Research on X-by-Wire Chassis Technology for Intelligent Driving of New Energy Vehicles

As China’s economy develops,new energy technologies and intelligent driving have become a trend in the automobile industry.The development of new energy vehicles has accelerated,with X-by-wire chassis technology becoming the core technology for intelligent driving.This technology includes steer-,brake-,shift-,and throttle-by-wire systems.It is not only the key technology for new energy vehicles but also an important support for promoting their sustainable development.This article presents an in-depth study on X-by-wire chassis technology in new energy vehicles and its basic working principle.

Chassis Coordinated Control for Full X-by-Wire Vehicles-A Review

An X-by-wire chassis can improve the kinematic characteristics of human-vehicle closed-loop system and thus active safety especially under emergency scenarios via enabling chassis coordinated control.This paper aims to provide a complete and systematic survey on chassis coordinated control methods for full X-by-wire vehicles,with the primary goal of summarizing recent reserch advancements and stimulating innovative thoughts.Driving condition identification including driver’s operation intention,critical vehicle states and road adhesion condition and integrated control of X-by-wire chassis subsystems constitute the main framework of a chassis coordinated control scheme.Under steering and braking maneuvers,different driving condition identification methods are described in this paper.These are the trigger conditions and the basis for the implementation of chassis coordinated control.For the vehicles equipped with steering-by-wire,braking-by-wire and/or wire-controlled-suspension systems,state-of-the-art chassis coordinated control methods are reviewed including the coordination of any two or three chassis subsystems.Finally,the development trends are discussed.

State Estimation of Drive-by-Wire Chassis Vehicle Based on Dual Unscented Particle Filter Algorithm

Accurate vehicle dynamic information plays an important role in vehicle driving safety.However,due to the characteristics of high mobility and multiple controllable degrees of freedom of drive-by-wire chassis vehicles,the current mature application of traditional vehicle state estimation algorithms can not meet the requirements of drive-by-wire chassis vehicle state estimation.This paper proposes a state estimation method for drive-by-wire chassis vehicle based on the dual unscented particle filter algorithm,which make full use of the known advantages of the four-wheel drive torque and steer angle parameters of the drive-by-wire chassis vehicle.In the dual unscented particle filter algorithm,two unscented particle filter transfer information to each other,observe the vehicle state information and the tire force parameter information of the four wheels respectively,which reduce the influence of parameter uncertainty and model parameter changes on the estimation accuracy during driving.The performance with the dual unscented particle filter algorithm,which is analyzed in terms of the time-average square error,is superior of the unscented Kalman filter algorithm.The effectiveness of the algorithm is further verified by driving simulator test.In this paper,a vehicle state estimator based on dual unscented particle filter algorithm was proposed for the first time to improve the estimation accuracy of vehicle parameters and states.

Robot driver for vehicle durability emission test on chassis dynamometer

A method for a vehicle durability emission test using a robot driver insteadof human drivers on the chassis dynamometer is presented. The system architecture of vehicledurability emission test cell, the road load simulation strategy and the tele-monitoring systembased on Browser/Client structure are described. Furthermore, the construction of the robot driver,vehicle performance self-learning algorithm, multi-mode vehicle control model and vehicle speedtracking strategy based on fuzzy logic arealso discussed. Besides, the capability of controlparameters self-compensation on-line makes it possible to compensate the wear of vehicle componentsand the variety of clutch true bite point during the long term test. Experimental results show thattherobot driver can be applicable to a wide variety of vehicles and the obtained results stay withina tolerance band of ± 2 km/h. Moreover the robot driver is able to control tested vehicles withgood repeatability and consistency; therefore, this methodpresents a solution to eliminate theuncertainty of emission test results by human drivers and to ensure the accuracy and reliability ofemission test results.

