Measurement of OH Radicals in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasmas by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

Near-infrared continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy was applied to mea- sure the OH radicals in dielectric barrier discharge plasmas, which play an important role in combustion systems, atmospheric chemistry and the removal of air pollutants by non-thermal plasmas. The P-branches of OH X2YIi （vI ： 2 ＋-- it 0） bands were used for number density measurements. The OH number density and plasma temperature were determined for different applied voltages, gas pressures and concentrations of both oxygen and water. The temporal evolu- tion of the OH number density was obtained by using the ＂time window＂ method, which was used to extract individual ring-down times at different times in a half period of the sine wave applied voltage in dielectric barrier discharge plasmas.

Equivalent Circuit for Cavity Discharges Including Controlled Current Source and Controlled Switch

Numerous equivalent circuits for cavity discharges have been developed, yet most of these models cannot provide simulated sig- nals that precisely reveal the variability of the discharge’s characteristic parameters, such as repetition rate, magnitude and phase of discharges, which makes them not suitable for intensive studies of discharge process. Therefore, using Simulink code, we theoretically ana- lyzed and studied the classical equivalent circuits of cavity discharges, as well as the influence of circuit components on simulation results, and then proposed a novel equivalent circuit, the key parameters of which were determined according to the physical behavior of cavity discharges. In the novel equivalent circuit, the repetition rate can be changed by discharge resistance, inception and residual voltages; meanwhile the phase of discharge can be controlled by adjusting the parameters of shunt resistance. Furthermore, a controlled current source as a function of space charge is introduced in the equivalent circuit. Compared with the former ones, the simulated signals obtained by this novel model are better approximation of real signals. This work could be referred by latter studies of the characteristics and the me- chanisms of cavity discharge in oil-paper insulation.

Research into Excited Long Lived 0.6-6.0 keV Energy Levels in the Cathode Solid Medium of Glow Discharge by X-Ray Emission Registration

X-ray emission from metal cathodes in glow discharge （current is up to 300 mA, voltage is 1,500-4,300 V） experiments in the spectral range from 700 eV to 6 keV has been observed. The effect has been seen with a variety of different metal cathodes （including AI, Sc, Ti, V, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt）, as well as with different gasses （including D2, H2, Kr, Ar, and Xe） at low pressure （3-10 Torr）. We present results from a variety of diagnostics, including： pinhole camera imaging; thermo luminescent detector measurements; time-resolved scintillator measurements; and a curved mica spectrometer to register X-ray spectra. Both diffuse and collimated X-ray emission have been observed.. Diffuse emission occurs in bursts of X-rays; with up to 10^5 bursts per second, with up to 10^6 photons per burst during the discharge. Collimated X-ray emission appears in the form of beamlets directed normal to the cathodes surface with a very small angular divergence; with up to 104 bursts per second, and up to 1013 photons overall up to 20 h after discharge switch off. Based on these experimental results we propose a phenomenological model of processes.

Experimental Results on Excess Heat Power, Impurity Nuclides and X-Ray Production in Experiments with a High-Voltage Electric Discharge System

It reviewed results on low-energy nuclear reaction （LENR） processes in a high-voltage （1,000-4,000 V） electric discharge system. The experimental results are divided into three sets： excess heat measurements; yield of impurity nuclides （nuclear ash）; X-ray measurements. Up to 8 W of excess power was observed, with a power gain of up to 170% was seen in glow discharge experiments. Up to 300 W of excess power, with a power gain up to 340% was observed in experiments using a high-voltage electrolysis cell. The impurity nuclide yield showing a shift of up to a few per cent from natural isotopic abundances was detected by spark mass spectrometry, by secondary ionic mass spectrometry, and by secondary neutral mass spectrometry. X-ray emission in the range of 0.6-6.0 keV, has been observed. Based on these experimental results we propose a phenomenological model for LENR based on the interaction of an electric discharge with condensed matter （of the cathode）.

Development of a seven-cell S-band standing-wave RF-deflecting cavity for Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source

A 2856-MHz,π-mode,seven-cell standingwave deflecting cavity was designed and fabricated for bunch length measurement in Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source(TTX)facility.This cavity was installed in the TTX and provided a deflecting voltage of 4.2 MV with an input power of 2.5 MW.Bunch length diagnoses of electron beams with energies up to 39 MeV have been performed.In this article,the RF design of the cavity using HFSS,fabrication,and RF test processes are reviewed.High-power operation with accelerated beams and calibration of the deflecting voltage are also presented.

