A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

Report on the Educational Process for the Promotion of Health of Women Attended in a Reference Center of Social Assistance

This article discusses one experienced by students and preceptors of Programs Pro-Pet-Health and Health of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte/Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairí in the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) in the municipality of experience Santa Cruz/RN, with a view to the relationship between preventive health activities and social assistance. The proposed work of Pro-Pet in the assistance unit sought to unravel the lifestyle of the target audience in order to know the risk factors and suggest the adoption of health measures for disease prevention. Work to guide the educational process for health promotion with socioeconomic and cultural contextualization built on scientific papers surveyed in Lilacs and Scielo data was used. On average, 12 women aged between 35 and 60 years participated in the group. Eight group sessions occurred in the period from March to May 2014. Regarding work methodologies, we used dynamic integration and self-knowledge;dialogued lectures;lectures;reports of experiences;thematic workshops;educational videos;wheels conversation complemented by the use of texts and poems;as well as application of the checklist in conducting health and anthropometry. The experience helped identify the characteristics of the group and plan understandable and meaningful guidance for women, facilitating the understanding of the importance of self-care in preventing disease.

The Rise of Women’s Education and the Modernity of East Asia:Focusing on the Education of“Virtuous Wives and Worthy Mothers”in China and Japan

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan.Looking back on the past and forward to the future,we realize modernity has become a critical issue that not only China and Japan,but the whole East Asian region should pay attention to.China and Japan are both within the“Circle of Confucius Culture”and are both modern latecomer countries.As they were coerced by western countries to enter the modern age,they shared multiple common features.An exploration of the two countries’respective rising of modern women’s education is an important path to discuss the reconstruction of gender and an important method of the course of the embodiment of east-Asian women into modernization drives.With regards to conclusion,entering the modern age,Chinese and Japanese intellectuals reshaped the female gender in terms of interpersonal relationship,value system,and knowledge structure by advocating the idea of“virtuous wives and worthy mothers”education.In the concept of virtuous wives and worthy mothers in East Asia,the Confucian ethics of“docility and virtue”is the soul,and modern scientific knowledge serves this core value.On the other hand,in the course of localization in China and Japan,this imported concept from the West has encountered a completely different historical fate.

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

Analyzing the Influences on Women’s Upbringing and Their Educational Significance Using the Case of Estella,the Heroine of Great Expectations

This paper explores the influences on women’s upbringing and their educational significance by using the character Estella from Great Expectations as a case study.Through analyzing the impact of social environment,family education,and self-awakening,this article aims to promote gender equality and the construction of a feminist cognitive community.It delves into the class divisions of 19th-century England,the manipulative family education imposed on Estella by Miss Havisham,and Estella’s journey towards self-consciousness after her foster mother’s death.The study highlights the challenges faced by women in societal constraints,family expectations,and the importance of self-discovery in overcoming these limitations.

Failure of a “Modern” Education: Mansfield Park as a Case Study

This paper explores the moral anarchy caused by the failed education in Mansfield Park, and demonstrates the insufficiency of mere intellectual education and the absolute necessity of moral education in the formation of a mature and responsible character.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

Facilitators and Constraints:Perceptions of Gender Differences on Women’s Career Advancement

The underrepresentation in top management positions has made women’s status in the hospitality industry a great concern.The study examined hospitality students’,educators’,and industry recruiters’perceptions of facilitators and constraints on women’s career advancement and identified if there were any significant differences among them.Data were collected through an online survey.Perceptions of gender differences of facilitators and constraints in women’s career advancement and gender issues were analyzed within the three groups(students,educators,and recruiters).Results revealed significant gender differences between male and female educators and recruiters.The findings suggested that hospitality education should make a contribution and reveal barriers and gender issues in the industry.

