Sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous wood-ash extract of Parkia biglobosa in Mus musculus

Considering the possible health hazards associated with consumption of aqueous wood-ash extracts,this study investigated the sub-chronic toxicity of aqueous wood-ash extract of Parkia biglobosa on Mus musculus.Parkia biglobosa(5 kg)were collected and aqueous extracts of wood-ash were prepared by percolation method.Doses of 0(control),5,50 and 100 mg/kg,once a day,were administered to mice(n=10/treatment)90 days.Blood was collected by retro-orbital phlebotomy and assayed for serum creatinine,aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase,and the kidney and liver were excised for histopathology using standard methods.Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA atα0.05.Serum creatinine(mg/dL),aspartate aminotransferase(UI/L)and ALT(UI/L)increased with dosage and peaked at 100 mg/kg:2.1±0.2,128.8±8.0 and 58.0±2.9 compared to the control:0.8±0.1,89.8±5.1 and 28.5±1.4.Tubular degeneration and necrosis in the kidney,hepatocyte atrophy and dissociation of cords in the liver were observed at the 100 mg/kg dose level,while control organs had normal tissue architecture.Aqueous wood-ash extracts of P.biglobosa showed sub-chronic toxicity in Mus musculus.

Aqueous wood-ash extract of Parkia biglobosa causes reproductive toxicity in female mice

Background: The traditional culture of eating wood-ash extracts in some countries has led to many health problems.The study assessed the anti-fertility effects of the aqueous wood-ash extract of Parkia biglobosa on female Swissalbino mice. Methods: Healthy female albino mice were procured and randomly grouped into four groups (5/group)where control, 5, 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of the extract were orally administered for 20 days and microscopy ofvaginal smear carried out daily to determine anti-ovulatory activity. Oestrus cycle, including metestrus, diestrus andoestrus phases and histopathology of the uterus were examined daily and at the termination of the experiment.Results: At the end of the study, the highest number of circles (4.80 ± 0.20) was recorded in the control group,administered distilled water, while the lowest number of circles (3.00 ± 0.32) was in the 100 mg/kg dose group.Oestrus (5.80 ± 0.37) also is highest in the control group and lowest (1.20 ± 0.37) in the 100 mg/kg dose group. Thegroup administered 100 mg/kg dose of the aqueous wood-ash extract of Parkia biglobosa had the highest diestrusindex of 45, while the lowest of 17 was obtained in the control group. Histopathology of the uterus tissues shows afew degenerate epithelial cells in 50 mg/kg group and moderate dilatation of lumen and glandular epithelial cells in100 mg/kg group. Conclusion: The study revealed dose-dependent anti-fertility effects of the aqueous wood-ashextract of Parkia biglobosa on female albino mice, which implies its potential reproductive toxicity in humans.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Wood Ash for Agronomic Purposes

The oil refinery of the food products company SOPAL, located in the port area of TOGO, produces an average of 200 kg of eucalyptus wood ash per day. This ash is stored in large quantities within the premises of the refinery, without any disposal solution. The aim of this study is to identify the physico-chemical properties of SOPAL’s wood ash for agronomic valorization. Physico-chemical analyses reveal the presence of major and secondary elements such as potassium (15.71 g/kg DM), phosphorus (27.90 g/kg DM), calcium (9.76 g/kg DM), magnesium (0.03 g/kg DM), sodium (1.24 g/kg DM), iron (1.49 g/kg DM) and manganese (7.82 g/kg DM). The pH is alkaline (12.97) with fairly high conductivity (24.10 mS/Cm). Heavy metals identified are cobalt (0.19 mg/kg DM), cadmium (0.10 mg/kg DM), lead (1.14 mg/kg DM), copper (19.77 mg/kg DM) and nickel (12.82 mg/kg DM). The results show that the ash contains considerable amount of major and secondary elements for agronomic uses.

