介入法测量工业X射线光机管电压的研究

建立了基于分压箱介入法测量工业x射线光机管电压的方法，测量了工业X射线光机MGl65的管电压。结果显示管电压纹波小于4％，其中35kV以上，纹波小于1％；7．5-150kV范围内平均管电压与标称值偏差小于1．8％，多次测量管电压重复性好于0．01％，测试重新出束和开机条件下的管电压重复性，结果好于0．02％，达到了低能x射线空气比释动能国家基准量值复现、量值传递和国际比对的要求。

高能X射线光机性能研究

X射线光机的管电压、管电流及固有过滤是X射线光机质量控制的重要参数。X射线光机管电压、管电流以及固有过滤的测量,对于X射线光机的性能评价和参考辐射质的建立是非常必要的。以一台管电压上限为600 k V的X射线光机为例,用能谱终点法测量对X射线光机的管电压进行测量,得出X射线光机能在±1%的范围内显示管电压值;用指型电离室PTW30013测量了高能X射线光机管电流的线性及稳定性,在相同的管电压、管电流下,实际测量到的管电流的相对标准偏差在0.097%;分别用半值层法和外推法测量高能X射线光机的固有过滤,两个结果取平均值得到高能X射线光机固有过滤为0.146 mm Al。

C＋＋Builder编程实现IXS系列X射线光机的控制

针对VJ Technologies公司IXS系列X射线光机,分析其RS232接口,使用C＋＋Builder编程实现了对光机的控制。其中,串口通信采用了MSCOMM控件,串口信息读取则采用了多线程。根据通信协议,要求上位机和X射线光机每750ms内要通信一次,因此采用C＋＋类实现和封装了上述内容和协议。通过类成员函数可以设置光机工作电压和电流,控制光机的启停,读取和解码光机的运行状态和故障信息,完成每750ms的Watch dog通信。此外,类实现方式可方便地创建多个实例,实现对多台光机的控制,从应用的结果看,效果良好。

氢气放电源和X光机X射线源打靶谱的研究

用氢气放电源打靶的方法,测到了系列的谱线.为了鉴别这些谱线,进行了X光机X射线源打靶实验和两种源打靶的对比实验.实验结果表明:在X光机X射线源打靶谱中,除靶材料的特征X射线和两条源谱线外,还存在两种谱线:一种是能量变化的谱线,根据不同衍射角θ和测量角φ的实验结果,及打多晶体靶和非晶体靶的实验事实,表明这种能量变化的谱线是衍射线;另一种是能量恒定不变的谱线.氢气放电源和X光机X射线源打靶谱的对比实验结果表明:两种源打靶谱自洽.这说明和X光机X射线源打靶谱一样,氢气放电源打靶谱中那些能量变化的谱线是衍射线.但两种源打不同材料靶时都出现了同一类能量恒定的未知谱线,这类谱线的来源和特性有待进一步的实验研究.

基于X射线连续谱的光子计数探测器能量标定方法

随着探测器技术的发展,具有能量分辨能力的光子计数探测器在X射线能谱CT成像中应用越来越广泛。能量与阈值的对应关系对能谱CT成像具有重要意义,受到实验条件的限制,目前的光子计数探测器的能量标定方法有一定的局限性。针对光子计数探测器的单像素标定问题,本文提出一种基于X射线光机连续谱的能量标定方法,通过建立和分析X光谱模型,利用光机连续谱中高能端的能量信息,得到阈值与能量之间的关系。实验结果表明该方法操作方便,对探测器单像素标定结果较为准确,对其他类型光子计数探测器的标定具有参考意义。

关于X光射线管质量特征评定方法的探讨

X光射线管电压/管电流指标是X射线机的重要参数之一。针对传统的管电压/管电流测量方法虽然可以检测出X射线管电压/管电流误差值,但不能反映其质量特征的状况,在分析影响X射线质量高低的因素的基础上,引入了射线管能量带宽的含义,并由此提出了基于Q值及其派生QL值、QH值的射线管电压/管电流分析方法。经过一系列模拟测试和对比分析,结果表明,该方法是传统检测方法的有效补充,能更准确地表征出X射线管电压/管电流质量特征。

乳腺X射线基准装置能谱研究

介绍了乳腺X射线基准装置及其辐射野特性。根据钼靶X射线光机的各项参数,建立了蒙卡模拟的模型,使用蒙特卡罗软件模拟了光机的能谱。介绍了用于低能光子能谱测量的硅漂移探测器(SDD),并使用三种放射源对探测器进行了能量刻度,得到了能量与道址的线性关系。使用刻度好的硅漂移探测器进行了乳腺X射线基准能谱测量实验,测得了四个不同管电压下基准装置的能谱,实验结果与理论模拟结果吻合。