Korean New Women： Korean New Women＇s Fluctuation in International and Korean Contexts

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ＂New Woman＂ was an international phenomenon. Although various national contexts contributed many different shades of meaning to the concept of ＂New Woman＂ in each country, New Women across the world shared common ground. In the 1920s, when American New Women experimented with their new identity, New Women in Korea also discovered a new sense of selfhood and confidence to make inroads into public spheres. Under Japan＇s colonial rule （1910-1945）, Korean women, valued as a national hidden reservoir, gained access to education and made attempts to remove traditional constraints. Despite different situations surrounding Korean and American New Women, their recognition, pursuit, and places in history echoed one another＇s. The bold and innovative nature of Korean New Women has attracted much academic as well as public attention. Most of the rich body of scholarship on this topic focuses on famous figures whose flamboyant defiance met a tragic end or on the sacrifices and failures of New Women＇s pursuit in confronting nationalism. The nation is an important and useful framework in history, but additional factors should be considered for a better understanding of New Women. Not only does this paper consider national context, it also pays much needed attention to an international connection in women＇s history.

Chinese Women's Newspapers and Periodicals Thrive

OF nearly 8,000 newspapers and periodicals in China, women’s newspapers and periodicals, a new force suddenly coming to the fore, have attracted the attention of many. Today, with more and more fierce competition among newspapers and magazines, women’s newspapers and magazines have found favor with readers for their lively, friendly, and practical formats. Currently, 47 newspapers and magazines are sponsored and openly published by the All-China Women’s Federation and women’s federations at various levels. Circulation is among the largest of all cultural comprehensive periodicals all over the country.

以妇女儿童为主体 发挥妇联网络优势开展HIV/AIDS预防教育与关怀活动

以妇女儿童为主体,发挥妇联网络优势,与联合国儿基会合作通过层层培训及大众传媒,深入开展了艾滋病预防知识宣传培训的社会动员工作,包括培养骨干,将宣传材料翻译成11种少数民族文字,利用各种途径传播相关知识,开展针对辍学女童等不同人群为目标人群的HIV/AIDS预防教育培训。通过以上措施,提高了广大妇女儿童有关预防和控制HIV/AIDS知识。

How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data

The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.

Women's Higher Education in China

AT the Huairou NGO Forum on Women, participants in the Workshop on Women’s Higher Education in China were inspired by Chinese speakers to give voice to their own ideas. The line for speaking grew so long as to require Qi Wenying, Workshop Chairwoman and Professor from Beijing University, to announce a new time limit of

The Development of Women's Education in China

Ⅰ THE long-standing Chinese traditionalculture embodies numerous excellencieswhich have survived the test of time andbeen carried on generation by generation.However, there is no need for reticence inobserving that some obsolete elements have alsosurvived which fetter people’s mind and hindersocial progress. For a long time, distorted gendervalues such as "Man is superior to woman","Three-obedience and four virtues" and"Husband sets the guide for wife", hadcontributed to the weakness and inferioritycomplex in local women’s mentality. Not untilthe democratic movement of contemporaryChina was the progress of women’s liberationwitnessed. The values fettering women’s mindswere shaken and the spiritual shackles shattered.Women’s roles in China’s social developmenthave become prominent.

Women's Studies Enters New Period

Moving Into a Decision-Making Period Redefining gender relationships in terms of scientific research, and scientifically determining the influence women have on social decision-making forces is a new subject in women’s studies since the 1980s in China. Channels enabling women to participate in decision-making processes have grown significantly. Women’s studies organizations and specialists in the field directly participate in government decision-making processes. The promulgation

