Residual stress measurement of coarse-grain aluminum alloy using X-ray diffraction method

When measuring residual stress of coarse-grain aluminum alloy using X-ray diffraction method, the diffraction profile shows two peaks and position of measured 20 will be changed, which lead to an inaccurate measurement result. Hence, in this paper, some methods were employed to improve the measurement accuracy. During the measuring process, different parameters （diameter of irradiated area, Ψ-oscillation range and exposure time） were selected and profile peak shift method was utilized. Moreover, when the 20 of profiles was determined, different calculation methods were used to calculate the residual stress. The results show that diameter of irradiated area and Ψ-oscillation range have significant influence on the measuring result. For stress value calculated directly from the test equipment, cross correlation method is more accurate than the absolute peak. Furthermore, another two calculation methods of slope with 2θ- sin^2Ψ and ε- sin^2Ψwere used to calculate the stress based on parameters （2θ, ε） obtained from cross correlation method. It is concluded that 2θ - sin^2Ψ method can further improve the measurement accuracy.

Determination of Residuals Stresses Induced by the Autofrettage Treatment by the X-Rays Diffraction Method

Some meaningful advances have been made these last years to value precise and reliable way the residual stresses experimentally created by the autofrettage. The autofrettage process is used widely to introduce residual stresses into thick walled tubes;traditionally residual stresses have been measured using the Sachs method destructive or non-destructive methods. In this paper we describe the application of the X-rays diffraction;this technique permits to justify the presence of the compressive tangential residual stresses, and to value their distribution after two different autofrettage internal pressures loading. The results show that there is a large difference in the residual stresses find in the different autofrettege pressure. One can see the influence of the autofrettage’s pressure quantity on residual stresses created in the thickness of the test tubes.

X-ray elastic constant determination and residual stress of two phase TiAl-based intermetallic alloy

To evaluate the residual stress in TiAl based alloys by X ray diffraction, X ray elastic constants (REC) of a γ TiAl alloy were determined. From these results, the stress state of a given phase in a duplex TiAl based alloy under a uniaxial tensile loading has been characterized by X ray diffraction. The results show that the X ray elastic constants and the microscopic stresses of the given phase are different from the apparent elastic constants and the macroscopic stresses of the alloy. The reason of the different distribution of the alloy was also discussed. [

Evaluation of multiaxial stress in textured cubic films by x-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction is used extensively to determine the residual stress in bulk or thin film materials on the as- sumptions that the material is composed of fine crystals with random orientation and the stress state is biaxial and homogeneous through the x-ray penetrating region. The stress is calculated from the gradient of ε ～ sin^2 φ linear relation. But the method cannot be used in textured films due to nonlinear relation. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for measuring the multiaxial stresses in cubic films with any [hkl] fibre texture. As an example, a detailed analysis is given for measuring three-dimensional stresses in FCC films with [111] fibre texture.

Relaxation of residual stresses in 20%SiC_w/6061Al composite as-extruded at high temperature

The residual stress in a 20%SiC w/6061Al composite as extruded was investigated by using X ray stress measurement method. It was found that, high residual stress existed in the composite and residual stress distribution in each direction are not uniform. Relaxation process of residual stress in the composite was dynamically measured during annealing at high temperature. It is verified that the relaxation of residual stress obeys the power law at high temperature. With the creep mechanism, the relaxation behavior of residual stresses at high temperature was analyzed. The results show that, the stress exponent and activation energy for stress relaxation of the composite are obviously higher than those of the matrix alloy.

Method for Measuring Residual Stresses Induced by Boring in Internal Surface of Tube and Its Validation with XRD Method

Residual stresses can have a strong effect on the usability of machined parts,and the X-ray diffraction(XRD)measuring equipment,which is commonly used to measure residual stresses,is very expensive.This paper presents a method of measuring the residual stresses induced by boring in the internal surface of a tube with much cheaper equipment.The method,called the strain-based method is mainly based on the strains measured on the external surface of the tube.It is proposed on the basis of the very long tube assumption.The finite element method(FEM)analysis is thus used to validate the length of the tube.Guided by the FEM results,an appropriate length of the tube is chosen,and the residual stresses are obtained from both the strain-based method and the XRD method.Stress profiles obtained from both two methods are compared.The comparison result indicates that the profiles of the two methods agree well with each other.Therefore,it can be concluded that the accuracy of the strain-based method is high enough,and it can be applied to residual stress measurement in practice.

