Preliminary study of the effects of EVA coupling agents on properties of wood-plastic composites

As a hot-melt adhesive, ethylene-vinyl-acetate （EVA） has been used in many industrial applications. But studies of the application of EVA in wood-plastic composites （WPC） are relatively few, so we have investigated the proposition of whether EVA is a suitable coupling agent for WPC or not. The results show that EVA with 8% VA is not a suitable coupling agent, because it reduces the mechanical properties of WPC without any significant effect on its physical properties. With an increase in the amount of wood powder, the mechanical properties of WPC decrease and the ability of water absorption of WPC increases.

Nanolignin,a Coupling Bio-Agent for Wood-Plastic Composites

The influence of nanolignin coupling bio-agent on some characteristics of polypropylene-wood flour composites was studied.Thus,nanolignin was prepared by the acidic method,and then different ratios of it(0,1,3 and 5 wt%)were added to a polypropylene-wood flour mixture.After mechanically mixing wood flour,nanolignin,and polypropylene,the mixture was injection molded.ASTM methods were used to measure the structural properties of nanolignin,and prepared composites’water absorption,thickness swelling,bending modulus,and bending,tensile and impact strengths.Transforming the original lignin to nanolignin did not change the chemical bonds of the material.The addition of nanolignin yielded improved mechanical and physical properties of the composites prepared.Higher strength and dimensional stability are presented by nanolignin-containing composites when comparing them with those prepared with normal lignin.Nanolignin was shown by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)observation to be uniformly dispersed within the polymer matrix.Wood polymer composites(WPCs)with nanolignin exhibited comparable properties with the control samples prepared using maleic anhydride polypropylene(MAPP).

Chemical characterization of smoke from the production process of wood-plastic composites

The chemical composition of unpleasant smell, emitted from the production process of wood-plastic composites using Manchurian ash sawdust （Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.） and polypropylene powder as the raw material, was investigated. Wood sawdust and polypropylene powder were subjected to heat treatment to 290℃ during 8 min （the conditions were similar to those employed on an industrial scale）. The emitted compounds were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The analytical results showed that the unpleasant smell was emitted from the pyrogenation of wood sawdust rather than from the polypropylene powder. Nine types of compounds （hydrocarbons, ethers, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids and their derivatives, furan and its derivatives, and nitrogen-containing compounds） were collected in the gas phase during heating. Among those 126 components detected by GC-MS, 112 compounds were identified.

Performance Analysis of Plant Shells/PVC Composites under Corrosion and Aging Conditions

To make full use of plant shellfibers(rice husk,walnut shell,chestnut shell),three kinds of wood-plastic com-posites of plant shellfibers and polyvinyl chloride(PVC)were prepared.X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out on three kinds of plant shellfibers to test their crystallinity.The aging process of the composites was conducted under 2 different conditions.One was artificial seawater immersion and xenon lamp irradiation,and the other one was deionized water spray and xenon lamp irradiation.The mechanical properties(tensile strength,flexural strength,impact strength),changes in color,water absorption,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and microstructures of the composites before and after the two aging experiments were analyzed.The results showed that the chestnut shell had the highest crystallinity,which was 42%.The chestnut shell/PVC composites had the strongest interface bonding,the least internal defects,and the best general mechanical properties among the three composites.Its tensile strength,bending strength and impact strength were 23.81 MPa,34.12 MPa,and 4.32 KJ·m^(-2),respectively.Comparing the two aging conditions,artificial seawater immersion and xenon lamp irradiation destroyed the quality of the combination of plant shellfibers and PVC,making the internal defects of the composites increase.This made the water absorption ability and changes in the color of the composites more obvious and led to a great decrease in the mechanical properties.The general mechanical properties of the chestnut shell/PVC composites were the best,but their water absorption ability changed more obviously.

