Acoustic Non-Destructive Testing Technology in Concrete Bridge Inspection and Pile Foundation Detection

This article takes the actual construction project of a certain concrete bridge project as an example to analyze the application of acoustic non-destructive testing technology in its detection.It includes an overview of a certain bridge construction project studied and acoustic non-destructive testing technology and the application of acoustic non-destructive testing technology in actual testing.This analysis hopes to provide some guidelines for acoustic non-destructive testing of modern concrete bridge projects.

Optical techniques in non-destructive detection of wheat quality:A review

Wheat quality detection is essential to ensure the safety ofwheat circulation and storage.The traditional wheat quality detection methods mainly include artificial sensory evaluation and physicochemical index analysis,which are difficult to meet the requirements for high accuracy and efficiency in modern wheat quality detection due to the disadvantages of subjectivity,destruction of sample integrity and low efficiency.With the rapid development of optical technology,various optical-based methods,using near-infrared spectroscopy technology,hyperspectral imaging technology and terahertz,etc.,have been proposed for wheat quality detection.These methods have the characteristics of nondestructiveness and high efficiency which make them popular in wheat quality detection in recent years.In this paper,various state-of-the-art optical-based techniques of wheat quality detection are analyzed and summarized in detail.Firstly,the principle and process of common optical non-destructive detection methods for wheat quality are introduced.Then,the optical techniques used in these detection methods are divided into seven categories,and the comparison of these technologies and their advantages and disadvantages are further discussed.It shows that terahertz technology is regarded as the most promising wheat quality detection method compared with other optical detection technologies,because it can not only detect most types of wheat deterioration,but also has higher accuracy and efficiency.Finally,the research of optical technology in wheat quality detection is prospected.The future research of optical technology-based wheat quality detection mainly includes the construction of wheat quality optical detection standardization database,the fusion of multiple optical detection technologies and multiple quality index information,the improvement of the anti-interference of optical technology and the industrialization of optical inspection technology for wheat quality.These studies are of great significance to improve the detection technology of wheat and ensure the storage safety of wheat in the future.

Optical generation,detection and non-destructive testing applications of terahertz waves

Optoelectronic terahertz generation and detection play a key role in the applications of non-destructive testing,which involves different areas such as physics,biological,material science,imaging,explosions detection,astronomy applications,semiconductor technology and superconductiong electronics. In this article,we present a reviewof the principle and performance of typical terahertz sources,detectors and non-destructive testing applications. On this basis,the newdevelopment and trends of terahertz radiation detectors are also discussed.

Multi-Energy Gamma-Ray Attenuations for Non-Destructive Detection of Hazardous Materials

We present a non-destructive method (NDM) to identify minute quantities of high atomic number (Z) elements in containers such as passenger baggage, goods carrying transport trucks, and environmental samples. This method relies on the fact that photon attenuation varies with its energy and properties of the absorbing medium. Low-energy gamma-ray intensity loss is sensitive to the atomic number of the absorbing medium, while that of higher-energies vary with the density of the medium. To verify the usefulness of this feature for NDM, we carried out simultaneous measurements of intensities of multiple gamma rays of energies 81 to 1408 keV emitted by sources 133Ba (half-life = 10.55 y) and 152Eu (half-life = 13.52 y). By this arrangement, we could detect minute quantities of lead and copper in a bulk medium from energy dependent gamma-ray attenuations. It seems that this method will offer a reliable, low-cost, low-maintenance alternative to X-ray or accelerator-based techniques for the NDM of high-Z materials such as mercury, lead, uranium, and transuranic elements etc.

Wood defect detection method with PCA feature fusion and compressed sensing

We used principa/component analysis （PCA） and compressed sensing to detect wood defects from wood plate images. PCA makes it possible to reduce data redundancy and feature dimensions and compressed sensing, used as a elas- sifter, improves identification accuracy. We extracted 25 features, including geometry and regional features, gray-scale texture features, and invariant moment features, from wood board images and then integrated them using PCA, and se- lected eight principal components to express defects. After the fusion process, we used the features to construct a data dic- tionary, and realized the classification of defects by computing the optimal solution of the data dictionary in l1 norm using the least square method. We tested 50 Xylosma samples of live knots, dead knots, and cracks. The average detection time with PCA feature fusion and without were 0.2015 and 0.7125 ms, respectively. The original detection accuracy by SOM neural network was 87 %, but after compressed sensing, it was 92 %.