Study on the distribution of residual stresses in linear friction welds of Ti6AI4V

The linear friction welding process of Ti6Al4 V was modeled and computed ,for obtaining the residual stresses. Temperature, stress and strain fields were simulated, based on which, the residual stresses were also cah＇ulated. Simulated resttlts showed that the longitudinal residual stresses were tensile stresses at the bonding interface, and decreased rapidly with the increase of the distance from the bonding interface until turned into compressive stresses. The compressive stresses decreased slowly as the distance increased, and approached to zero finally. The distribution of the transverse residual stresses was similar to that of the longitudinal residual stresses, but showed much smaller values. The residual stresses in one linear friction weld were measured by an X-ray diffrnctometer. The average valwe of errors between computed and measured results was 14. 5 %.

Residual Stresses in Resistance Spot Welded AZ61 Mg Alloy

The use of magnesium alloys has been rapidly increased due to their ability to maintain high strengths at light weights.However weldability of steels and aluminum alloys by using resistance spot weld(RSW)process is a major issue,because it cannot be directly utilized for magnesium alloys.In this study,a structural-thermal-electrical finite element(FE)model has been developed to predict the distribution of residual stresses in RSW AZ61 magnesium alloy.Thermophysical and thermomechanical properties of AZ61 magnesium alloy have been experimentally determined,and have been used in FE model to increase the accuracy of the model.X-ray diffraction(XRD)technique has been utilized to measure the residual stresses in welded samples,and its results have been used to validate the FE model.Comparison study shows that the results obtained by using FE model have a good agreement with the experimental XRD data.In specific,the results show that the maximum tensile residual stress occurs at the weld center while decreases towards the nugget edge.In addition,the effects of welding parameters such as electrical current,welding time,and electrode force have been investigated on the maximum tensile residual stress.The results show that the tensile residual stress in welded joints rises by increasing the electrical current;however,it declines by prolonging the welding time as well as increasing the electrode force.

Effect of Al_2O_3 Content on Residual Stress and Proper-ties of CAS Glass-ceramics

The structure and properties of the glass-ceramics were tested with X-ray diffraction testing instrument,correlative software,and other modern testing means.Then the effect of Al2O3 content on internal stresses in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics was studied deeply.In order to study the relationship of Al2O3 to the residual stress of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics,X-ray diffraction ＂sin2ψ＂ was used.The means utilized the x radial incidence produced from cathode radial tube,and took the space between crystals as measurement of strain.When the stresses produced,the space between crystals changed and the diffraction peak moved during Bragg diffraction.The magnitude of movement is related to the stresses.The experimental results show the residual stress is considerably high and Al2O3 can influence the mechanical properties of this material hugely.

GRINDING RESIDUAL STRESS OF CEMENTED CARBIDE

Grinding residual stress in the surface layer of WC-6 Wt—％Co hard alloy was measured by means of X-ray diffraction. The effects of various grinding parameters and treatment processes on the stress were studied. By means of electrolytic etching, the stress distribution along the depths beneath the surface was measured. The relationship between the stress and the service life of the alloy is discussed.

Modification of residual stress in Al-[AlBO]_w/Al compound plate

The application of compound parts of Al [AlBO] w/Al not only reduces the cost of the parts but also improves its properties. However, there is a large thermal residual stress between Al and [AlBO] w/Al, and it is harmful for practical application. From the theoretical analyses and experimental results, it was found that by the compressive pre plastic deformation perpendicular to the interface between Al and [AlBO] w/Al, the interlayer residual stress of compound parts can be reduced, while the mechanical properties of compound parts can be improved. [

Effects of welding speed on the multiscale residual stresses in frictionstir welded metal matrix composites

The effects of welding speed on the macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses(RSes) in friction stir welded 17 vol.% SiCp/2009 Al-T4 composite plates were studied via neutron diffraction and an improved decoupled hierarchical multiscale modeling methods. Measurements showed that the macroscopic and total RSes had the largest variations in the longitudinal direction(LD). Increasing the welding speed led to higher values of measured LD macroscopic and total RSes in the matrix. The welding speed also significantly influenced the distributions and magnitudes of the microscopic RSes. The RSes were predicted via an improved hierarchical multiscale model, which includes a constant coefficient of friction based thermal model. The RSes in the composite plates before friction stir welding(FSW) were computed and then set as the initial states of the FSW process during modeling. This improved decoupled multiscale model provided improved predictions of the temperature and RSes compared with our previous model.

Analysis of Quenching Stresses in 35CrMo Axle

By using the finite element method （FEM）, we comprehensively analyzed the fields of temperature, organization, and stress in 35CrMo train axles during the quenching process is conducted, and experimentally studied the formation and evolution of inner stresses in axles during the quenching process. The results show that in the quenching process, stresses on the axle surface change from tensile to compressive gradually, while stresses in the axle core change from compressive to tensile gradually. Heat stresses and the amount of martensitic transformation are all increased with the increase of cooling rate. As a result, the maximmn instantaneous stresses in the axle are increased greatly when the cooling rate is increased with brine quenching. Large instantaneous tensile stress in the axle core with brine quenching is very likely to cause quench cracking and should be avoided.