Property changes of wood-fiber/HDPE composites colored by iron oxide pigments after accelerated UV weathering

Four kinds of iron oxide pigments were added into wood-fiber/high-density-polyethylene composites （WF/HDPE） at three different concentrations, to determine the effects of pigments on the changes in the color and mechanical properties of the composites before and after UV accelerated weathering. HDPE, wood fibers, pigments and other processing additives were dry-mixed in a high-speed mixer. The mixtures were extruded by two-step extrusion process with a self-designed twin-screw/single-screw extruder system. Color of the samples was determined according to CIE 1976 L^＊a^＊b^＊ system by a spec- trophotometer and the bending properties were tested to evaluate the mechanical properties before and after accelerated UV weathering. The result shows that the modulus of elasticity of WF/HDPE did not obvi- ously changed after incorporating with the pigments, but the bending strength increased. After accelerated aging for 2000 h, both color and mechanical properties significantly changed. Iron oxide red and black performed better than the other two pigments, and the pigments dosage of 2.28% in the composites is favourable.

The properties of flax fiber reinforced wood flour/high density polyethylene composites

Flax fiber(FF) was used to reinforce wood flour/high density polyethylene composites(WF/PE).WF/PE particles were uniformly mixed with FF via high-speed mixing and then extruded with a single screw extruder to prepare FF reinforced WF/PE composites(FF/WF/PE).Mechanical testing,dynamic mechanical analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),creep measurement and Torque rheology were used to characterize the resulting composites.The results indicate that the mechanical performance of the composites could be remarkably improved by adding a limited amount of FF.The flexural strength and modulus increased by 14.6 and 51.4%,respectively(FF content of 9 wt%),while the unnotched impact strength could be increased by 26.5%(FF content of12 wt%).The creep resistance and toughness of thecomposite was markedly improved without changing the plastic content of the composite material.

Effect of an antioxidant on the life cycle of wood flour/polypropylene composites

This study assessed the life cycle of biocomposites with antioxidants by repeated processing.The effects of antioxidants on the life cycle of wood flour/polypropylene(PP)composites were determined by analyzing their mechanical and thermal properties.The composites were repeatedly processed for seven times with pelletizing and extruding.An antioxidant,pentaerythritoltetrakys 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate,was used.The mechanical strength of the biocomposites decreased after reprocessing.Fourier transformed infrared analysis showed that thermo-oxidative aging occurred during reprocessing.The thermal performance of the resulting composites decreased because of reprocessing.Wood flour/PP has a long lifetime and antioxidants can slow the thermo-oxidative and mechanical degradation during reprocessing.

Study on Water Resistance of Polydopamine Treatment Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites

This paper aims to investigate the water absorption of wood flour/polypropylene composites and its effects on dimensional stability and crystallization properties. Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) makes using polydopamine modified wood flour (WF-D), virgin polypropylene, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MA) and antioxidant, by using hot-pressing moulding. Water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS) and failure of flexural properties of the composites have studied for a range of immersion times. It is found that the WA and TS have increased with WF content and immersion time. The water absorption and thickness swelling of WPCs are 0.85% and 0.99%, respectively, after 8 days immersion. With the prolonging of immersion time, the impact strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus of WPCs increase first and then decrease. The impact strength decreases from 3.32 kJ/m2 to 2.94 kJ/m2, the retention rate is 88.55%;the flexural strength and flexural modulus by 68.58 Mpa and 3.92 Gpa, respectively. WPCs crystallization and thermal properties decrease slightly. Microstructures of the composites are examined to understand the mechanisms for the wood-plastic interaction which affects the water absorption and thickness swelling. Our work demonstrates that using polydopamine treatment wood flour for preparing WPCs can be an efficient way to improve the water resistance of WPCs.

