband washing his external genital organ before sexual intercourse and the age of marriage were the influencing factors of RTIs, too. Conclusion:It is very urgent that health educational intervention of RTIs among married women be conducted and especially the knowledge on condom's double effects on contraception and prevention of RTIs be disseminated to urge women to practice hygiene behavior to achieve the aim of preventing RTIs.

Female Fertility Following Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer: A Descriptive Study of 265 Cases Treated in Yaounde

Context: In Cameroon, breast cancer (BC) is usually diagnosed late in the disease course. About a third of women affected are aged less than 40 years. Chemotherapy (CT) could alter ovarian function and thereby compromise future fertility in these women. We therefore described the fertility of women following CT for BC in women treated at the Yaounde General Hospital (YGH). Methods: It was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted over 8 months, from January to August 2017. We used the files of patients managed for BC from January 2011 to December 2015 in the medical oncology unit of the YGH. Results: We included 265 patients for the study following at least one year of CT. The mean age at the onset of CT was 35.9 ± 6.9 years. Most of the patients had fewer than 2 deliveries (68.3%). Intraductal carcinoma was the most frequent histological lesion (90.6%) and most often diagnosed in advanced stages (73.5%). As per CT, the FAC protocol was the most used (44.5%). The menstrual cycles of the patients were more regular prior to the onset of chemotherapy (89.4% vs. 58.9%), while the mean period of resumption of menstrual activity following cessation of chemotherapy was 6.3 ± 2.0 months. Chemotherapy-related amenorrhoea was observed in 29.1% of patients after 12 months of treatment. More than half of these women (51.3%) complained of a drop in libido and 6.4% achieved pregnancy within 13 months following cessation of chemotherapy. Conclusion: Following chemotherapy for BC, menstrual cycle disorders are more frequent and this can affect the patients’ reproductive potential. Fertility consultations should be integrated into the management plan of such patients.

PAC服务对育龄女性避孕、避孕方式选择及重复流产的影响

目的:分析流产后关爱(PAC)服务对育龄女性避孕方式选择、再次妊娠及重复流产的影响。方法:以2020年5月-2021年4月在本院因意外妊娠自愿要求终止妊娠的育龄女性120例作为研究对象,随机分组原则分为观察组及对照组各60例,观察组人工流产后采取PAC服务,对照组采取常规健康教育。比较两组流产术后避孕措施落实、术后阴道流血时间、术后及时避孕、术后6个月再次妊娠及重复流产情况。结果:两组本次意外妊娠原因无差异(P>0.05);观察组术后阴道流血时间(5.1±1.2 d)低于对照组(9.0±1.1 d),术后及时避孕率(100.0%)高于对照组(91.7%),高效避孕措施落实率(90.0%)高于对照组(75.0%),流产术后6个月内再次妊娠(3.3%)及重复流产(1.7%)比率均低于对照组(15.0%、11.7%)(均P<0.05)。结论:PAC服务可提高育龄女性流产后高效避孕方式选择、避孕措施及时落实率,对降低再次妊娠及重复流产均具有积极意义。

流产后关爱对保护育龄妇女生育力的应用价值研究

目的探讨流产后关爱在育龄妇女保护生育力中的应用价值。方法选取100例流产后的育龄妇女为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组50例。观察组给予流产后关爱,对照组给予常规护理。比较两组生殖健康知识知晓情况、避孕知识、避孕态度与行为、心理状态及满意度。结果干预后,观察组自我护理知识、人流知识、避孕节育知识、避孕态度、避孕行为评分均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组焦虑、抑郁评分均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论流产后关爱在保护育龄妇女生育力中的应用价值更高,值得临床推广与应用。

