Chemical composition of Galla chinensis extract and the effect of its main component(s) on the prevention of enamel demineralization in vitro

To determine the chemical composition of Galla chinensisextract （GCE） by several analysis techniques and to compare the efficacy of GCE and its main component（s） in inhibition of enamel demineralization, for the development of future anticaries agents, main organic composition of GCE was qualitatively determined by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry （LC-TOF-MS） and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector （HPLC-DAD）. Inorganic ions were tested by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and F was especially measured by ion chromatography. Then, bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into four treatment groups and were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 12 times. Each cycle included 5-min applications with one of four treatments： 4g.L-1 GCE solution, 4g.L-1 gallic acid （GA） solution, I g.L-1 NaF solution （positive control）, deionized water （DDW, negative control）, and then 60-min application in pH 5.0 acidic buffer and 5-min application in neutral buffer. Acidic buffers were retained for calcium analysis. The main organic composition of GCE were GA and its isomer, and, to a lesser extent, small molecule gallotannins. The content of GA in GCE was 71.3%±0.2% （w/w）. Inorganic ions were present in various amounts, of which Ca was （136±2.82） μg.g-1, and Zn was （6.8±0.1） μg.g-1. No F was detected in GCE. in pH cycling, GA showed an effect similar to GCE in inhibiting enamel demineralization （P〉0.05）. GA was found to be the main effective, demineralization inhibiting component of GCE and could be a promising agent for the development of anticaries agents.

Effect of Galla chinensis on the remineralization of two bovine root lesions morphous in vitro

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Galla chinensis compounds on the remineralization of two artificial root lesions morphous in vitro. Sixty bovine dentine blocks were divided into two groups and individually treated with two levels of demineralization solutions to form erosive and subsurface artificial carious lesions in vitro. Each group was then divided into three subgroups, each of which were treated with a remineralization solution （positive control）, deionized water （negative control）, or 4 000 mg-L-1 aqueous solutions of Galla chinensis extract. The dentine blocks were then subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 7 days. During the first 4 days, the daily cycle included 21-h deal and 3-h demineralization applications. The dentine blocks were dealt with the entire day during the remaining 3 days. Two specimens from each of the treatment groups were selected and observed under a polarized light microscope. Data collected using a laser scanning confocal microscope were computerized and analyzed. Galla chinensis extract clearly enhanced the remineralization of both erosive lesion and subsurface lesion patterns in the specimens （P〈0.05）. The level of remineralization of the erosive lesion by Galla chinensis extract was lower than that of the subsurface lesion （P〈0.05）. In addition, the remineralization of the subsurface lesion by Galla chinensis extract was higher than that of the remineralization solution （P〈0.05）. No significant difference between the remineralization of erosive lesions by Galla chinensis extract and the remineralization solution was observed （P〉0.05）. So Galla chinensis extract has the potential to improve the remineralization of artificial root lesions under dynamic pH-cyclic conditions, indicating its potential use as a natural remineralization medicine.

Effect of Galla chinensis on the In Vitro Remineralization of Advanced Enamel Lesions

Aim The effect of Galla chinensis on de-/re-mineralization of advanced enamel lesions was investigated by using micro-CT in a prolonged in vitro experiment. Methodology Baseline mineral contents of sound enamels were first analyzed. Then lesions were produced in an acidic buffer solution （2.2 mmol.L-1 Ca（NO3）2, 2.2 mmol-L1 KH2PO4, and pH=4.5） for 21 days, with thrice daily three-minute treatments, divided into four groups： Group A, 4 000 ppm crude aqueous extract of Galla chinensis （GCE）; Group B, 4 000 ppm gallic acid; Group C, 1 000 ppm F aq. （as NaF, positive control）; Group D, deionized water （negative control）. Next, the blocks were immersed in a remineralization solution （1.5 mmol.Lz CaC12, 0.9 mmol.L1 KH2PO4, 0.1 ppm F, and pH=7,0） for 200 days. Mineral loss （ML） in each region of interest （ROI） and integrated mineral loss （IML） of the lesions were calculated （comparing with baseline mineral content of sound enamel） at different time points. Results After 21 days demineralization, fluoride treatment showed a statistically significant demineralization-inhibiting effect among the four groups, and after 200 days of remineralization, mineral content recovery was ordered （lowest to highest） as A=C〈B〈D. Conclusion GCE could slow down the remineralization of enamel in the surface layer and thereby facilitate ion transport into the lesion body. The mechanism of Galla chinensis in enhancing the remineralization of dental caries is different from fluoride.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Galla Chinensis Combined with Different Antibacterial Drugs against Carbapenem-Resistant E.Coli

