Property of slice square polycapillary x-ray optics

A geometrical description of square polycapillary x-ray optics and the basic theory of the transmission of x-rays are presented. A method of numerical calculation is developed based on ray-tracing theory. The method simulates the intensity distribution of x-rays propagating through slice square polycapillary x-ray optics. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results.

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)on the SMILE Mission

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and is due for launch in 2025.SXI is a compact X-ray telescope with a wide field-of-view(FOV)capable of encompassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE orbit.SXI is sensitive to the soft X-rays produced by the Solar Wind Charge eXchange(SWCX)process produced when heavy ions of solar wind origin interact with neutral particles in Earth’s exosphere.SWCX provides a mechanism for boundary detection within the magnetosphere,such as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,because the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of closed magnetic field lines.The sensitivity of the SXI is such that it can potentially track movements of the magnetopause on timescales of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable such movements to be tracked for segments lasting many hours.SXI is led by the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware,software and science support within the UK,Europe,China and the United States.

The Study Internal Structure of the Annual Layers in Lake Sediments Using Synchrotron Radiation with X-ray Focusing Optics

1 Introduction Annually laminated(varve)sedimentary deposits are considered as one of the most important archives,since they offer precise temporal information(years)in combination with high time resolutions.Bottom sediments of the lakes contain detailed geochemical information on

Space Soft X-ray and EUV Optics in CIOMP

1 Introduction Since the early of 1980’s,the studies of soft X-ray and EUV optics have been implemented in CIOMP (Changchun Institute of Optics,Fine Mechanics and Physics)．So far,the research system of soft X-ray and EUV optics has been founded including sources,ra- diometry,testing and manufacturing of the super smooth mirror and multilayer coating mirror fabrication．Based on the above technologies,we started to develop the soft X-ray and EUV optical system such as a space EUV solar telescope and a EUV imager．

Polycapillary X-ray lens for the secondary focusing Beijing synchrotron radiation source

According to intensity distribution of the synchrotron radiation source focused by a toroidal mirror at the Beijing synchrotron radiation biological macromolecule station, theoretical modeling of the Beijing synchrotron radiation source is developed for capillary optics. Using this theoretical modeling, the influences of the configuration curve of the polycapillary X-ray lens on transmission efficiency and working distance are analyzed. The experimental results of the transmission efficiency and working distance at the biological macromolecule station are in good agreement with the theoretical results.

X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Optical Absorption Study of Bauxite

The bauxite mineral obtained from Araku, Vishakapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India is used in the present work. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mineral was found to be gibbsite in phase. The transitional metal ions present were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption spectra. The EPR results suggest that Fe3+ has replaced Al3+ in the unit cell of bauxite. The optical absorption spectrum is due to Fe3+ which indicates that it is in distorted octahedral environment. The near-infrared (NIR) spectrum is due to water fundamentals and combination overtones, which confirm the formula of the compound. The impurities in the mineral are identified using spectroscopic techniques.

X-ray focusing using an x-ray lens composed of multi-square polycapillary slices

A new type of x-ray lens composed of multi-square polycapillary slices(ASPXRL)used in focusing parallel x-ray beam was presented in this paper.Compared with conventional x-ray polycapillary lens,ASPXRL can provide smaller and brighter focus.The effects of the manufacturing imperfections on focusing quality of ASPXRL were evaluated with the values of transmission efficiency and discussed.It is suggested that ASPXRL has application prospects as a condenser lens for x-ray microscopy and flux collectors for x-ray analytical instruments.

Detailed characterization of polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses by a charge-coupled device detector and a pinhole

A method to measure the detailed performance of polycapillary x-ray optics by a pinhole and charge coupled device(CCD)detector was proposed in this study.The pinhole was located between the x-ray source and the polycapillary x-ray optics to determine the illuminating region of the incident x-ray beam on the input side of the optics.The CCD detector placed downstream of the polycapillary x-ray optics ensured that the incident x-ray beam controlled by the pinhole irradiated a specific region of the input surface of the optics.The intensity of the output beam of the polycapillary x-ray optics was obtained from the far-field image of the output beam of the optics captured by CCD detector.As an application example,the focal spot size,gain in power density,transmission efficiency,and beam divergence of different parts of a polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses(PFXRL)were measured by a pinhole and CCD detector.Three pinholes with diameters of 500,1000,and 2000μm were used to adjust the diameter of the incident x-ray beam illuminating the PFXRL from 500μm to the entire surface of the input side of the PFXRL.The focal spot size of the PFXRL,gain in power density,transmission efficiency,and beam divergence ranged from 27.1μm to 34.6μm,400 to 3460,26.70%to 5.38%,and 16.8 mrad to 84.86 mrad,respectively.

Properties of Optical and X-ray Selected AGN-Probing the Unified Model of AGN

We have compiled a sample of two subsets of AGN selected from their optical and X ray data. The first subset was selected for very broad and/or peculiar optical emission line profiles, the second for a high X ray flux. Here we will discuss properties of these galaxies and show that both subsets are very similar in the multi wavelength view. Furthermore, we will discuss differences between the two subsets and their implications for a Unified Model of AGN.