Growth of Fluorocarbon Films by Low-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge

Plasma polymerized fluorocarbon （FC） films have been deposited on silicon substrates from dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma of C4Fs at room temperature under a pressure of 25～125 Pa. The effects of the discharge pressure and frequency of power supply on the films have been systematically investigated. FC films with a less cross linked structure may be formed at a relatively high pressure. Increase in the frequency of power supply leads to a significant increase in the deposition rate. Static contact angle measurements show that deposited FC films have a stable, hydrophobic surface property. All deposited films show smooth surfaces with an atomic surface roughness. The relationship between plasma parameters and the properties of the deposited FC films are discussed.

Surface Modification of Fluororubber Using Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD)

Fluoride rubber F2311 film, an alternating copolymer of CF2-CFC1 （CTFE） and CH2-CF2 （VF2） components, was treated by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） in air. The surface structure, topography and surface chemistry of the treated F2311 films were characterized by contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy （AFM）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, respectively. The experimental results showed that a short time air plasma treatment led to morphological, wettability and chemical changes in the F2311 films. The surface hydrophilicity increased greatly after the plasma treatment, the static water contact angle decreased from 98.6° to 32°, and oxygen containing groups （C=O, O-C=O, etc. ） were introduced. Atomic force microscopy revealed that plasma produced by DBD etched F2311 films obviously. The roughness of the samples increased remarkably with the formation of peaks and valleys on the treated surfaces. The increased surface wettability may be correlated with both the introduction of hydrophilic groups due to air plasma oxidation of the surface and the change in surface morphology etched by DBD.

Synthesis of Crystalline Carbon Nitride Thin Films by Pulsed Arc Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

The preparation of crystalline C3N4 films was investigated using pulsed arc discharge from mixed methanol and ammonia water at atmospheric pressure. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the films prepared at a substrate temperature of 450℃ suggested that the film was composed of α-C3N4 and fl-C3N4 crystallites. Raman spectra exhibited distinct peaks which are in good agreement with those predicted theoretically for C3N4 crystallites.

Excess Heat Power Registration in Experiments with High Voltage Electric Discharge Systems

The author review results on LENR （low-energy nuclear reaction） processes in the cathodes of a high current glow discharge and a HVEC （high-voltage electrolysis cell）. The cathodes used in the experiments were made of Ni foil, Pd foil, Pd coated Re and solid-state nanostructured Pd. Up to 300 W of excess heat power, with a power gain up to 340%, was observed in experiments using a high-voltage electrolysis cell. Based on these experimental results, we propose a phenomenological model for LENR.

X-ray Manifestations of Pneumoconiosis Patients and Differential Analysis with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the X-ray manifestations of pneumoconiosis patients and differentiation from pulmonary tuberculosis.[Methods]Retrospective analysis was conducted on 103 patients who underwent lung examinations,including 47 cases of pneumoconiosis and 56 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.The differences in nodule characteristics and accompanying cavity sign between pneumoconiosis and pulmonary tuberculosis were compared.[Results]The X-ray manifestations of pneumoconiosis patients mainly included various forms of lung images,which were uneven in density,and had blurry edges,and sometimes thickening of lung markings and reduction of lung volume could be observed.The acinar nodules observed in X-ray films of patients with hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis appeared petal like.The uniformity of nodule appearance such as nodule distribution,nodule density,and nodule size was significantly lower in pneumoconiosis than in hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis,showing a statistical significance(P<0.05).The diameter of cavities in patients with pneumoconiosis accompanied by cavity sign[(0.64±0.13 vs 3.37±0.95)cm]was lower than that in patients with secondary pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by cavity sign.There was a significant difference in the thickness of the cavity wall between the two diseases,and patients with pneumoconiosis accompanied by cavity sign had a higher rate of thick wall cavities(>3 mm).The X-ray manifestations of pneumoconiosis and tuberculosis were relatively similar,but the distribution,density and size of nodules in pneumoconiosis were relatively uneven,and the patients accompanied by cavity sign had smaller cavity diameter and higher rate of thick-walled cavities.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the clinical differential diagnosis of pneumoconiosis and pulmonary tuberculosis.