Smoldering charcoal detection in forest soil by multiple CO sensors

Cleaning up residual fires is an important part of forest fire management to avoid the loss of forest resources caused by the recurrence of a residual fire.Existing residual fire detection equipment is mainly infrared temperature detection and smoke identification.Due to the isolation of ground,temperature and smoke characteristics of medium and large smoldering charcoal in some forest soils are not obvious,making it difficult to identify by detection equipment.CO gas is an important detection index for indoor smoldering fire detection,and an important identification feature of hidden smoldering ground fires.However,there is no research on locating smoldering fires through CO detection.We studied the diffusion law of CO gas directly above covered smoldering charcoal as a criterion to design a detection device equipped with multiple CO sensors.According to the motion decomposition search algorithm,the detection device realizes the function of automatically searching for smoldering charcoal.Experimental data shows that the average CO concentration over the covered smoldering charcoal decreases exponentially with increasing height.The size of the search step is related to the reliability of the search algorithm.The detection success corresponding to the small step length is high but the search time is lengthy which can lead to search failure.The introduction of step and rotation factors in search algorithm improves the search efficiency.This study reveals that the average ground CO concentration directly above smoldering charcoal in forests changes with height.Based on this law,a CO gas sensor detection device for hidden smoldering fires has been designed,which enriches the technique of residual fire detection.

Relating estimates of wood properties of birch to stem form, age and species

Birch has long suffered from a lack of active forest management,leading many researchers to use mate-rial without a detailed management history.Data collected from three birch(Betula pendula Roth,B.pubescens Ehrh.)sites in southern Sweden were analyzed using regression analysis to detect any trends or differences in wood proper-ties that could be explained by stand history,tree age and stem form.All sites were genetics trials established in the same way.Estimates of acoustic velocity(AV)from non-destructive testing(NDT)and predicted AV had a higher correlation if data was pooled across sites and other stem form factors were considered.A subsample of stems had radial profiles of X-ray wood density and ring width by year created,and wood density was related to ring number from the pith and ring width.It seemed likely that wood density was negatively related to ring width for both birch species.Linear models had slight improvements if site and species were included,but only the youngest site with trees at age 15 had both birch species.This paper indicated that NDT values need to be considered separately,and any predictive models will likely be improved if they are specific to the site and birch species measured.

THE DETECTION OF THE BOUNDARY OF IMAGE OF WOODANATOMICAL STRUCTURE MOLECULAR

Basing on a lot of examinations, according to the fundamental inage processing theories and methods, getting touch with the property of wood anatomical structure image,we put forward the optimum method and theory which are suitable for the binary processing of the wood anatomical structure image. After the wood image has been processed binary, with the help of computer vision technology, the boundary of wood anatomical structure molecular binary image was sought This kind of theory and method lay a solid foundaion on the collection of feature and the pottern recognition and other high level processing of wood anatomical structure molecular image.

A fast and adaptive method for automatic weld defect detection in various real-time X-ray imaging systems

A first and effective method is proposed to detect weld deject adaptively in various Dypes of real-time X-ray images obtained in different conditions. After weld extraction and noise reduction, a proper template of median filter is used to estimate the weld background. After the weld background is subtracted from the original image, an adaptite threshold segmentation algorithm is proposed to obtain the binary image, and then the morphological close and open operation, labeling algorithm and fids＇e alarm eliminating algorithm are applied to pracess the binary image to obtain the defect, ct detection result. At last, a fast realization procedure jbr proposed method is developed. The proposed method is tested in real-time X-ray image,s obtairted in different X-ray imaging sutems. Experiment results show that the proposed method is effective to detect low contrast weld dejects with few .false alarms and is adaptive to various types of real-time X-ray imaging systems.

A novel 4D resolution imaging method for low and medium atomic number objects at the centimeter scale by coincidence detection technique of cosmic-ray muon and its secondary particles

The muon radiography imaging technique for high-atomic-number objects(Z)and large-volume objects via muon transmission imaging and muon multiple scattering imaging remains a popular topic in the field of radiation detection imaging.However,few imaging studies have been reported on low and medium Z objects at the centimeter scale.This paper presents an imaging system that consists of three layers of a position-sensitive detector and four plastic scintillation detectors.It acquires data by coincidence detection technique of cosmic-ray muon and its secondary particles.A 3D imaging algorithm based on the density of the coinciding muon trajectory was developed,and 4D imaging that takes the atomic number dimension into account by considering the secondary particle ratio information was achieved.The resultant reconstructed 3D images could distinguish between a series of cubes with 5-mm-side lengths and 2-mm-intervals.If the imaging time is more than 20 days,this method can distinguish intervals with a width of 1 mm.The 4D images can specify target objects with low,medium,and high Z values.