流动育龄妇女人工流产职业风险因素分析

为了解流动育龄妇女人工流产的职业风险因素,利用2005年全国五城市流动人口生殖健康调查数据,采用多因素Logistic回归模型,分析职业因素与流动育龄人工流产风险的关联。流动育龄妇女的职业因素与其人工流产风险存在统计学关联。育龄妇女的流入地打工年数、是否与配偶共同居住、从事的职业均可能增加其人工流产风险。针对上述危险因素对流动育龄妇女开展健康教育,可有效预防和减少流动育龄妇女的人工流产发生风险。

知情选择社区干预对农村已婚育龄妇女避孕行为的影响

目的评估避孕方法知情选择社区干预对农村已婚育龄妇女避孕行为及人工流产发生状况的影响。方法在全国不同省的三个县分别选择两个乡镇，随机分配到干预组和对照组。干预社区开展避孕方法知情选择社区干预研究和计划生育常规工作；对照社区仅开展计划生育常规工作。通过结构式问卷调查测量育龄妇女的避孕行为和流产状况，评估干预的效果。结果干预提高了研究对象自主选择避孕方法的比例。干预期间更换或新采取避孕措施的对象（409人）中，干预组中自主选择的比例高于对照组，干预效应的OR值为2．46，95％可信限为1．50～4．04。但本研究未发现干预活动对研究对象的避孕率、避孕方法更换率、新采取率、停用率等有影响，干预期间两组的人工流产发生率无统计学差异。结论避孕方法知情选择社区干预能提高育龄妇女的避孕方法自主选择能力，而对避孕率、人工流产率无明显影响。

已婚育龄妇女药物流产情况调查

目的：了解江西省南昌市已婚育龄妇女药物流产率及其分布情况。方法：采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取南昌市2县（进贤县、安义县）2区（青山湖区、西湖区）5468名已婚育龄妇女，对其社会人口学特征、婚姻、生育状况进行问卷调查。结果：随着年龄增加，药物流产率逐渐下降，以20～24岁和25～30岁年龄段较高，分别为7．9％和8．5％（P=0．001）；初孕年龄在20～24岁和25～30岁年龄段药物流产率较高，分别为7．7％和7．1％（P=0．002）；结婚年数在5～10年的药物流产率最高（9．0％，P〈0．001）；随着妊娠次数的增加，药物流产率亦增加，妊娠5次的药物流产率最高（25．8％）；职业以农民工和专业技术人员药物流产率较高，分别为15．0％和12．5％（P〈0．001）；文化程度越高，药物流产率越高，大专及以上文化程度为最高（10．7％，P〈0．001）；居住城镇的药物流产率明显高于乡村（P=0．001）；公费医疗的药物流产率明显高于自费和其他医疗保健形式者（P〈0．001）。两分类Logistic回归分析结果显示，职业为工人是药物流产的危险因素，文化程度越低、结婚年数越多、初孕年龄越大、公费医疗保健形式，则药物流产率越低。结论：药物流产发生的高危人群为20～29岁年龄段和较高学历的育龄妇女；增加经济收入，提倡晚育均可以减少药物流产的发生率。

广州市不同户籍育龄妇女人工流产状况及影响因素分析

目的：了解广州市不同户籍育龄妇女人工流产现状并探讨其影响因素.方法：采用随机整群抽样方法,对1 003名流动育龄妇女和365名户籍育龄妇女进行匿名问卷调查.结果：流动育龄妇女的人工流产率及重复流产率（41.58％、36.45％）均高于户籍育龄妇女（28.77％、21.80％）,且初次人工流产年龄偏低;流动妇女、户籍妇女在人工流产地点选择亦有不同,去省市级医院的比例分别为36.69％和56.19％,去私人诊所的比例分别为6.47％和0.95％;但两组对象在流产原因和术后获得服务方面相似.多元logistic回归分析发现,年龄为21 ～40岁、已婚、外地户籍均为育龄妇女人工流产的危险因素,而文化程度较高和每年体检次数1次则为保护因素.结论：育龄妇女人工流产率较高,应对这一重点人群有针对性地开展避孕知识的宣传教育以降低人工流产率.