面向“X-by-Wire”的电子节气门开发

进行了电子节气门的软硬件设计和机电一体化设计,对电子节气门的可靠性、动态响应特性以及稳定性进行了研究和测试,在上述工作基础上,将开发的电子节气门应用在混合动力轿车上,试验表明,电子节气门的动态响应特性和稳定性达到了设计要求。电子节气门在混合动力汽车以及传统燃油车上具有应用前景。

基于ADAMS/Chassis的汽车操纵稳定性能仿真分析及优化

应用多体动力学仿真软件ADAMS的chassis模块建立了车辆虚拟样机模型,根据ISO标准进行了稳态回转和方向盘角阶跃两项试验的仿真,计算并分析了两种试验状态下车辆状态参数的变化情况。最后对车辆模型进行了优化,优化结果表明,悬架的结构及材料对操纵稳定性能有一定的影响。

Virtual Prototype Simulation and Reliability Analysis for Drive System of Armored Chassis

Drive system is the key device of armored chassis. Its working state and reliability influence the maneuver performance of armored chassis directly. In order to simulate the failure process and evaluate the service reliability of drive system in training or battle missions,a new kind of dynamic simulation model and driving simulation platform of the complete drive system were established based on virtual prototype and finite element technology in this paper. Using the platform, the kinematics and dynamic characteristics of drive system were studied and analyzed in detail,the dynamic load spectrum of key components was obtained,the service life was predicted, and the service reliability evaluation results were provided. A simulation example of transmission gear was shown to illustrate the simulation and evaluation process. The result proves that the simulation method not only can be used to compute and evaluate the service reliability of complex mechanical mechanism, but also has high precision and reasonable computational cost. Therefore,simulation and reliability analysis based on virtual prototype of the armored chassis drive system will provide scientific reference for the formulation of armored chassis reasonable repair cycle.

Experimental Study on the Ride Comfort of a Crawler Power Chassis Scale Model Based on the Similitude Theory

The ride comfort experimental assessment of crawler off-road vehicle is relatively overlooked, and is expensive and difficult to execute with higher and higher ride comfort performance requirements. To trade off between precise and cost, an experimental method based on the similitude theory is proposed. Under the guidance of the similitude theory, a 1：5 crawler power chassis scale model equipped with a kind of variable stiffness suspension system is used. The power spectrum density（PSD）, the root mean square（RMS） of weighed acceleration, peak factor, average absorbed power（AAP） and vibration dose value（VDV） are selected as ride comfort evaluation indexes, and tests results are transformed via similarity indexes to predict the performance of full-scale power chassis. PSD shows that the low-order natural frequency of the vertical natural frequency（z axis） is 1.1 Hz, and the RMS, AAP and VDV values indicate the ride comfort performance of this kind of power chassis is between the ＂A little uncomfortable＂ and ＂Rather uncomfortable＂. From the results, low-order vertical natural frequency, obtained by PSD, validates that the similarity relationship between two models is satisfied, and 1：5 scale model used in experiment meets the similarity relationship with the full-scale model; consequently, the ride comfort prophase evaluation with the 1：5 scale model is feasible. The attempt of applying the similitude theory to crawler vehicle ride comfort test study decreases the cost and improves the test feasibility with sufficient test precise.

An improved LuGre model for calculating static steering torque of rubber tracked chassis

Tire and rubber track interchangeable chassis combines the advantages of tire and rubber track,which can greatly improve the maneuverability of military construction machinery.However,there is almost no effective calculation model for the real-time static steering torque.When the relative sliding speed is greater than 0.01 m/s,the influence of friction heating can not be ignored.An improved LuGre model is established to calculate the static real-time steering torque of tire and rubber track interchangeable chassis.Firstly,the friction heating model between rubber and ground is established.Combined with the influence of temperature on the dynamic performance of rubber material,the influence of friction heating on the stiffness and friction coefficient of rubber track is analyzed,and the improved LuGre friction model is established.The steering torque of tire and rubber track interchangeable chassis is affected by rubber material properties,steering speed,pavement type,and ambient temperature.Compared with the original Lu Gre model,the improved LuGre model captures the change in friction torque during multiple in-situ turns due to frictional heating.The error with the experimental data is small,which verifies the effectiveness of the improved LuGre model.

Structure analysis of levitation chassis of medium-to-low speed maglev vehicles based on left-right decoupling

Levitation chassis, as an extremely important component of maglev vehicles, provides functions of transmitting levitation force and steering force, and directly affects the safety performance of the vehicle. Based on the vertical dynamics model of the levitation chassis, kinetic equations of the model are established, and a simulation program is designed to analyze the structural decoupling function of the chassis, especially under the influence of elastic constraints between the left and right modules, which are exclusively owned by maglev vehicles. A finite element model of the levitation chassis based on left-right decoupling is constructed. Analysis results of the model show that the mechanical properties of the chassis tailored for the vehicle meet the design requirements, and the stiffness and strength is adequate to bear the weight of the whole vehicle.