线上直播联合回馈教学法在孕妇学校中的应用

目的 探讨线上直播联合回馈教学法在孕妇学校中的应用效果。方法 选择2019年1月至2022年8月在该院产检及分娩的584例孕产妇作为研究对象,其中2019年1月至2021年8月产检及分娩的孕产妇(308例)为对照组,2021年9月至2022年8月产检及分娩的孕产妇(276例)为试验组。对照组采用传统孕妇学校模式进行健康教育,试验组采用线上直播联合回馈教学法进行健康教育。分别对2组孕产妇听课情况、课程满意度、健康教育效果及分娩自我效能进行评价对比。结果 试验组孕产妇在听课次数、分娩自我效能、操作类课程满意度方面优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组孕产妇理论课程满意度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组孕产妇健康教育效果相较于对照组有待提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 线上直播联合回馈教学法能提高孕妇的健康教育参与度及其分娩自我效能,但学习效果及学习满意度仍有待提高。

中国青年何以自豪?——青年受教育程度与国家自豪感的关系演变(1995—2018年)

文章基于1995—2018年世界价值观的中国调查数据,利用多层年龄—时期—队列模型,以18—35岁青年为研究对象,分解出青年受教育程度对其国家自豪感影响在时期和队列变迁中的演变趋势。实证结果显示,从总体上来看,中等学历青年的国家自豪感最强,高等学历青年次之,初等学历青年最弱。随着时期推移,我国青年总体上的国家自豪感呈“U形”变迁趋势,其中,1995—2012年的先降后升趋势主要与初等学历和中等学历青年的国家自豪感变化有关,而2018年达到最高点则主要与高等学历青年国家自豪感的加速提升有关。随着队列年轻化,青年国家自豪感呈现出“三个高峰”的趋势,并依次由初等学历、中等学历、高等学历青年的国家自豪感变化所引起。由此来看,在时期和队列变迁中,较低学历青年的规范性国家自豪感会随个人地位及其生活体验进行重构,而高等学历青年的国家自豪感则主要来自于对国家客观成就的理性判断。

从延安时期妇女干部教育经验中汲取新时代妇女教育发展的智慧和力量

历史是最丰富的营养剂、最生动的教科书。我党在延安时期重视妇女地位作用,把发展妇女教育作为妇女解放的根本途径;服务党的中心任务,坚持坚定正确的政治方向;注重马列主义理论教育,崇尚理论联系实际的学风;因地制宜、分类施教,突出思想政治工作的针对性和有效性;发扬自力更生艰苦奋斗的精神,坚持苦干实干、永久奋斗。这些妇女教育的办学经验和优良传统,对于新时代新征程高等院校特别是女子院校落实立德树人根本任务,加强女大学生思想政治引领,培养堪当民族复兴大任的时代新人和巾帼英才,具有重要的启示作用和现实意义。

新中国成立初期农村党员教育与农业互助合作运动的推进--以山东为中心的考察

新中国成立初期,为了消除农村党员对社会主义社会和共产主义社会的错误认识,打破“革命成功”的胜利情绪,农村基层党组织进行了一次较为系统的党员教育。通过农村党员教育,中国共产党在农村党的组织初步建立了党课制度,提高农民党员的思想觉悟和理论水平,改变部分党员存在的“个人生产、发家致富”的思想,划清党员干部先锋队与群众的界限,启发他们带头参加农村互助合作组织,并在其中发挥示范作用,有效推进了农业互助合作运动的进程。新中国成立初期,山东作为当时农村党员占比最多的省份,其农村党员教育积累了一定的经验,对当下党员干部教育有积极启示意义。

外求与内铄:严修与近代中国女子教育的发轫

严修是启动清末新式女子教育的重要人物。他在“新政”改革期间结合日本近代女子教育经验,以私学形式创办严氏系列女学,培养了近代华北地区首批知识女性和幼教人才。并在担任直隶和学部官员期间,持续督办女学,扶持女性教育家,推进出台《女学章程》,一定程度上改变了直隶乃至全国女子教育的形势。从教育史的宏观进程来看,作为旧式科举出身的文人,严修在时代变革来临时,能主动吸收国外教育近代化经验并身体力行,由微观而至全局,于民国到来前完成中国女子教育的“起手式”,代表了大变局之下中国教育传统自我转型的努力。