Effect of Different Reinforcing Fillers on Properties,Interfacial Compatibility and Weatherability of Wood-plastic Composites

Utilization of biochar in plastic based blends offers a sustainable way to renewable materials as well as value-added use of wood waste.To investigate the interfacial compatibility and weatherability properties of biochar composites,four types of Wood-Plastic Composites(WPC)were prepared by an extrusion process.The mechanical properties,water absorptions,thermal and viscoelastic properties,and rheological behavior of the composites were also evaluated.The decolorizing carbon(NA)composite melts showed the higher modulus and viscosity,indicating better melt strength.The NA composites performed the best in tensile properties(strength of 2&6 MPa and modulus of 3.4 GPa)and had strong interfacial interaction between particles and the matrix.The degree of HDPE crystallinity in the biochar and carbon composites decreased relative to Douglas-fir(DF)composites,while the thermal properties of the composites improved compared with DF composites.For the water resistance,the DF composites displayed the highest water absorption(3.7%)and thickness swell(2.9%).During accelerated weathering tests,longer exposure time increased the color change and lightness,especially for DF composite.NA and biochar composites resulted in improved photostability.This study opens up a pathway to utilize effectively the renewable biochar as reinforcing filler in WPC in outdoor applications.

Effect of wood dust type on mechanical properties, wear behavior, biodegradability, and resistance to natural weathering of wood-plastic composites

The present work reports the inclusion of different proportions of Mango/Sheesham/Mahogany/Babool dust to polypropylene for improving mechanical,wear behavior and biodegradability of wood-plastic composite(WPC).The wood dust(10%,15%,20%by weight)was mixed with polypropylene granules and WPCs were prepared using an injection molding technique.The mechanical,wear,and morphological characterizations of fabricated WPCs were carried out using standard ASTM methods,pin on disk apparatus,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),respectively.Further,the biodegradability and resistance to natural weathering of WPCs were evaluated following ASTM D5338-11 and ASTM D1435-99,respectively.The WPCs consisting ofBabool and Sheesham dust were having superior mechanical properties whereas the WPCs consisting of Mango and Mahogany were more wear resistant.It was found that increasing wood powder proportion results in higher Young's modulus,lesser wear rate,and decreased stress at break.The WPCs made of Sheesham dust were least biodegradable.It was noticed that the biodegradability corresponds with resistance to natural weathering;more biodegradable WPCs were having the lesser resistance to natural weathering.

Research on quantum well intermixing of 680 nm AlGaInP/GaInP semiconductor lasers induced by composited Si-Si_(3)N_(4) dielectric layer

The optical catastrophic damage that usually occurs at the cavity surface of semiconductor lasers has become the main bottleneck affecting the improvement of laser output power and long-term reliability.To improve the output power of 680 nm AlGaInP/GaInP quantum well red semiconductor lasers,Si-Si_(3)N_(4)composited dielectric layers are used to induce its quantum wells to be intermixed at the cavity surface to make a non-absorption window.Si with a thickness of 100 nm and Si_(3)N_(4)with a thickness of 100 nm were grown on the surface of the epitaxial wafer by magnetron sputtering and PECVD as diffusion source and driving source,respectively.Compared with traditional Si impurity induced quantum well intermixing,this paper realizes the blue shift of 54.8 nm in the nonabsorbent window region at a lower annealing temperature of 600 ℃ and annealing time of 10 min.Under this annealing condition,the wavelength of the gain luminescence region basically does not shift to short wavelength,and the surface morphology of the whole epitaxial wafer remains fine after annealing.The application of this process condition can reduce the difficulty of production and save cost,which provides an effective method for upcoming fabrication.

Decorative Wood Fiber/High-Density Polyethylene Composite with Canvas or Polyester Fabric

Wood-plastic composite is an environmentally friendly material,due to its use of recycled thermoplastics and plant fibers.However,its surface lacks attractive aesthetic qualities.In this paper,a method of decorating wood fiber/high-density polyethylene(WF/HDPE)without adding adhesive was explored.Canvas or polyester fabrics were selected as the surface decoration materials.The influence of hot-pressing temperature and WF/HDPE ratio on the adhesion was studied.The surface bonding strength,water resistance,and surface color were evaluated,and observation within the infrared spectrum and under scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the bonding process.The results showed that the fabric and WF/HDPE substrate could be closely laminated together depending on the HDPE layer accumulated on the WF/HDPE surface.The molten HDPE matrix penetrates canvas more easily than polyester fabric,and the canvasveneered composite shows a greater bonding strength than does the polyester fabric-veneered composite.A higher proportion of the thermoplastic component in the substrate improved the bonding.When the hot-pressing temperature exceeded 160°C,the fabric-veneered WF/HDPE panels had greater water resistance,although the canvas fabric changed more obviously in terms of fiber shape and color,compared with the polyester fabric.For the canvas fabric,140°C–160°C was a suitable hot-pressing temperature,whereas 160°C–180°C was more suitable for polyester fabric.The proportion of the thermoplastic component in the composite should be not less than 30%to achieve adequate bonding strength.