四种不同型号诊断X射线剂量仪的剂量探测技术概述

介绍四种不同型号的诊断X射线剂量检测方法,重点论述关键词关于电离室与半导体技术的辐射剂量的探测,包括工作原理、使用的范围、用途及四种不同型号的探测器的各自特点。经市场调研根据用户的不同需求,剂量对象不同和参照的探测器的选择提出参考意见。本文还提出了近几年的新技术的发展,提出了空气电离室的概念及空气电离室在诊断射线质量保证技术上的优势。

Effect of Mg^(2+) content in ion-exchanged Shengli lignite on its equilibrium adsorption water content and its mechanism

Mg ion-exchanged samples were prepared with acid-washed Shengli lignite.The chemical composition of the ash of the raw sample was determined by X-ray fluorescence.The equilibrium adsorption water contents of samples were determined in a range of relative humidity.The ion-exchange process was characterized by FT-IR,ash content,and p H value.A possible mechanism is proposed for equilibrium adsorption water of ion-exchanged samples at different humidities.The extent of ion-exchange reaction between Mg2+and lignite is controlled by the concentration of Mg2+in Mg SO4solution.The effect of Mg2+on equilibrium adsorption water content varies with relative humidity and content of Mg2+.The factor that controls equilibrium adsorption water content at low relative humidity is water interactions with sorption sites,which are Mg2+–carboxyl group complex.At middle relative humidity capillary force between Mg2+–water clusters Mg+(H2O)nand capillary is more important.At high relative humidity,free water–free water interactions are more significant.

Rapid detection and risk assessment of soil contamination at lead smelting site based on machine learning

A general prediction model for seven heavy metals was established using the heavy metal contents of 207soil samples measured by a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)and six environmental factors as model correction coefficients.The eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)model was used to fit the relationship between the content of heavy metals and environment characteristics to evaluate the soil ecological risk of the smelting site.The results demonstrated that the generalized prediction model developed for Pb,Cd,and As was highly accurate with fitted coefficients(R^(2))values of 0.911,0.950,and 0.835,respectively.Topsoil presented the highest ecological risk,and there existed high potential ecological risk at some positions with different depths due to high mobility of Cd.Generally,the application of machine learning significantly increased the accuracy of pXRF measurements,and identified key environmental factors.The adapted potential ecological risk assessment emphasized the need to focus on Pb,Cd,and As in future site remediation efforts.

Effect and mechanism of dolomite with different size fractions on hematite flotation using sodium oleate as collector

The effect of dolomite with different particle size fractions on hematite flotation was studied using sodium oleate as collector at p H of about 9. The effect mechanism of dolomite on hematite flotation was investigated by means of solution chemistry, ultraviolet spectrophotometry(UV), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). It is observed that dolomite with different size fractions has depressing effect on hematite flotation using sodium oleate as collector, and dolomite could be the "mineral depressant" of hematite using sodium oleate as collector. The reasons for that are concerned with sodium oleate consumption and the adsorption onto hematite of dissolved species of dolomite.

Study on Tribological Properties of CVT Fluid Containing Inert and Active Functional Elements

The lubricating characteristics of CVTF(continuously variable transmission fluid) mixed with a multi-functional complex additive were studied. The said complex additive contained an organic borate ester and a new type of friction improver comprising phosphorus element and poly-methylmethacrylate(PMMA), and a viscosity index improver. The viscosity-pressure characteristics were evaluated by a high-pressure quartz viscometer, and the anti-wear property was investigated by a four-ball friction tester. The mechanism of lubrication by the CVTF was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results showed that CVTF T10, which contained a multi-functional complex additive, exhibited excellent properties, featuring greater solidification pressure and pressure-viscosity coefficient, improved oil film strength, and low wear value. These attributes meet the special CVTF requirements for "high friction and low wear" that make it possible to provide both traction and lubrication. The lubricating mechanism was varied using different functional elements, such as inert and active elements. Sulfur and phosphorus are active extreme pressure elements that can react on the metal friction surface and produce an extreme pressure lubrication film. Boron is an inert functional element and does not react upon the metal surface; boron is only adsorbed onto the metal surface to act as a lubricant for adsorption film and fillers.

Tribological Performance of Two Potential Environmentally Friendly Ashless Vegetable Oil Additives

Two potential novel environmentally friendly ashless vegetable oil additives, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives, di-n-dodecyl-[2-（2-benzothiazolyl）thio]ethylborane （LBN） and di-n-dodecylthio-[2-（2-benzothiazolyl） thio]ethylborane （LBNS）, were synthesized and their tribological performance as additives in rapeseed oil （RSO） was evaluated using a four-ball wear tester. Their anti-corrosive properties and thermal stability were also examined. The worn surface of the steel ball was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The results showed that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives exhibited excellent anti-corrosive property and high thermal stability. Moreover, they both had good load-carrying capacities and anti-wear and friction-reducing properties. The PR values of samples decreased in the following order： LBNS〉 LBN〉RSO. The results of XPS examination illustrated that the excellent tribological behavior of the prepared compounds used as additives in RSO was attributed to the formation of a protective lubrication film on the worn surface, which consisted of an adsorption layer and a reaction layer containing Fe3O4, FeS, Fe2（SO4）3, FeB, and organic nitrogen-containing compounds.

