Basic Lithofacies-Succession Model for the Wumishan Cyclothems: Their Markov Chain Analysis and Regularly Vertical Stacking Patterns in the Third-Order Sequences

The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian section of Tianjin is a succession of 3300-m-thick carbonate strata formed in a period of about 100 Ma (1310±20 Ma-1207±10 Ma). In this succession of strata, the carbonate metre-scale cyclic sequences belonging to peritidal type with an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-succession are best developed. The wide development of 1:4 stacking patterns shows that these metre-scale cyclic sequences are genetically related to the short-eccentricity cycles, which are called the Wumishan cyclothems that could truly represent sedimentary cycles. Generally, massive and thick-bedded calcareous dolomites and dolomitic limestones of stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms constitute the central part of the Wumishan cyclothems. The lower and upper parts consist of tidal flat dolostones, sandy-muddy dolostone and the top part is composed of lagoonal facies dolomitic shales with a paleosol cap. Therefore, an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-succession is formed. Many features such as the clear deepening and shoaling vectors of cyclothems, and all kinds of marks of fresh-water diagenesis indicate that the Wumishan cyclothems are the product of autocyclic sedimentation governed by allocyclic high-frequency sea-level changes. The results of a Markov chain analysis reaffirm the existence of the lithofacies-succession model of the Wumishan cyclothems. The boundaries of the Wumishan cyclothems are marked by the instantaneous exposed punctuated surface, which leads to the discrepancy between the cyclothems and the parasequences of the sequence stratigraphy terminology system. It is difficult to form a judgment that the time span of the Milankovitch cycles in the Precambrian is certainly equal to that of the Phanerozoic, but the regularly vertical stacking patterns of the seventh-order rhythms, sixth-order cyclothems and fifth-order parasequence sets still indicate their consistency with the duration of the Milankovitch cycles in the Phanerozoic.

雾迷山旋回层的费希尔图解及其在定义前寒武纪三级海平面变化中的应用

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚 3 3 0 0m的碳酸盐岩地层 ,其中广泛发育叠层石生物层及凝块石生物丘。这些生物层及生物丘与潮坪相白云岩和砂泥质白云岩一起构成具有近似对称相序组构的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序 ,将其命名为“雾迷山旋回层”。这些旋回层常由泻湖相白云质泥页岩覆盖 ,在其顶常发育古土壤层 ,由此而表明雾迷山旋回层的界面多为瞬时暴露间断面。根据雾迷山旋回层在长周期三级层序中的有序叠加形式 ,可在雾迷山组中识别出 2 6个Ⅲ级层序 ,它们还可进一步归为 6个Ⅱ级层序。为了进一步研究三级海平面的变化幅度和Ⅲ级层序的大致形成时限 ,在露头发育良好的雾迷山组中上部共识别出 62 6个旋回层 ;考虑到雾迷山组的总体厚度 ( 3 3 0 0m)及其大致的总体形成时限 ( 10 3± 2 0Ma左右 ) ,可假定雾迷山组沉积期的总体地壳沉降速率为 2～ 4m/ 10万a。在上述假定的基础上 ,运用费希尔图解来估算三级海平面的变化幅度。

天津蓟县雾迷山组高频旋回沉积特征

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚达3 300 m的碳酸盐岩地层,其中广泛发育具有近似对称相序组构的雾迷山旋回层,属于特殊的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序。在对旋回层内部岩石成因单元的类型及组合分析的基础上,建立了雾迷山旋回层的基本模式和沉积环境模式,并对成因单元的岩石磁化率特征及其对高频旋回的反映进行了探索。认为雾迷山旋回层为沉积环境的水深由较浅—较深—较浅—暴露条件下的沉积,可能代表真正的沉积旋回;其成因单元之间具有明显的有序叠置形态,表明它有可能是与米兰柯维奇旋回具有成因关联的高频率海平面变化所控制的自旋回沉积作用的产物。

天津蓟县雾迷山旋回层基本模式及其马尔柯夫链分析

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界雾迷山组 ,是一套碳酸盐岩地层 ,具近似对称相序组构的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序特别以育。其近似对称的相序组构及普遍的 1∶4叠加形态 ,表明它们与短偏心率旋回具有成因关联 ,被命名为雾迷山旋回层来代表真正的碳酸盐沉积旋回。雾迷山旋回层是与高频率海平面变化相关的环境加深及环境变浅过程的产物。马尔柯夫链分析的结果表明了雾迷山旋回层的基本相序模式是客观存在的 ,由于它们以瞬时暴露间断面为界 ,因而与Vail等(1977)的层序地层概念体系中所定义的“准层序”存在明显的差异。尽管难以断定前寒武纪地球轨道效应旋回的周期完全与显生宙一致 ,但是 ,七级韵律层、六级旋回层及五级准层序组之间的垂直叠置形态 ,以及由它们所指示的周期时限 。

雾迷山旋回层:米级旋回的一个特例

作为地层堆积作用的"间断—加积旋回"机制的产物,"米级旋回"的完整定义代表了旋回地层学进入地层学实践的主流,因为米级旋回的形成可以运用米兰柯维奇旋回得到合理的解释。作为特殊的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回——"雾迷山旋回层",因其罕见的近似对称的相序组构可以替代"洛菲尔旋回层(Lofer cyclothem)",成为旋回性碳酸盐沉积作用的表征,从而进一步成为前寒武纪巨厚叠层石碳酸盐序列中地层结构的标志。因此,"雾迷山旋回层"不但作为碳酸盐米级旋回的特别实例,而且蕴含着较为明显的米兰柯维奇旋回属性,同时进一步说明了米级旋回可以成为层序地层学概念体系中欠完整性的"副层序"的替代物。