Mar M247透平叶片残余应力X射线测试参数优化研究

为提高Mar M247透平叶片残余应力X射线测试精度,用OM/SEM/EDS、X射线应力仪进行显微组织表征和残余应力测试,分析Mar M247合金显微组织对X射线衍射效应的影响,以及测试参数对衍射峰强度、峰形拟合度、数据拟合度和残余应力测试结果的影响规律。结果表明:Mar M247合金组织粗大且不均匀,导致X射线衍射效应变差,引起d-sin2ψ图上的数据点无规则跳动或有规则震荡,降低了残余应力测试的准确性。残余应力测试中,随准直管直径的增大,X射线衍射峰的强度增加,峰形改善,峰形拟合度提高,降低了残余应力测试误差。当准直管直径较小时,增加曝光次数可提升X射线衍射峰的强度,提高测试结果的准确性。增加曝光时间未提升测试准确性,反而降低了测试效率。

基于X射线的LNG薄膜板残余应力检测与特性分析

该文旨在利用X射线衍射法对MARK Ⅲ型LNG(liquefied natural gas,液化天然气)薄膜板进行残余应力检测,以期获得其残余应力分布规律及典型特性。通过布置16个测点,测试不同方向和区域的残余应力特性。结果显示:大波纹和小波纹交叉节点顶部受压,最大压应力可达178 MPa;板面平直区域呈现压应力,大波纹波峰处受拉,拉应力峰值为115 MPa,小波纹波峰处残余应力受板的边界影响而有所增大。研究工作对于LNG薄膜板的使用、设计和维护具有重要指导意义,可为工程实践提供有益参考,为LNG薄膜板的进一步优化和自主国产化提供重要依据。

同步辐射X射线衍射技术在残余应力分析中的应用

残余应力贯穿于材料及构件的设计、生产、加工、制造、服役和失效的全生命周期,是影响材料及构件加工精度、尺寸稳定性及疲劳强度的关键因素,如何准确无损表征残余应力具有重要意义。与传统实验室X射线衍射方法相比,同步辐射X射线衍射技术在亮度、准直、时间分辨率、空间分辨率、穿透深度等方面具有显著优势,是一种无损原位精确表征工程材料和关键构件残余应力有效的方法之一。本文围绕同步辐射X射线衍射技术在材料残余应力中的研究进展,重点阐述增材制造过程中高温合金的残余应力分析、激光喷丸技术对钛合金残余应力的影响、焊接铝合金残余应力评价、热处理参数对结构钢残余应力的影响以及陶瓷涂层的残余应力研究。最后,分析同步辐射X射线衍射技术在工业应用方面的不足,并展望未来的研究及发展方向,包括发展原位测试环境及装置、同步辐射X射线衍射技术与其他无损检测方法相结合等。

对接焊铝合金板材残余应力的X射线测试

用X射线衍射法对对接焊LD10铝合金板材表面残余应力进行测试试验,对比半高宽法和抛物线法,得出残余应力分布情况,并对其进行分析。分析结果表明两种定峰方法所得应力测定值较接近,且抛物线法所得应力分布曲线在大多数情况下处于半高宽法所得曲线下方,即抛物线法所得拉应力值偏低,压应力值偏高。同时,半高宽法较抛物线法对衍射峰的重复性、稳定性、适应性要好,应力测定的准确度较高,且采用X射线衍射法测量残余应力分布数据可靠,是一种有效的应力测试方法。这些结论对LD10铝合金板材的焊接残余应力分布具有参考意义。

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头内部残余应力的短波长X射线测试

采用自制的短波长X射线应力分析仪测定了2024-T351铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊接头的内部残余应力分布。结果表明:接头内部的纵向残余应力呈典型的"M"型分布,且高于横向残余应力,应力峰值位于焊缝热机影响区和热影响区交界附近,测试结果与文献报道结果相符。

三维残余应力及深度分布的X射线分析和计算

针对X射线法在测定铍等轻元素材料内部残余应力及其深度分布时的不足 ,研究了一种分析和计算轻元素材料内部全三维残余应力及其深度分布的新方法 ,提出了包括考虑平衡条件和表面边界条件的基于线弹性理论的一种模型方程 ,对分析和计算原理、实验装置和实验作了介绍 ,编制出相应的计算机数据处理程序 ,能够对轻元素材料表面及内部任何一点进行全三维残余应力分析和计算。文中最后用铍的实验数据对程序进行了验证 ,结果表明 ,正应力分量σ11、σ2 2 随深度的变化较大 ,而切应力分量σ12 、σ13 和σ2 3 及正应力分量σ3 3