Structural evolution-enabled BiFeO3 modulated by strontium doping with enhanced dielectric,optical and superparamagnetic properties by a modified sol-gel method

Multiferroic(BFO)nanoparticles doped with strontium with the general formula Bi1-xSrx FeO3(x=0,0.3,0.5,0.7)were synthesized using a modified sol-gel auto-combustion process.The structural,electrical,optical,and magnetic properties of the samples are discussed.The structural analysis,carried out using the x-ray powder diffraction technique,shows a structural transition from rhombohedral(R-3c)to cubic(Pm-3m)for the doping amount of strontium(Sr)equal to x=0.3.Morphological analysis of the prepared samples were carried out using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Frequency-dependent dielectric constant and ac conductivity were studied.The doped samples,with improved dielectric properties,can be used to fabricate different optoelectronic devices.Strong dielectric dispersion and broad relaxation were exhibited by all the samples.Cole–Cole plots were employed as an effective tool to study the dispersion parameters,namely,the optical dielectric constant,static dielectric constant,relaxation time,and spreading factor.The activation energy was calculated from the relaxation peaks and Cole–Cole plots,which were found to be compatible with each other.The bandgap of the samples was calculated using diffuse reflectance spectral(DRS)analysis.Sharp and strong photoluminescence in the IR region was observed in the samples,similar to ZnO,which was reported for the first time.Room-temperature and low-temperature magnetization studies point towards the superparamagnetic nature of the samples,with an improvement in magnetic properties with doping.The antiferromagnetic behavior of bulk bismuth ferrite transforms to superparamagnetic in nature for both pure and Sr-substituted bismuth ferrite nanoparticles due to the close dimensions of crystallite size with magnetic domains leading to the break-down of the frustrated spin cycloidal moment.

Crystal Growth, Structural and Optical Studies of CuGa3Se5 Bulk Compounds

Bulk materials were synthesized by the Bridgman technique using the elements Cu, Ga, Se. These samples were characterized by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) to determine the elemental composition, as well as by X-ray diffraction for structure, hot point probe method for type of conductivity. Optical response (Photoconductivity) and Photoluminescence (PL) and PL-excitation (PLE) at temperatures from 4.2 to 77 K were also used to estimate the band-gap energy of Cu-Ga3Se5. They show a nearly perfect stoechiometry and present p-type conductivity. CuGa3Se5 either have an Ordered Defect Chalcopyrite structure (ODC), or an Ordered Vacancy Chalcopyrite structure (OVC). The gap energy obtained by Photoconductivity and Photoluminescence (PL) for the different samples is 1.85 eV. Studying the variation of the gap as a function of the temperature shows that the transition is a D-A type. The defects that appear are probably GaCu.

Present Status of EUV Interferometer Development at the Research Center for Soft X-ray Microscopy

A new interferometer for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation with a laser produced plasma (LPP) laboratory source is under construction. The LPP source is operated with a Sn solid rod target on which pulsed YAG laser is focused to produce high temperature plasma emitting EUV radiation. The source is equipped with a newly designed debris stopper protecting a condenser multilayer mirror from the particle debris of the target. The condenser mirror focuses the light onto an EUV beam-splitter to form transmitted and reflected paths for producing interference fringes of a sharing type. The optical configuration is of a common path based on a triangular path type with a focusing at the beam-splitter, which is enabled to produce fringes by a low coherence radiation with a standard optical quality beam-splitter. The fringes are recorded by an imaging plate with pixels as small as 25μm. The dynamic range of linearity in detection of the EUV light was found to be more than 10 4 with sensitivity of 10 4 photons/pixel, enough for the purpose of interferogram recording, possibly with one laser shot.

Optical properties of Mg^(2+),Yb^(3+),and Ho^(3+) tri-doped LiNbO_3 crystals

A series of LiNbO_3 crystals tri-doped with Mg^（2＋）,Yb^（3＋）,and Ho^（3＋） are grown by the conventional Czochraski technique.The concentrations of Mg^（2＋）,Yb^（3＋）,and Ho^（3＋） ions in Mg：Yb：Ho：LiNbO_3 crystals are measured by using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.The x-ray diffraction is proposed to determine the lattice constant and analyze the internal structure of the crystal.The light-induced scattering of Mg：Yb：Ho：LiNbO_3 crystal is quantitatively described via the threshold effect of incident exposure energy flux.The exposure energy（E_r） is calculated to discuss the optical damage resistance ability.The exposure energy of Mg（7 mol）：Yb：Ho：LiNbO3 crystal is 709.17 J/cm^2,approximately 425 times higher than that of the Mg（l mol）：Yb：Ho：LiNbO_3 crystal in magnitude.The blue,red,and very intense green bands of Mg：Yb：Ho：LiNbO_3 crystal are observed under the 980-nm laser excitation to evaluate the up-conversion emission properties.The dependence of the emission intensity on pumping power indicates that the up-conversion emission is a two-photon process.The up-conversion emission mechanism is discussed in detail.This study indicates that Mg：Yb：Ho：LiNbO_3 crystal can be applied to the fabrication of new multifunctional photoluminescence devices.