汝瓷釉料中两种木灰的矿物元素分析

木灰是陶瓷高温烧制釉必不可少的原料.为了探索汝瓷釉料中木灰的组成,本文采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对汝瓷釉料常用两种木灰样品中13种矿物元素Al、Ba、Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Pb、Sr、Zn进行分析.13种矿物元素的相对标准偏差为0.68%~4.96%,准确度范围为93.6%~102.5%.结果表明:汝瓷釉料两种木灰样品测定的13种矿物元素中,Ca、Mg、Mn、Al、Fe、K的含量较高,特别是Ca的含量最高.

Effects of Agro-Ecological Practices on the Productivity of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and Soil Fertility in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso

This study consisted to evaluate the effects of ecological practices on the yield performance of the JEWEL of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). The study was conducted in a Sudano-Sahelian cropping system (Lantargou, eastern region of Burkina Faso). Agro-ecological practices consisted of the inputs of 3.20 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash (CO + WA);4.90 t/ha of wood ash (WA);6.40 t/ha of compost (CO) were compared to control with no inputs (T0). Each treatment was repeated four times. The crop management consisted of plowing, harrowing, raising of ridges with 40 cm height, burying of treatments, transplanting of cuttings, two weeding’s, and using of biopesticide called PIOL for crop protection. Composite soil samples per treatment were also collected at tuber harvest and analyzed to determine the effects of treatments on residual soil fertility. Results showed that the plant heights and diameters under the CO were significantly (P < 0.001) improved by 16% and 12% compared to T0. The WA treatment significantly increased the number of large tubers by 43% (P ≤ 0.01) compared to T0. Total tuber numbers, large tuber numbers and tuber yields of sweet potato under CO + WA were significantly (P < 0.001) and respectively improved by 27%, 50% and 31% compared to T0. All treatments increased soil organic matter, N, P and K contents, and reduced soil acidity compared with those obtained under T0. Soil K content was improved by 39% under CO + WA, and soil N content by 34% under WA compared to T0. Soil C/N ratio under CO + WA was reduced by 20% compared others treatments. But, the CO + WA treatment outperformed by improving residual soil N content by 38%, and the WA treatment by increasing soil K content by 50% compared to T0. In addition, soil pHH2O increased by 1.2 units under WA treatment compared to T0. As conclusion, the application of 6.4 t/ha of compost performed well to improve the vegetative growth of orange-fleshed sweet potato while the inputs of 3.2 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash were efficacy to significantly increase the tuber yields and improve the residual fertility of soil.

低钾生物质灰肥用价值综述

在国内外相关研究的基础上,对木灰这类典型生物质灰的组成和物理、化学特性进行分析,并阐述了木灰作为肥料施用后对作物、土壤表层植被、土壤微生物群和环境各方面的影响。木灰的K含量不高,但是具有较高的pH值,对酸性土壤的改良作用很明显。pH值的提高可以改变土壤中微生物结构,促进微生物的活动,增加土壤肥力。同时,木灰还具有大量元素富集的特点,施用后会改变土壤中元素的构成,增加土壤中N、K等植物生长必需元素的可利用量,从而促进作物的生长。根据目前研究情况,木灰肥用不但实现了元素循环,而且一定程度上提高和改良了土壤特性。

部分竹材灰分和木素含量的分析

１１属７６种竹材灰分含量为０．８８％～７．２３％，平均值为２．５６％，木素含量为２．３６％～３０．０４％，平均值为２４．９５％。

几种红树植物木材热值和灰分含量的研究

在夏季对海南东寨港红树林自然保护区一些红树植物木材的灰分含量和热值进行了测定 ,并研究了夏季不同纬度的秋茄 (Kandeliacandel)木材热值的变化 .结果表明 ,红树植物木材的灰分含量较低 ,在 2 43 %～5 17%之间 ;干重热值在 17 2 3～ 19 2 1kJ·g-1之间 ,去灰分热值在 17 70～ 2 0 10kJ·g-1之间 ;嗜热窄布种无瓣海桑 (Sonneratiaapetala)木材的干重热值和去灰分热值均是最低 ;