结合FBG-FP的变压器局部放电光纤全方向传感研究

为实现变压器局部放电的灵敏检测,避免漏检局部放电信号,基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)与法布里珀罗腔(Fabry-Perot cavity)传感原理提出了一种结合FBG-FP的变压器油中局部放电光纤全方向传感方法。介绍了FBG与FP腔的局部放电传感原理,局部放电产生的超声波会引起FBG反射光谱与FP腔干涉光谱的偏移,通过光谱边缘解调法进行光强解调可实现局放信号的检测。研制了局部放电光纤全方向传感器,通过3D打印技术制作了尺寸为25 mm×25 mm×25mm的长方体探头,探头中空结构用于插入单模光纤形成FP腔,四个侧面用于形成膜片式FBG传感结构,可接收不同方向的超声信号。基于变压器油中局部放电的频谱特性与液相环境中膜片的振动模型设计了超声传感膜片,选用镀有高反介质膜的康宁玻璃作为FP腔传感膜片,膜片半径为1.7 mm,厚度为0.165 mm,理论谐振频率为82 kHz;选用单晶硅作为FBG传感膜片,膜片半径为2.5 mm,厚度为0.1 mm,理论谐振频率为25.6 kHz。搭建了光纤局部放电传感系统并进行了局部放电光纤全方向传感器性能测试。通过断铅实验测得变压器油中传感器FBG传感膜片实际谐振频率约为23 kHz,FP腔传感膜片实际谐振频率为71.4 kHz。将光纤全方向传感器与压电传感器(PZT)对同一局部放电信号进行对比检测,光纤全方向传感器FBG传感部分可检测到83.8 pC的金属尖端放电,FP腔传感部分可检测到27.1 pC的金属尖端放电,其局部放电检测灵敏度高于PZT。测试了传感器的方向响应,普通的FP传感器高灵敏检测范围有限,存在检测盲区,所研制的光纤全方向传感器FP腔传感部分与FBG传感部分高灵敏检测范围互补,可实现局部放电全方向灵敏检测,具有良好的方向响应性能。

Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy of PH2 Radical in 465-555 nm

Absorption spectra of jet-cooled PH2 radicals were recorded in the wavelength range of 465- 555 nm using cavity ringdown spectroscopy. The PH2 radicals were produced in a supersonic jet by pulsed direct current discharge of a mixture of PHa and SF6 in argon. Seven vibronic bands with fine rotational structures have been observed and assigned as 0 0^, 2 0^n, and 2 1^n （n=1- 3） bands of the A^2A1- X~ 2B1 electronic transition. Rotational assignments and rotational term values for each band were re-identified, and the molecular parameters including rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and spin-rotation interaction constants were also improved with reasonably high precision. In addition, large perturbations observed in each quantum number of total angular momentum of the a axis level of the excited vibronic states were briefly discussed.

复杂型腔类零件电火花加工电极运动轨迹搜索算法研究

针对复杂型腔类零件电火花加工中电极无干涉运动路径难规划的问题,提出一种电极运动轨迹搜索算法。使用NURBS参数化曲线曲面建模方法拟合叶片型面,建立叶片精确数学模型并计算流道中心线,基于流道中心线表达式提出轨迹搜索算法,开发了复杂型腔类零件多轴联动电火花加工专用CAM系统,成功实现4轴、5轴、6轴复杂型腔类零件的电极运动路径规划和无干涉加工过程仿真。进行整体带叶冠涡轮盘的加工试验,结果表明,叶形加工精度≤0.03 mm,总耗时249.3 h,满足闭式整体叶盘类零件指标要求。试验证明该算法可以快速搜索电极无干涉运动轨迹,有效避免电极干涉,从而提高轨迹搜索效率,工况适应能力强,可用于4~6轴各种工况下叶轮、叶盘等复杂型腔类零件的电极运动轨迹搜索。

模拟环氧树脂绝缘内部自然气泡的局部放电特性研究

在环氧树脂绝缘材料气隙中发生的局部放电(PD)现象是导致绝缘性能下降的关键因素,其检测与诊断对评估材料的绝缘状态至关重要。现有研究多集中于制备人工缺陷样品并以此探究局部放电现象,但对缺陷模型的现实符合性及局部放电与气隙尺寸的具体关系尚缺乏深入探讨。因此,本研究提出了一种模拟绝缘材料内部气隙缺陷的实用方法,并通过三种类型的传感器对局部放电进行测量,分析了气隙尺寸对放电过程的影响。运用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)对放电信号频率进行分析,揭示了放电幅度和频率与气隙大小之间的显著相关性。该研究结果不仅为理解环氧树脂材料内部气隙对局部放电特性的影响提供了新的视角,而且为绝缘材料的缺陷诊断和寿命预测提供了重要的理论依据。

Conformal optimal design and processing of extruding die cavity

Aimed at the optimal analysis and processing technology of die cavity of special-shaped products extrusion, by numerical analysis of trigonometric interpolation and Conformal Mapping theory, on the non-circle cross-section of special-shaped products, the conformal mapping function can be set up to translate the cross-section region into unit dish region, over numerical finite interpolation points between even and odd. Products extrusion forming can be turned into two-dimension problem, and plastic stream function can be deduced, as well as the mathematical model of the die cavity surface is established based on deferent kinds of vertical curve. By applying Upper-bound Principle, the vertical curves and related parameters of die cavity are optimized. Combining with electrical discharge machining (EDM) process and numerical control (NC) milling machine technology, the optimal processing of die cavity can be realized. Taking ellipse-shaped products as an instance, the optimal analysis and processing of die cavity including extruding experiment are carried out.