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial effects of meropenem and levofloxacin respectively combined with Galla chinensis on carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli in vitro.Methods:The protocol was designed with checkerboard method and the carbapenem-resistant E.coli was isolated in our hospital.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)of G.chinensis alone and combined with 2 antimicrobial agents against carbapenem-resistant E.coli were determined by broth dilution method and the fractional inhibitory concentration index(FICI)was calculated according to MICs results.Result:the combined use of G.chinensis and meropenem(or levofloxacin)significantly decreased both MIC50 and MIC90;After the combination of G.chinensis and meropenem,the synergistic effect was 86.7%,and the additive effect was 13.3%,no irrelevant and antagonistic effects.After combined use of G.chinensis and levofloxacin,the synergistic effect was 66.7%,and the additive effect was 33.3%.No irrelevant and antagonistic effects.Conclusion:Galla chinensis combined with meropenem or levofloxacin has synergistic and additive antibacterial effect,with certain combined antibacterial activity.

基于incopat专利数据库的五倍子专利分析

五倍子是现代临床常用的中药,应用广泛,可以用于治疗痔疮、出血、口腔溃疡等多种疾病。基于incopat专利数据库对全球近20年的五倍子专利进行检索,共检索到8123件相关专利;运用基本的图表分析法,从申请趋势、专利价值、技术领域、法律状态等方面对五倍子专利进行格局分析。分析结果表明,五倍子的开发正处于快速发展阶段,五倍子在治疗痔疮、口腔溃疡、出血等方面具有较深入的研究,五倍子中药材、中成药和化妆品是当今的研发热点,中韩两国为五倍子的专利主要分布国家。我国的五倍子专利数量虽然众多,但是专利的质量、价值与世界的专利水平具有一定的差距;从五倍子的当前发展趋势上来看,该领域仍有较大的专利申请空间,我国五倍子专利申请人可结合自身优势、发展趋势及发展短板制定科学的发展策略,从根本上提高五倍子产业的核心竞争力。

天然药物五倍子提取物对致龋菌生长的影响

目的 研究五倍子中分离得到的不同组分对致龋菌生长的影响,以期寻找五倍子防龋的有效成分。方法 通过系统溶剂法对五倍子总鞣质分离得到4个组分,采用液体稀释法研究五倍子不同组分对6种主要致龋菌(变 形链球菌,血液链球菌,唾液链球菌,内氏放线菌,粘性放线菌,乳酸杆菌)生长的影响,并使用活菌计数法测量 五倍子总鞣质及1和3组分对变形链球菌生长的影响。结果 五倍子总鞣质对细菌生长的抑制作用最强;五倍子 分离物中2,4组分对实验菌的抑制作用较分离物中1,3组分强,与总鞣质相当;五倍子1和3组分对变形链球菌生 长均有较好的抑制作用,作用1h后效果更明显。结论 五倍子各组分对实验菌都有一定的抑制作用,五倍子对变 形链球菌的抑制作用可能通过抑制细菌代谢所需的酶类而产生,而对细菌没有直接杀灭作用。

五倍子没食子酸研究进展

五倍子是我国森林特产物,其所含水解单宁可在酸、碱、酶作用下水解生成没食子酸。没食子酸是一种天然多酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抑菌、防龋齿等多种生物活性,并且广泛用于医药、食品等领域,具有很大的应用价值。本文对五倍子没食子酸的制备、测定方法、生物活性进行了总结。

中药五倍子对口腔致龋菌影响的体外实验研究

目的 研究五倍子对致龋菌生长、产酸及产胞外多糖的影响 ,探讨五倍子是否能有效调节口腔菌群生态平衡。方法 测定五倍子对 3种主要致龋菌———变形链球菌、粘性放线菌和血链球菌的最低抑菌浓度MIC。再测定低于MIC的 4个浓度的五倍子对 3种细菌产酸及产生水不溶性多糖能力的影响。结果 五倍子对 3种细菌的生长、产酸均有一定的抑制作用 ,且能够有效抑制变形链球菌产生水不溶性葡聚糖。结论 五倍子能有效抑制变形链球菌、粘性放线菌和血链球菌的生长、产酸及抑制变形链球菌产水不溶性葡聚糖。