Current Trends and Perspectives of Detection and Location for Buried Non-Metallic Pipelines

Buried pipelines are an essential component of the urban infrastructure of modern cities.Traditional buried pipes are mainly made of metal materials.With the development of material science and technology in recent years,non-metallic pipes,such as plastic pipes,ceramic pipes,and concrete pipes,are increasingly taking the place of pipes made from metal in various pipeline networks such as water supply,drainage,heat,industry,oil,and gas.The location technologies for the location of the buried metal pipeline have become mature,but detection and location technologies for the non-metallic pipelines are still developing.In this paper,current trends and future perspectives of detection and location of buried non-metallic pipelines are summarized.Initially,this paper reviews and analyzes electromagnetic induction technologies,electromagnetic wave technologies,and other physics-based technologies.It then focuses on acoustic detection and location technologies,and finally introduces emerging technologies.Then the technical characteristics of each detection and location method have been compared,with their strengths and weaknesses identified.The current trends and future perspectives of each buried non-metallic pipeline detection and location technology have also been defined.Finally,some suggestions for the future development of buried non-metallic pipeline detection and location technologies are provided.

Higher-Order Statistics for Automatic Weld Defect Detection

Image processing and image analysis are the main aspects for obtaining information from digital image owing to the fact that this techniques give the desired details in most of the applications generally and Non-Destructive testing specifically. This paper presents a proposed method for the automatic detection of weld defects in radiographic images. Firstly, the radiographic images were enhanced using adaptive histogram equalization and are filtered using mean and wiener filters. Secondly, the welding area is selected from the radiography image. Thirdly, the Cepstral features are extracted from the Higher-Order Spectra (Bispectrum and Trispectrum). Finally, neural networks are used for feature matching. The proposed method is tested using 100 radiographic images in the presence of noise and image blurring. Results show that in spite of time consumption, the proposed method yields best results for the automatic detection of weld defects in radiography images when the features were extracted from the Trispectrum of the image.

A spatio-temporal multi-scale fusion algorithm for pine wood nematode disease tree detection

Pine wood nematode infection is a devastating disease.Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)remote sensing enables timely and precise monitoring.However,UAV aerial images are challenged by small target size and complex sur-face backgrounds which hinder their effectiveness in moni-toring.To address these challenges,based on the analysis and optimization of UAV remote sensing images,this study developed a spatio-temporal multi-scale fusion algorithm for disease detection.The multi-head,self-attention mechanism is incorporated to address the issue of excessive features generated by complex surface backgrounds in UAV images.This enables adaptive feature control to suppress redundant information and boost the model’s feature extraction capa-bilities.The SPD-Conv module was introduced to address the problem of loss of small target feature information dur-ing feature extraction,enhancing the preservation of key features.Additionally,the gather-and-distribute mechanism was implemented to augment the model’s multi-scale feature fusion capacity,preventing the loss of local details during fusion and enriching small target feature information.This study established a dataset of pine wood nematode disease in the Huangshan area using DJI(DJ-Innovations)UAVs.The results show that the accuracy of the proposed model with spatio-temporal multi-scale fusion reached 78.5%,6.6%higher than that of the benchmark model.Building upon the timeliness and flexibility of UAV remote sensing,the pro-posed model effectively addressed the challenges of detect-ing small and medium-size targets in complex backgrounds,thereby enhancing the detection efficiency for pine wood nematode disease.This facilitates early preemptive preser-vation of diseased trees,augments the overall monitoring proficiency of pine wood nematode diseases,and supplies technical aid for proficient monitoring.

基于机器视觉的木窗双端铣削加工尺寸测量方法

木窗是一种以木材或木质复合材料为主要构件的门窗产品,具有良好的生态性能和美观效果,适用于多种建筑形式和风格,其中木窗尺寸是衡量木窗加工是否合格的重要指标。对于传统木窗双端铣削加工中人工测量尺寸方式存在的精度低、效率低等问题,提出一种基于机器视觉的木窗双端铣削加工尺寸测量方法,以期提高尺寸测量精度及加工效率。该方法针对木窗厚度引起的透视效应,提出一种物平面提升法,以消除透视投影带来的误差。首先对木窗图像采取灰度化、平滑去噪、图像增强及轮廓分割等举措,完成图像预处理,提取出木窗内外轮廓区域。对轮廓区域应用Canny算子获取木窗像素级轮廓。通过优化的Zernike矩亚像素边缘提取算法对木窗像素级边缘进行更精确的定位,得到亚像素级轮廓坐标。通过最小二乘法联合RANSAC算法对亚像素轮廓坐标进行拟合,得到拟合轮廓及角点坐标,并使用透视矫正模型计算出木窗尺寸。实验利用3种厚度规格相同但尺寸不同的松木材质矩形木窗,分别测量其内框和外框的边框尺寸及对角线尺寸,并与对应的实际物理尺寸对比,验证了所提木窗尺寸测量方法的检测精度。研究结果表明,所提方法与实际物理尺寸值相比,其绝对误差范围在±0.12 mm之内,相对误差在±0.1%之内,且效率及精度高,可以满足对木窗的在线尺寸检测。