Ominous lung cavity “Tambourine sign”

Mucinous adenocarcinoma represents a rare subtype of adenocarcinoma of the lung, which is frequently invasive and has a poorer prognosis. Of its wide range of imaging appearances, air-space consolidation is the most frequent pattern while cavitary form has only rarely been reported. Despite imaging advancements, the differentiation of benign and malignant cavitary lung lesions sometimes remains imperfect. We propose "Tambourine" sign on computed tomography to raise the suspicion of mucinous adenocarcinoma in a lung cavity, under appropriate clinical settings. The sign indicates an irregular cavity with undistorted prominent thick walled bronchioles within the wall and draping along thereby resembling the musical instrument "tambourine". Adjacent ground glass and internal septations may also be seen.

Comparison Between X-rays Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy Measurements on a Ceramic Envelop Lamp

Burners of metal halide lamps used for illumination are generally made of polycrystalline alumina ceramic （PCA） which is translucent to visible light. We show that the difficulty of selecting a line of sight through the lamp prevents the use of optical emission diagnostic. X-rays photons are mainly absorbed and not scattered by PCA. Absorption by mercury atoms contributing to the discharge allowed us to determine the density of mercury in the lamp. By comparing diagnostic methods, we put in evidence the difficulty of taking into account the scattering of light mathematically.

Single-photon scattering by two separated atoms in a supercavity

We study the single-photon scattering along a one-dimensional cavity array with two distant two-level atoms in a supercavity,which aims to simulate a recent x-ray experiment [Nature 482,199（2012）].Without introducing dissipation,we find that when one atom is exactly located at a node of a mode of the supercavity and the other is at the antinode of that mode,no splitting of the reflectivity peak can appear.Nevertheless,the atom at the node significantly changes the positions of the reflectivity valleys.On the other hand,when the atom is shifted a little from the exact node,then the splitting can appear.We also explain these results with an analysis based on the general formal scattering theory.Our result implies the importance of non-resonant modes of the supercavity in our problem.

基于正交试验泄洪放空洞掺气坎特性数值模拟研究

在泄洪放空洞的设计中,通常会设置掺气坎达到掺气减蚀的效果.合理的掺气坎结构设计能够在掺气坎底部形成良好的掺气空腔.设计L16 (5^(4))正交数值模拟试验,通过试验结果可知,随着坎高、挑角、流量和下游坡度的增加以及上游坡度的减小,挑距、净空腔均增加,空腔形态明显优化.对于挑距,影响程度:下游坡度>坎高>水平挑角>来水流量>上游坡度;对于净空腔长度,影响程度:坎高>下游坡度>水平挑角>上游坡度>来水流量;对于回水高度,影响程度:坎高>来水流量>下游坡度>水平挑角>上游坡度.

基于线型腔光纤激光器的变压器局部放电长距离检测技术

用于电力设备局部放电检测的传统光纤声波传感器,因受灵敏度、介质相融性、难以与解调系统空间分离等因素影响尚未广泛应用。线型腔光纤激光器(linear cavity fiber laser,LCFL)因具有超窄出射线宽而对高频应变具有极高的检测灵敏度,且其体积微小,敏感单元与解调系统相互独立,可有效解决传统光纤声波传感器所面临的上述问题。该文提出并研制基于线型腔光纤激光器技术的局部放电声波检测系统。为解决LCFL光源本征特性在局部放电长距离检测应用中引入的外部光反馈噪声问题,利用半导体激光器外部光反馈理论确定光隔离器的安装位置,使LCFL工作于外部光反馈系数A区(0~200.6m)对系统进行优化,将系统长距离条件下的平均噪声幅值降低了87.49%。在80kVA油浸式变压器绕组长距离传导光纤局部放电检测平台开展实验,结果表明:所研究的LCFL局部放电检测系统在最大超声衰减情况下可有效应用于局部放电长距离检测。在相同超声激励源下,LCFL系统平均最大响应幅值比压电陶瓷传感器(piezoelectric transducer,PZT)高1354%,且稳定性优于PZT。