Effects of Pb-Doping on Phase Structural and Optical Properties of CdZnS Nano-Powders

Cadmium zinc lead sulfide [Cd0.8（Zn1-x7,Pbx）0.2S] nano-powders were prepared by an improved coprecipitation method. The effect of Pb2＋ concentration at 500℃ on the phase and crystalline structure of the Cd0.8（Zn1-x7,Pbx）0.2S powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. According to the transmission electron microscopy （TEM） images, the particles size are in the range of 58 nm to 72 nm. In addition, optical band gap energy and optical constants of nano-powders were determined using the ultraviolet （UV） spectrum, Fournier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, and Kramers-Kronig analysis, respectively. We calculate the refractive index n, extinction coefficient k, and dielectric function t as a function of the wavenumber. The experiment results demonstrate that the amount of Pb＋2 has been playing an increasingly important role on optical properties of CZPS nanocrystals.

Effects of the sputtering power on the crystalline structure and optical properties of the silver oxide films deposited using direct-current reactive magnetron sputtering

This paper reports that a series of silver oxide （AgzO） films are deposited on glass substrates by direct-current reactive magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of 250 ℃ and an oxygen flux ratio of 15：18 by modifying the sputtering power （SP）. The AgxO films deposited apparently show a structural evolution from cubic biphased （AgO ＋ Ag20） to cubic single-phased （Ag20）, and to biphased （Ag20 ＋ AgO） structure. Notably, the cubic single-phased Ag20 fihn is deposited at the SP = 105 W and an AgO phase with （220） orientation discerned in the Ag^O films deposited using the SP 〉 105 W. The transmissivity and refiectivity of the AgxO films in transparent region decrease with the increase the SP, whereas the absorptivity inversely increases with the increase of the SP. These results may be due to the structural evolution and the increasing film thickness. A redshift of the films＇ absorption edges determined in terms of Tauc formula clearly occurs from 3.1 eV to 2.73 eV with the increase of the SP.

Optical Emission Spectroscopic Study During the Evaporation of Aluminium in the Thermal Plasma Reactor

The oxidation of aluminium was studied using optical emission spectroscopy （OES） during the evaporation of aluminium in traces of oxygen in a thermal plasma reactor. The ratio of the measured line intensities of Al-O with that of Al follows the exact trend as of that obtained from the corresponding line intensities in X-ray diffraction spectra of the synthesized samples. In this paper the inherent capacity of emission spectroscopy in evaluating the growth processes under plasma induced reactions is presented.

Improvement of Optical Reactivity for Nano-TiO2 Film by Nitrogen ECR Plasma

Nitrogen ion was implanted into the nano-TiO2 film surfaces by electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） plasma modification to improve the optical reactivity in visible-light region for nano-TiO2. Diagnosing the N2 plasma by optical emission spectroscopy （OES） was applied to the process of plasma modification. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） was used for analysis of the binding of element after plasma modification. It is shown that the surface modification was caused by excitated N. The injecting of N2 and N＋ leads to the increase in the dissociative interstitial state N in the films. The doped N makes for TiO2-xNx appearing in the TiO2 films. TiO2-xNx forms the impurity energy state in the TiO2 energy band gap and reduces the energy band gap. This is the main reason leading to the red shift of absorption edge.

Growth and Characterization of L-glutamic Acid Hydro Chloro Bromide,A New Nonlinear Optical Material

The influence of mixed acids in the growth and characteristic properties of a nonlinear optical material L-glutamic acid hydro chloro bromide abbreviated as LGAHCB was examined. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was used to calculate the lattice parameters of the crystals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies were performed to study the molecular vibrations of the grown crystal. The optical transmission spectrum shows very low absorption in the entire visible region. The powder second harmonic generation efficiency of LGAHCB is 1.5 times efficient as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).

Influence of gamma-ray irradiation on optical and thermal degradation of poly (ethyl-methacrylate) (PEMA) polymer

Polymer based on (polyethyl-methacrylate) (PEMA) were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation up to 100 kGy and the physical properties have been studied. The effects of gamma irradiation on the optical spectrum of PEMA films have been investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of reflectance and transmittance in the wavelength range 200-1100 nm. The structure of the sample is analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique and is found to be amorphous and partially crystalline. TGA studies revealed that the thermal stability of polyethyl methacrylate, improved after irradiation doses up to 100 kGy. On other hand driving absorption coefficient α(ω), consequently the band tail width Ee and optical band gap estimated. This behavior is believed to be associated with the generation of excess of electronic localized states. Also, Optical constants such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (K) have been determined using Swanepole method. Optical dispersion parameters and the dispersion parameters, such as Eo (single–oscillator energy), Ed (dispersive energy) are discussed in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple-DiDomenico model.