煤及木材燃烧飞灰中有毒金属形态分布

选取３种燃煤产生的飞灰颗粒物和一种燃木产生的飞灰作为研究对象，为了更好地了解颗粒物上有毒金属被浸取进入液相情况，分析３种不同浸取剂（二乙三氨五乙酸（ＤＴＰＡ）、乙二胺四乙酸（ＥＤＴＡ）和氨三乙酸（ＮＴＡ））的提取液中有毒金属Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ａｓ、Ｓｒ等的含量．结果表明，金属浓度因飞灰种类、浸取剂种类及金属本身类型不同而不同．由于颗粒物上金属的生物可利用性、毒性及可流动性与其存在形态密切相关，选取连续浸取法来考察飞灰颗粒物上金属形态分布情况，结果表明。

苏里南商用木材的灰分及二氧化硅含量分析

定量测定了21种苏里南商用木材的灰分及二氧化硅含量。结果表明:铁线子、双柱苏木、上位独蕊木、圭亚那双柱苏木等树种的硅含量较高,分别为0.934%,0.759%,0.740%和0.698%;孪叶苏木、尾状绿心樟、红色绿心樟等树种的硅含量较低,分别为0.026%,0.035%,0.040%;蚁木及小花马蒂奥豆等树种的硅含量则分别为0.006%,0.007%。

水曲柳木材涂饰界面特性的研究

用现代先进的表面分析技术，研究了水曲柳与涂饰材料间界面的特性，从微观上定量表征了渗透性及界面层的化学结构中基本基团的变化，初步揭示了木材分子与涂料分子之间的相互作用，特别是聚氨酯漆和硝基漆与木材的不同作用机理。同时说明了用Ｘ射线光电子能谱仪（ＥＳＣＡ）研究木材涂饰界面的特性，也是一种先进而科学的方法。

中国古代制釉技术的锶同位素比值方法初探

为了揭示制釉原料种类以及不同加入比例对中国古代釉料锶同位素比值的影响规律,以浙江杭州老虎洞窑、河南汝窑以及江西景德镇的制釉原料为研究对象,采用科学分析与工艺模拟实验相结合的研究方法,科学揭示了制釉原料种类以及不同加入比例对釉料锶同位素比值影响规律。结果初步表明只有充分掌握各地瓷石或者长石类原料及配比关系对锶同位素比值的影响规律,才能对古代不同窑口的制釉技术进行科学的对比研究。

啤酒污泥和草木灰对镉形态和土壤酶的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究施用啤酒污泥、草木灰及两种改良剂配施对镉污染土壤pH值、土壤镉形态和土壤酶的影响。结果表明,土壤中生物有效性高的可交换态(含水溶态)镉含量减少,而有机结合态和无机结合态镉含量升高,土壤酶活性提高。然而,不同品种的啤酒污泥和草木灰具有不同的性质,对于不同的作物和土壤,改良剂的施用量需要进一步的探究。

飞灰颗粒物介导活性氧氧化损伤与金属离子浸取浓度的关系研究

本文利用脱氧核糖氧化法考察了飞灰颗粒物氧化能力与络合剂及盐酸浸取颗粒物上金属浓度的关系,结果表明,代表氧化损伤程度指标的脱氧核糖氧化物,通过硫代巴比妥酸似丙二醛加合物显色反应,其吸光度值与飞灰颗粒物被浸取剂盐酸及氨三乙酸作用后的金属离子铁、锌、镉、铅和锰的浓度显著相关,基于铁在自然环境中的高含量及在活性氧催化反应中的特殊性,本文认为二乙三氨五乙酸、乙二胺四乙酸及柠檬酸浸取液中的金属浓度不能很好地表征飞灰颗粒物对生物分子的氧化能力,颗粒物产生的生物氧化损伤可以被羟自由基清除剂所抑制。