Chassis tra fficability simulation and experiment of a LY1352JP forest tracked vehicle

Based on the analysis of complex terrains and current forest transportation equipment,a forest tracked vehicle prototype LY1352 JP was developed.The road model and the virtual prototype of the chassis were constructed using dynamic simulation software RecurDyn.The optimal tension of the vehicle as well as its capabilities for crossing trenches,climbing vertical walls,uphill and downhill slopes were simulated.The simulation results showed that the optimum tension force of the chassis of the vehicle was 63 kN(kilonewton),accounting for 45%of the total vehicle weight.The maximum trench crossing width and vertical obstacle climbing height were 1.35 m and 0.45 m,respectively.The maximum uphill and downhill angles were 50°and 45°,respectively.Tests on the prototype capacity for crossing trenches,and uphill and downhill driving were carried out.The test results were in agreement with the simulation results.A cross-country performance of a fire truck based on the tracked vehicle chassis was conducted in an old-growth forest.Tests verified that the vehicle has a strong forest trafficability performance and can meet the needs for forest transportation.

A flexible multi-body model of a surface miner for analyzing the interaction between rock-cutting forces and chassis vibrations

The discontinuous nature of rock cutting can easily cause unwanted vibrations in the structure of a surface miner.If these vibrations are not properly addressed,the related stress cycles can gradually damage the chassis resulting in fatigue failures.These events can seriously undermine the safety of operators and digging operations may be stopped for days,with an obvious economic impact.This work presents an analysis of the dynamics of a surface miner,focusing on the interaction between cutting machine dynamics and cutting forces,which is a new approach for this type of machine.For this purpose,the authors developed a numerical model of the cutting process made up of(1)a multi-body model of the cutting machine,which takes into account the chassis's flexibility;(2)a model of the rotating cutting head;and(3)a model of the interaction between the cutting head and rock,based on Shao's model.The model was compared with experimental results and then used to investigate the effects of cutting speed and cutting depth on the machine dynamics.

Modal Correlation Based Analysis on Dynamic Characters of a Commercial Semi-Trailer's Chassis Frames

In order to evaluate two different schemes＇ structural dynamic characters, dynamic response analysis of a commercial truck＇s main chassis frames is carried out. On the basis of correlation study between the tested and calculated modal results, the assembled frames＇ finite element analysis （FEA） models with sufficient precision are built up. Random response analysis in frequency domain is carried out with these FEA models, RMS values of yon Mises and main principle stresses of these two frames are obtained. It shows that the analysis resuits of the distributing tendency and concrete value ranges are coincident very well with test results. And from the results, it could be concluded that frames of scheme A endures relative better loading conditions and should be adopted as the final scheme.

Numerical Analysis of Thermal Convection in a CPU Chassis

Flow distribution and the effects of different boundary conditions are achieved for a steady-state conjugate (Conduction & Convection) heat transfer process. A plate fin heat sink with horizontal fin orientation along with a computer chassis is numerically investigated and simulated using software ANSYS CFX. Fin orientation of a heat sink changes the direction of fluid flow inside the chassis. For predicting turbulence of the flow inside the domain, a two-equation based k-ε turbulence model is chosen. The Reynolds number based on inflow velocity and geometry is found 4.2 × 103 that indicates that the flow is turbulent inside the chassis. To get proper thermal cooling, the optimum velocity ratio of inlet/outlet, dimension of inlet/outlet and different positions of outlet on the back sidewall of the chassis are predicted. Aspect velocity ratio between the inlet airflow and the outlet airflow has an effect on the steadiness of the flow. Mass flow rate depends on the dimension of the inlet/outlet. The horizontal fin orientation with 1:1.6 inlet-outlet airflow velocity ratio gives better thermal performance when outlet is located at the top corner of the chassis, near to the inner sidewall. Flow distribution and heat transfer characteristics are also analyzed to obtain the final model.

