Flow pattern or velocity distribution on a distillation tray is of great importance in determining tray efficiency. And design of distillation process is mainly rely on experimental data which also can be used in veri...Flow pattern or velocity distribution on a distillation tray is of great importance in determining tray efficiency. And design of distillation process is mainly rely on experimental data which also can be used in verification of mathematical model for describing the flow pattern on a tray.In this paper,hot-film anemometer with X-type probe is applied to the measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow on a sieve tray.First,a calibration method that used in this paper is proposed and a computational model for data processing is presented.Then the threshold method used to separate vapor signals from those of the liquid is described.Finally,typical measuring results,which include the magnitude and direction of local velocity,and the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy,are presented.展开更多
Interfacial bonding in as deposited and annealed Co/C soft X ray multilayer structures is investigated by X ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS).It is found that there is interdiffusion between cobalt and carbon ...Interfacial bonding in as deposited and annealed Co/C soft X ray multilayer structures is investigated by X ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS).It is found that there is interdiffusion between cobalt and carbon in the as deposited Co/C multilayers,and this is confirmed by structure characterization using low angle X ray diffraction (LAXD).The calculation of the chemical shifts in Co C system based on Miedemas macroscopic atom model suggests that it is impossible to detect the chemical shift experimentally in the Co C compound,which is consistent with the XPS results.The presence of metallic carbide bonding is evidenced through the nature of the carbon bonding in survey taken at Co C and C Co interfaces of annealed samples.Our results also indicate that XPS is a direct method to probe the chemical bonding at the interfaces.展开更多
文摘Flow pattern or velocity distribution on a distillation tray is of great importance in determining tray efficiency. And design of distillation process is mainly rely on experimental data which also can be used in verification of mathematical model for describing the flow pattern on a tray.In this paper,hot-film anemometer with X-type probe is applied to the measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow on a sieve tray.First,a calibration method that used in this paper is proposed and a computational model for data processing is presented.Then the threshold method used to separate vapor signals from those of the liquid is described.Finally,typical measuring results,which include the magnitude and direction of local velocity,and the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy,are presented.
文摘Interfacial bonding in as deposited and annealed Co/C soft X ray multilayer structures is investigated by X ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS).It is found that there is interdiffusion between cobalt and carbon in the as deposited Co/C multilayers,and this is confirmed by structure characterization using low angle X ray diffraction (LAXD).The calculation of the chemical shifts in Co C system based on Miedemas macroscopic atom model suggests that it is impossible to detect the chemical shift experimentally in the Co C compound,which is consistent with the XPS results.The presence of metallic carbide bonding is evidenced through the nature of the carbon bonding in survey taken at Co C and C Co interfaces of annealed samples.Our results also indicate that XPS is a direct method to probe the chemical bonding at the interfaces.