五倍子对牙釉质脱矿的影响

目的 了解五倍子提取物及与氟联合应用对釉质脱矿的影响。方法 分别用不同浓度五倍子或与 1mg/ml氟联合处理牙面后进行脱矿 ,紫外 /荧光 /可见光高效分析仪测量脱矿液中钙离子浓度及用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜 ( CL SM)观察釉质脱矿情况。结果 与对照组 (去离子水或氟 )相比 ,除 1mg/ml五倍子组外 ,其余组脱矿液中钙离子浓度均下降 ( P<0 .0 5 )。 CL SM结果显示总荧光量和平均荧光量均下降 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,荧光面积只有不含氟组和 4m g/ml含氟组降低 ( P<0 .0 1) ,共聚焦图像亦显示实验组荧光带比对照组窄。结论 单独使用五倍子或与

五倍子中酚性化学成分及其抗病毒活性

采用硅胶、ODS、Toyopearl HW-40(s)、制备型HPLC等多种色谱技术和波谱学方法,结合物理化学性质,从五倍子的95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了7个化合物,分别为benzoic acid,3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-,5-ethoxycarbonyl-2,3-dihydroxyphenyl ester(1)、trigallic acid(2)、1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose(3)、莽草酸(4)、没食子酸(5)、没食子酸甲酯(6)、没食子酸乙酯(7)。其中,化合物1为新化合物,化合物2为首次从该属植物中分离得到。对五倍子中分离得到的单体化合物进行了体外抗HSV-1、RSV A strain、RSV Long strain病毒活性测试,化合物3表现出显著的抗病毒活性,其IC50分别为13.3,3.3和3.3 mmol/L。

五倍子在体外生物膜模型中对口腔常驻菌形成的致龋生物膜的影响

目的 研究五倍子对口腔常驻菌形成的人工致龋生物膜的影响 ,探讨其防龋应用前景。方法 在体外模型中的羟基磷灰石片上定植 4种口腔常驻菌 ,以形成实验性生物膜。实验组定时给予质量浓度 4g L的五倍子提取物的蔗糖溶液处理生物膜 ,观察其pH的动态变化 ,生物膜表面微结构与微生物组成的改变。以同质量浓度的蔗糖溶液与蒸馏水分别作为阳性与阴性对照。结果 ①实验组培养室内pH值呈先下降 ,再逐步恢复正常的波浪形变化 ;②五倍子的加入能抑制变形链球菌对羟基磷灰石片的粘附 ;③五倍子的加入可使生物膜表面胞外基质的量减少。

五倍子提取物对表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌作用及其扫描和透射电镜观察

目的 观察五倍子乙醇提取物对表皮葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性及其在电镜下菌细胞形态超微结构的变化。方法 采用新的中药抑菌实验方法对五倍子乙醇提取物进行236株表皮葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度测定,同时用电镜观察用药后细菌细胞的形态改变。结果 五倍子乙醇提取物对127株耐甲氧西林的表皮葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis,MRSE)和109株甲氧西林敏感的表皮葡萄球菌(methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus epidermidis,MSSE)的MIC90分别为0.575、0.288 mg/mL;在电镜下观察经五倍子处理的表皮葡萄球菌菌细胞的超微结构,扫描电镜显示菌细胞形态大小不等,排列不整齐,大多数菌细胞的细胞壁破裂;在透射电镜下,菌细胞细胞壁结构、层次不请,胞浆膜层次不分明,细胞质内含物大多消失,细胞浆内包含体和染色体模糊不清。结论 五倍子乙醇提取物对236株表皮葡萄球菌具有较强的抗菌作用。

中药影响变形链球菌对唾液获得性膜粘附的研究

目的 研究不同传统中药提取物对变形链球菌在唾液获得性膜粘附的影响 ,进一步探讨中药防龋的可能机制。方法 采用唾液包被羟磷灰石 (S- HA )形成实验性获得性膜的体外模式 ,以变形链球菌作为试验菌株 ,用不同的药物提取物分别处理 S- HA和菌细胞 ,观察细菌对 S- HA的粘附情况。结果 两组试验中大部分试验药物均能抑制菌细胞对 S- HA的粘附 ,且随药物浓度的升高而逐渐增强。这些药物中 ,以五倍子的抑制作用表现更为显著 ,其在 1、2、4 mg/ ml时的抑制率可达 10 0 %。

牛津杯法测定五倍子对大黄鱼病原弧菌的体外抑菌活力

实验采用乙醇蒸馏法、超声提取法两种不同提取工艺分别制备五倍子药液,并选用牛津杯法研究了两种提取药液对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)几种病原弧菌的体外抑菌效果差异。结果显示,两种五倍子药液对病原弧菌均具有明显的抑制效果,而超声所提药液的抑菌效果明显强于乙醇蒸馏法所提药液。