基于特征重建的无监督木材图像异常检测

为有效解决目前木材图像异常边缘区域检测精度不高的问题,提出一种基于特征重建的无监督异常检测模型FRNet。设计多层级特征提取器为图像子区域生成多个空间上下文特征表示;多尺度特征生成器将多层特征融合为一幅具有多尺度特征表达的特征图;设计具有跳跃连接的卷积自编码器,通过补充下采样时丢失的细节信息重建特征图,根据重建误差定位异常区域。在构建的木材异常数据集上进行实验,其结果表明,FRNet取得了最好的异常检测性能。

面向松木表面缺陷检测的改进RT-DETR模型

为提高松木表面缺陷检测精确度,保证检测速率,该研究提出一种改进RT-DETR的检测模型RIC-DETR。首先,从木材表面缺陷公开数据集中获取图片,并进行标注及数据增强,构建一个包含13642张图片的表面缺陷数据集;其次,对比VGG11、VGG13、ResNet18和VanillaNet13等网络架构,选用计算复杂度低且检测精度较高的ResNet18作为主干特征提取基准网络;然后,引入反向残差移动模块更新ResNet18中的基本块,扩展模型的感受野,改善层间的特征交互;最后,使用EfficientViT模型中的级联分组注意力机制对反向残差移动模块进行二次创新改进,降低计算资源的消耗,提升模型的表达能力。试验结果表明,RIC-DETR的精确率、召回率、平均精度均值分别为95.4%、96.0%、97.2%,均优于目前主流的YOLO系列模型,对比基准模型RT-DETR,RIC-DETR在保持高精度的情况下,参数量、浮点运算量和内存占用量大幅减少,分别降低了54%、57%、52%,同时检测速度可达63.5帧/s。RIC-DETR模型具有复杂度低、准确率高、检测速度快的特点,可为松木的表面缺陷检测提供技术支持。

改进YOLOv7的木材表面缺陷检测算法

优质木材深受人们喜爱,但木材存在多种缺陷导致优质木材产量少,木材利用率低。运用深度学习的目标检测算法可以实现木材表面缺陷的快速稳定检测,以此提高木材的优质化和利用率。针对目前木材表面缺陷目标小、密集和复杂等特点导致检测精度较差的问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLOv7的木材表面缺陷检测模型YOLOv7-ESS。针对木材的裂缝缺陷存在极端长宽比例而影响检测效果的问题,嵌入注意力模块ECBAM,通过加强对极端长宽比例缺陷的注意力,提高模型的特征提取能力。针对在提取特征时木材表面小缺陷特征信息丢失严重的问题,引入浅层加权特征融合网络SFPN,以深层特征图作为输出,同时有效利用浅层特征信息,提高小缺陷的识别准确率。引入SIoU损失函数,提升模型收敛速度及模型精度。结果表明,YOLOv7-ESS模型平均检测精度为94.7%,较YOLOv7检测精度提高了11.2个百分点,满足木材生产加工时的缺陷检测要求。

基于深度学习的木材缺陷智能检测的研究进展与展望

木材作为天然生物材料很容易受到内外界影响从而产生不符合人们生产需求的缺陷,人们为了准确高效的识别木材缺陷进行了大量的研究。本文对近年来基于深度学习的木材缺陷检测技术进行梳理,根据使用方法的侧重点不同将其分类,并针对典型方法加以细分归类和对比分析,总结了每种方法的优缺点及其应用面。此外,提出了基于深度学习的木材缺陷检测技术目前所存在的难点与所陷困境。

原木端面裂纹检测的智能方法

原木在干燥过程中端面会出现开裂,影响原木质量。为了自动、准确、高效地检测原木的端面裂纹信息,本文提出了一种基于深度学习的原木端面裂纹定量检测方法。分别使用FCN、U-Net、U-Net++三种语义分割网络对原木端面中的裂纹区域及端面区域进行分割。通过识别不同的开裂类型,将分割出的整体裂纹划分成单独裂纹,并利用Hough变换圆检测算法检测出轮裂。通过分割出的裂纹图像和端面图像定义开裂占比、开裂区域面积、端面区域面积,通过裂纹的骨架线长度和裂纹轮廓内的最大内接圆直径描述裂纹的长度和最大宽度。最后分别对裂纹划分前和裂纹划分后进行计算并输出可视化图片。结果表明:U-Net++模型对裂纹的检测效果更优,研究结果可为原木质量评估提供数据支持。