高温热处理对水曲柳材色的影响

The color change of ash wood(Fraxinus mandshurica)before and after high temperature heat treatment were investigated with WSC-S color difference meter in this paper.The results showed that:the color of treated wood is affected by the processing temperature,the higher the temperature,the darker the appearance,moreover,the change in L component can be used for quantitative analysis on color change.The color of treated ash wood by suitable processing temperature could be simulated to some valuable wood,for example,teak wood,some rosewood species,etc.The color of treated wood could be well replicated from laboratory scale experiments to commercial scale production.

络合剂对燃煤及木材飞灰生物氧化能力的影响

利用脱氧核糖氧化法考察了飞灰颗粒物，包括５种燃煤飞灰及一种燃木飞灰，生物氧化能力以及外加螯合剂的影响．结果证实，不同来源飞灰颗粒物氧化剂产生能力不同，且燃煤飞灰产生方式不同，催化氧化剂产生能力亦不同．外加络合剂的存在对颗粒物氧化能力影响很大，其中二乙三胺五乙酸（ＤＴＰＡ）对氧化剂的产生有抑制作用，胺三乙酸（ＮＴＡ）对所有颗粒物氧化剂产生均有促进作用，ＣＩＴ（柠檬酸）的存在降低了脱氧核糖的氧化值，ＥＤＴＡ（乙二胺四乙酸）对不同类型飞灰影响不同，对燃煤飞灰氧化能力有抑制作用，相反。

山油柑木材中灰分和二氧化硅含量的测定

采用重量法对山油柑木材不同轴向分布、不同径向分布中灰分和二氧化硅含量进行分析,结果表明:山油柑木材中灰分和二氧化硅含量随树体高度的增加而降低,且含量从心材部位向边材部位逐渐减少.

原状粉煤灰在水泥刨花板中应用的研究

主要论述了原状粉煤灰（Ⅲ级灰）在水泥刨花极中应用的情况。分析了在其它工艺条件（密度、水灰比、木灰比）确定情况下，粉煤灰替代量、外加剂种类和用量等因素对板各项性能指标的影响。结果表明：（１）粉煤灰替代量是影响极材性能的主要因素，外加剂种类和用量对极性能也有影响；（２）粉煤灰替代量３０％为强度转折点，但４０％替代量制板，板各性能指标仍然能达到国家行业标准要求；（３）以粉煤灰替代部分水泥生产水泥刨花板。不但可以降低生产成本，而且可以改善板的某些性能。

利用废旧聚乙烯、粉煤灰等制备木塑复合材料的研究

利用废旧聚乙烯、粉煤灰和木粉为主要原料,并添加了一定量的加工助剂,经热压、模压成型等塑料加工工艺,制备了一种新型塑木复合材料.研究了木粉、偶联剂、活性钙和粉煤灰等用量对该塑木复合材料的力学性能的影响.研究结果表明,塑木复合材料的弯曲性能随着木粉和粉煤灰用量的增加而提高,当木粉和粉煤灰的用量分别为30份和10份时,材料的弯曲强度分别提高了89%和5.1%;同时,适量偶联剂和活性钙的使用,使得该塑木复合材料的力学性能得到了提高.

185℃高温热处理对水曲柳木材物理性能的影响

对经过185℃生产性高温热处理的水曲柳木材的物理性能指标进行了测定,并以素材为对照,对其密度、吸湿性和尺寸稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,处理材的绝干与气干密度相对素材略有下降,吸湿性则明显低于素材,且与素材之间的平衡含水率差值随相对湿度增大而增大,而在温度60℃、相对湿度分别为40%(干燥)、80%(潮湿)的环境中平衡后,处理材的弦、径向湿涨率相对素材均有不同程度的下降,两种环境下处理材的体积抗涨率分别达到了55.53%、47.34%,尺寸稳定性得到显著改善。