五倍子乙醇提取物对140株肠球菌体外抗菌活性观察

目的 观察五倍子乙醇提取物对肠球菌的体外抗菌活性。方法 采用新的中药抑菌实验方法对五倍子乙醇提取物进行140株肠球菌的最低抑菌浓度测定。结果 五倍子乙醇提取物对93株粪肠球菌、40株屎肠球菌和7株其它肠球菌的MIC90分别为0.315、0.63、0.63mg/mL。结论 五倍子乙醇提取物对140株肠球菌具有较强的抑菌力,说明五倍子是极具开发前景的抗感染中药。

五倍子等14种中药对112株金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性观察

目的观察五倍子等14种中药的体外抗菌活性。方法用新的中药抑菌实验方法测定五倍子等14种中药对112株金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌效果。结果五倍子等14种中药对112株金黄色葡萄球菌均有一定的抗菌活性,其中以五倍子、连翘和儿茶的抗菌活性最好,其MIC90分别为0.102、0.244、1.19mg/mL。结论五倍子等14种中药对金黄色葡萄球菌均有较强的抗菌活性。

Research on Anti-bacterial Effects of 5 Kinds of Chinese Herb Extracts on Ameromonas hydrophila in vitro

[Objective] The aim was to study the anti-bacterial effects of 5 kinds of Chinese herb extracts on Ameromonas hydrophila in vitro. [Method] in vitro anti-bacterial effects of 5 kinds of Chinese herb extracts like Galla Chinensis,Syzygium aromaticum,Salvia miltiorrhiza,Punica granatum L. and Terminalia chebula Retz on Ameromonas hydrophila were studied; furthermore,cure rates of the Chinese herb extracts with better anti-bacterial effects were determined to find out the optimal drug dosage. [Result] Under the same experimental conditions,Galla Chinensis,Punica granatum and Terminalia chebula Retz had relatively strong anti-bacterial effects on Ameromonas hydrophila,among them the anti-bacterial effect of Galla Chinensis was significantly higher than those of the others （P0.05）. The optimal treatment dose of Galla Chinensis treating bacterial septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila was that they were treated with medicated bath for 40 min by 0.5 mg/ml Galla Chinensis extract,and the cure rate was 100%. [Conclusion] The research provides a scientific drug basis for the control and prevention of outbreak bacterial diseases of fish.

五倍子化学成分研究

目的研究五倍子石油醚和氯仿部位化学成分。方法利用硅胶柱色谱及薄层色谱等进行分离纯化，并通过^1H—NMR、^13C—NMR、ESI-MS等波谱技术进行结构鉴定。用二倍稀释法测定了化合物I对尖孢镰刀菌的抗菌活性。结果共分离得到10个化合物，分别为2-羟基-6-十五烷基苯甲酸（I）、白果酚（Ⅱ）、棕榈酸-1，3-二甘油酯（Ⅲ）、β-谷甾醇（Ⅳ）、正二十五烷（Ⅴ）、4-羟基-3-甲氧基-苯甲酸（Ⅵ）、棕榈酸（Ⅵ）、月桂酸（Ⅷ）、肉豆蔻酸（IX）及没食子酸（X）。结论化合物I～Ⅵ为首次从五倍子中分离得到。化合物I对尖孢镰刀菌显示中等的抗菌活性。

五倍子提取物对100株溶血葡萄球菌等凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性观察

目的观察五倍子提取物对溶血葡萄球菌等凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性。方法采用新的中药抑菌实验方法对五倍子提取物进行100株溶血葡萄球菌等凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度MIC测定。结果五倍子提取物对57株耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和43株甲氧西林敏感的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的MIC50、MIC90分别为0.072、0.072和0.288、0.144mg/ml。结论五倍子提取物对100株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌具有较强的抑菌力,说明五倍子是极具开发前景的抗感染中药。

五倍子醇提液对假单胞铜绿杆菌生物膜的影响

目的研究五倍子醇提液对假单胞铜绿杆菌生物膜的影响。方法采用试管对倍稀释法测定五倍子醇提液对假单胞铜绿杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(Minimal Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)。采用平板改良体外复制假单胞铜绿杆菌生物膜模型,并检测五倍子醇提液的不同MIC浓度对假单胞铜绿杆菌生物膜的影响作用。结果五倍子醇提液对假单胞铜绿杆菌的MIC为31.25 mg/ml,1.5倍的MIC(46.8 mg/ml)能使生物膜活菌数明显减少,但不能完全清除生物膜上的细菌,2倍的MIC(62.5 mg/ml)对细菌生物膜有完全清除作用。结论五倍子对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜有清除效应,但还需要进行临床用药研究。