Mechanical Properties of a Wood Flour-PET Composite Through Computational Homogenisation

This work proposes to study the effective elastic properties(EEP)of a wood-plastic composite(WPC)made from polyethylene terephthalate(PET)and Chilean Radiate pine’s wood our,using nite element simulations of a representative volume element(RVE)with periodic boundary conditions.Simulations are validated through a static 3-point bending test,with specimens obtained by extruding and injection.The effect of different weight fractions,space orientations and sizes of particles are here examined.Numerical predictions are empirically conrmed in the sense that composites with more wood our content and bigger size,have higher elastic modulus.However,these results are very sensitive to the orientation of particles.Voigt and Reuss mean-eld homogenisation approaches are also given as upper and lower limits.Experimental tests evidence that exural strengths and ultimate tensile elongations decrease respect to 100%PET,but these properties can be enhanced considering particle-size distributions instead of a xed size of wood our.

BPA可逆热敏变色复合材料制备方法及其应用研究进展

综述了BPA可逆热敏变色材料的制备及其应用,以及复配法、无机包覆法、微胶囊法、湿成膜法和近年来的2,6-单取代双酚A复合膜新方法,并分析了2,6-单取代法中膜结晶相变与二醛、酚醛树脂及胶种的关系。2,6-单取代双酚A线型或芳香酚醛树脂及其复合膜有机体系的设计与研究将进一步推动该类材料在具有可调的迟滞响应相变智能窗口,超低温变色敏感性、变色深度、稳定性,环境友好型合成树脂及塑料及实验教学等方面的应用。

Zn杂质诱导GaInP/AlGaInP红光半导体激光器量子阱混杂的研究

在GaAs基GaInP/AlGaInP单量子阱结构外延片上分别使用磁控溅射设备生长ZnO薄膜和等离子增强化学气相沉积设备生长SiO2薄膜,以ZnO介质层作为Zn杂质诱导源,采用固态扩Zn的方式对激光器进行选择性区域诱导以制备非吸收窗口来提高器件的腔面光学灾变损伤阈值,从而提高半导体激光器的输出功率和长期可靠性。在580~680℃、20~60 min退火条件下对Zn杂质诱导量子阱混杂展开研究,实验发现,ZnO/SiO2或ZnO/Si3N4复合介质层的采用比单一Zn介质层的杂质诱导蓝移量大,且在680℃、30 min的条件下获得了最大55 nm的蓝移量。分析结果表明,介质层所施加的压应变会将外延片表面GaAs层中Ga原子析出,促使Zn原子进入外延层中以诱导量子阱混杂。通过测量光致发光光谱发现发光强度并没有明显下降,可为后期器件制作提供借鉴。

聚醚醚酮的黏度特性及其复合材料加工工艺窗口研究

为了探究聚醚醚酮(Poly-ether-ether-ketone,PEEK)的黏度特性,为PEEK基复合材料制备工艺的设计提供参考,采用旋转流变仪考察在一定剪切速率下温度和时间对PEEK黏度的影响,创建PEEK熔体的黏度模型,模拟在有氧条件下PEEK熔体的黏度与时间和温度的关系。结果表明:在653.15~673.15 K温度范围内,随着测试时间的增加,PEEK熔体的黏度先降低后升高,表明PEEK熔体存在由下降到增大的临界黏度,到达临界黏度的时间与温度成反比例关系。构建的模型能预测在有氧条件下PEEK熔体的黏度随温度时间的变化趋势,由此可确立加工工艺窗口,从而为PEEK基复合材料生产中的加工工艺设计提供依据。