Electrolyte composition and removal mechanism of Cu electrochemical mechanical polishing

The optimization of electrolytes and the material removal mechanisms for Cu electrochemical mechanical planarization(ECMP)at different pH values including 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole(TTA),hydroxyethylidenediphosphoric acid(HEDP),and tribasic ammonium citrate(TAC)were investigated by electrochemical techniques,X-ray photoelectron spectrometer(XPS)analysis,nano-scratch tests,AFM measurements,and polishing of Cu-coated blanket wafers.The experimental results show that the planarization efficiency and the surface quality after ECMP obtained in alkali-based solutions are superior to that in acidic-based solutions,especially at pH=8.The optimal electrolyte compositions(mass fraction)are 6% HEDP,0.3% TTA and 3% TAC at pH=8.The main factor affecting the thickness of the oxide layer formed during ECMP process is the applied potential.The soft layer formation is a major mechanism for electrochemical enhanced mechanical abrasion.The surface topography evolution before and after electrochemical polishing(ECP)illustrates the mechanism of mechanical abrasion accelerating electrochemical dissolution,that is,the residual stress caused by the mechanical wear enhances the electrochemical dissolution rate.This understanding is beneficial for optimization of ECMP processes.

Surface modification of indium tin oxide by oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation

Organic electroluminescent device,also known as organic light-emitting diode (OLED),is a kind of solid state light emitting device by carrier injection which can directly transform electrical energy into luminous energy.Due to its low operating voltage,low energy consumption,high brightness,flexibility in the choice of materials and easy realization of full color display,OLED is the potential material both in the display and illumination fields.However,there is much scope to improve the efficiency,lifetime,and reduce the cost in mass production before OLEDs can replace traditional technology in some application fields.In this work,we report the oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to improve the surface oxygen ratio of ITO films for further increase of surface work function above the common treatment of O2 inductively coupled plasma (ICP).The ratio of oxygen content at the surface layer was improved to be much higher than by O2 ICP treatment.A further surface work function relative increase of 0.4e V above OICP sample and 0.4 eV above the as-prepared sample can be estimated by the peak relative shift in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) diagram.Moreover,the XPS characterization was carried out at least 50 h after the PIII implantation to indicate that the surface modifying effects are stable.The variations of transparency and conductivity of the PIII treated ITO samples can be neglected.

Cementing mechanism of bio-phosphate cement

Cementing mechanism of bio-phosphate cement was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results of FTIR and XPS show that Si-O bond and Si(2p) electron binding energy in sandstone cemented via chemical and microbiological methods are changed by the binding effects of barium hydrogen phosphate with quartz sand. Compared with barium hydrogen phosphate precipitated in solution, there were higher decomposition temperatures or melting points in sandstone. The FTIR, XPS, and TG-DSC results indicate that the microbial-induced and chemical precipitation of barium hydrogen phosphate can interact with quartz sand to generate van der Waals bond, which plays a role in the binding function between loose sand particles and barium hydrogen phosphate. SEM results show that barium hydrogen phosphate after chemical precipitation in sandstone has better dispersion than microbiological deposition. Therefore, barium hydrogen phosphate via chemical precipitation did not bind loose sand particles into sandstone.

Thermal and elemental analysis of the combustion chamber deposits in a large-scale two-stroke marine diesel engine

It is of significance to understand the chemical content of carbon deposits in the large-scale two-stroke(LSTS) marine diesel engine because of adverse effect on the engine performance, oil consumption and emissions. In this work, two different combustion chamber deposits in an LSTS marine diesel engine were studied using thermogravimetry analysis(TGA), elemental analysis(EA) and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence(SXRF). One was on the piston top and the other on the piston land, termed PTCD and PLCD, respectively. For the PTCD sample, the 97% residue in the TGA and 1.4% carbon content in the EA indicated the main compositions of PTCD were metal salts or oxides and ashes, significantly different from the previous findings of the highest carbon content in deposits from the small four stroke engines. The different chemical content between PTCD and PLCD implied higher thermal load in the LSTS marine diesel engine led to a nearly complete thermal decomposition of PTCD. The higher calcium content in PTCD and PLCD indicated the additives of cylinder oil should be the main source of metal content of PTCD and PLCD. Calcium distribution in the SXRF results was indicative of the potential layered structure in PTCD and PLCD. In addition, the appearance of iron on the surface against the piston in PTCD and PLCD indicated iron oxides formation between carbon deposit and piston materials.