Seismic response reduction analysis of large chassis base-isolated structure under long-period ground motions

Long-period structures(e.g.Isolated structures)tend to produce pseudo-resonance with low frequency compo-nents of long-period ground motions,resulting in the increase in damage.Stiffness mutation occurs due to the set-back in the upper body of the large chassis structure.In the parts with stiffness mutation,the torsion effect caused by the tower is far greater than that of the chassis itself.In this study,a total of 273 ground motions are collected and then filtered into four types,including the near-field ordinary,near-field pulse,far-field ordinary,and far-field harmonic.An 8-degree(0.2 g)fortified large chassis base-isolated structure is established.Furthermore,ETABS program software is used to conduct nonlinear time history analysis on the isolation and seismic model under bi-directional earthquake ground motions.The comparison results show that the seismic isolation effect of the base-isolated structure under long-period ground motions is worse than that associated with ordinary ground motions when the seismic response reduction rate of the large base floor significantly decreases compared with that of the tower.When the inter-story displacement angle and the displacement of isolation layer of the chassis exceeds the limit of Code for Seismic Design of Buildings(GB 50011-2010),it is recommended to adopt composite seismic isolation technology or add limit devices.Under the condition of long-period ground motions,the base-isolated structure reduces the lateral-torsional coupling effect of the large chassis structure,while the torsion response of large chassis’top layer increases.Under long-period ground motions with the same acceleration peak,the response of the base-isolated structure increases much more than that of the seismic structure and the consideration of this impact is suggested to be added to the Code.

基于视觉导航的设施喷雾机电动底盘设计与试验

喷雾作业在设施农业作物生产中起着关键的作用,针对当前设施喷雾作业多以人工喷洒完成,机械化水平较低、底盘转向不灵活、农药利用率低,且人工喷洒易造成农药残留伤害人体健康等问题,设计了一款基于视觉导航实现自主行走的设施喷雾机底盘,完成了喷雾机底盘的机械结构设计,并对底盘的控制系统、驱动系统和软件流程进行设计。试验结果表明:设计的设施喷雾机底盘可以实现灵活转向和基于视觉导航自主行走,底盘3种标签试验平均成功率为98.67%;直线行驶10 m时,横向偏差平均值为2.1 cm,最大值为6.7 cm,底盘驱动系统和控制系统稳定。提高喷雾机作业的自动化和智能化,降低农民的生产作业强度,对设施农业现代化具有重要意义。

自走式大豆表型采集平台底盘设计及试验

针对现有作物表型采集平台通用性差,无法应用于北方寒地垄作密植大豆,为提高采集大豆表型效率,设计一种可实现垄间稳定行走、精准定位的自走式大豆表型信息采集平台底盘。根据垄作大豆种植模式与其形态特征进行结构设计,采用西门子SMART 200PLC控制行走系统与表型信息采集系统。试制样机测试采集平台作业性能,结果表明:设置平台在运输路面和垄间行驶速度为0.5 m/s时,运输路面上平均偏移率是0.047%,垄间平均偏移率是0.072%;在运输路面和垄间的定位平均标准偏差分别为12.7和3.05,平均相对标准偏差分别为10.7%和7.2%,研究可实现垄间稳定行走与精准定位作业,为垄作大豆表型信息检测提供了技术支持。

电动拖拉机底盘轻量化设计

探讨了电动拖拉机底盘轻量化设计的方法和技术,并基于底盘轻量化的重要性论述了底盘轻量化的具体方法,包括选材、结构优化、工艺改进等方面。针对电动拖拉机的工作特点,提出了适合其底盘轻量化的具体措施,包括采用高强度轻质材料、减少焊接点及优化桥座结构等。最后,通过数值模拟和试验验证了轻量化设计的效果,证明了方法的可行性和有效性。研究成果对于提高电动拖拉机的性能和节能减排具有重要意义。

丘陵坡地自走式喷洒装置通过性能分析与试验

针对目前丘陵坡地中缺少适用灌溉机械现状,结合茶园种植特点及丘陵坡地的地形特征,设计了一种适用于丘陵坡地的自走式喷洒装置.对喷洒装置直线行驶、纵向爬坡及横向坡行走等常见喷洒行驶工况进行力学理论分析.采用RecurDyn多体动力学软件对装置进行建模,对常见喷洒行驶工况的装置行驶状态进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,装置具有良好的直线行驶及爬坡性能,能顺利通过最大15°横向斜坡、最大15°纵向斜坡.研制出样机并进行了真机试验,实测样机平均行驶速度1.94 km/h,具有良好的直线行驶性能,行驶偏移率2.88%;且平稳通过坡角为13°纵向坡,并在坡度范围为8°~13°的横向坡安全稳定行驶,与仿真结果相符,满足自行走喷洒装置的坡地作业要求,为后续丘陵灌溉装备的设计提供了参考.