多源中高分辨率影像协同下时间合成窗口对农作物识别的影响

【背景】中高空间分辨率(≤30 m)影像是在耕地破碎、种植结构复杂的中国南方开展农作物遥感识别研究的重要数据。然而,要克服中高分辨率传感器重访周期较长以及南方多云雨天气的影响,对影像进行时间窗口合成以协同使用多源中高分辨率遥感数据,是获取时空连续农作物制图结果的必要保障。由于不同卫星影像获取的周期不同,且不同农作物物候季相节律存在较大差异,如何选择影像合成时间窗口是农作物准确识别的关键前提。【目的】通过探究影像合成时间窗口对于农作物识别的影响机制,为大尺度复杂农作物种植结构制图提供重要参考依据。【方法】以农作物类型多样且云雨天气频繁的湖北省江汉平原为研究区,通过协同Landsat-8和Sentinel-2A/2B卫星影像,设置7种时间合成窗口(15、20、25、30、40、50和60 d)情景,分别从影像的覆盖度、不同农作物时序光谱特征以及不同农作物分类精度等角度,深入分析影像时间合成窗口对农作物遥感识别的影响。【结果】在影像20 d时间合成窗口的情景下,江汉平原农作物(冬油菜、冬小麦、水稻、稻虾田和其他作物)的总体分类精度最高,为93.13%。对比而言,在影像较短时间合成窗口(如15d)的情景下,时间序列密集但高质量影像覆盖度较低,农作物总体分类精度较低(90.91%);而在影像较长时间合成窗口(如60 d)的情景下,影像覆盖度高但时间序列稀疏,导致农作物识别的关键物候信息丢失,降低了总体分类精度(86.06%)。此外,不同农作物的识别效果受影像时间合成窗口的影响程度不同,依次为其他作物>冬油菜>水稻>冬小麦>稻虾田。其他作物类内时序光谱特征变异性较大,因此对时间窗口极其敏感。油菜准确识别的关键物候期为开花期,该时期长度较短,影像合成时间超过30 d会极大降低其识别效果,主要体现为与小麦的混淆。区分稻虾田与单季稻的关键物候期为稻虾田的稻闲季淹水期,其持续时间较长,受时间合成窗口影响较小。【结论】影像时间合成窗口20d时可兼顾高质量影像覆盖度和捕获农作物识别的关键物候特征,但不同作物识别的最优时间合成窗口受到作物关键物候期影响。研究结果可为多源中高分辨率影像协同下时间合成窗口的选择提供理论参考和方法支撑,进而有效服务于宏观尺度农作物高精度遥感制图研究。

340 GHz宽带金刚石输能窗的设计优化与试验研究

针对340 GHz行波管用金刚石输能窗的宽带传输要求,基于多晶金刚石膜和微米晶-超纳米晶金刚石复合膜,开展了金刚石输能窗的优化设计与试验验证研究。研究结果表明,多晶金刚石输能窗在320~363 GHz带宽内S_(11)<-15 dB,S_(21)>-3 dB;微米晶-超纳米晶复合金刚石输能窗在313~385 GHz带宽内S_(11)<-15 dB,S_(21)>-2.5 dB,同比工作带宽增加近2倍,有效拓展了金刚石输能窗的工作带宽。

严寒地区超低能耗建筑用窗安装节点优化的研究探讨

文中以我国北方严寒地区城市哈尔滨为例,基于超低能耗建筑综合体示范项目的实际情况,采用市场上普遍应用的塑料窗和铝木复合型窗,对它进行内部型材改造。且考虑不同的安装做法,利用WINDOW和THERM软件进行模拟计算,对比窗框系统在安装节点处的温度和安装节点处的线性传热系数值,横纵向定量分析,找到超低能耗窗在严寒地区安装中的优化方案,进而提出改善设计,研究对超低能耗建筑用窗在严寒地区的应用推广具有积极意义。

聚合物基复合固态电解质的研究进展

探讨了固态电解质的组成、离子传输路径和性能增强策略,分析了复合固态电解质的优缺点,总结了不同聚合物基复合固态电解质的最新研究进展,展望了复合固态电解质的未来研究趋势。