Study on Protective Clothing against SARS Using PTFE/Poly(ether-ester) Membrane

By means of texturing with organic conductive fiber, and then being treated with JAM-Y1 anti-bacteria agent, in the end, treated with the XL-550 waterproof agent, the PET fabric has permanent antistatic, anti-bacteria and waterproof and anti-oil properties. The PET fabric was laminated with PTFE membrane by paste dot coating, and then coated by Poly(ether-ester) solution in a direct process. The filter efficiency of NaCl aerosol, penetration property of poliomyelitis virus in liquid and animalcule in air of PET fabric laminated with PTFE membrane are measured. The properties show that the PET fabric laminated with PTFE membrane can separate SARS virus in air and liquid. The protective mechanism is also discussed in the article.

Numerical Estimation of the Thermal Response of Thermal Protective Clothing-Air Gap-Human Skin Micro-system

Thermal protective clothing has been recognized as the primary shielding against emergency fire hazard and inflammable gas leakage. Therefore,the thermal response of human covered with thermal protective clothing under high temperature is the key work to investigate the thermal insulation of thermal protective clothing. A coupling model composed of thermal protective clothing,air gap and human skin is established and the temperature of the micro-system is numerically solved via the finite element method( FEM).Especially,the heat transfer of air gap located between clothing and human skin considering conduction and radiation is established while the human skin layers involve the effect of blood perfusion. Then the effect of thermophysical properties( thermal conductivity and volumetric capacity) of fabric and thickness of fabric and air on the thermal response of the micro-system is elucidated and compared.The results indicate that the volumetric heat capacity of fabric is the key parameter to affect the thermal shielding performance of thermal protective clothing,and the thicker fabric thickness and air gap thickness can improve the thermal protective properties of the micro-system.

Structure and Properties of Polytetrafluorethylene and Polyurethane Layered Membrane for Protective Clothing

This paper presents a new idea for intensifying protective and stretch recovery properties of micro porous polytetrafluorethylene and hydrophilic polyurethane (PTFE/PU) layered membrane through a co-stretching process. The structure and properties of co-stretching PTFE/PU layered membrane and coated PTFE/PU layered membrane by means of directly coating the PU on the PTFE membrane were investigated using Electron Microscope, Universal Materials Testing Machine, and the water vapor permeability (WVP) was measured according to absorption method of water vapor of GB/T 12704-91. Contrasted to PU coating process, the PU membrane on the co-stretching PTFE/PU membrane is nonporous because of heat treatment process, which can prevent the SARS virus from permeating the Co-stretching PTFE/PU membrane. The stretch and recovery properties of the Co-stretching PTFE/PU membrane is at least 66% after being stretched to 50% of its original length in transverse directions and that of the coated PTFE/PU membrane is 52%. The WVP of the Co-stretching PTFE/PU membrane is 13 523 g/24 h·m^2. The results suggest that when Co-stretching PTFE/PU membrane is laminated to a stretchable fabric, the fabric would have excellent stretch and recovery properties while waterproof and being permeable to water vapor. So, the Co-stretching PTFE/PU membrane laminated fabric will be a comfortable protective clothing material.

Development of a Reproducible Rating System for Sun Protective Clothing That Incorporates Body Surface Coverage

Sunlight is a known skin carcinogen. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in humans, and typically affects sun-exposed parts of the body. Sunny Australia and New Zealand have the highest incidence of skin cancer globally. Clothing provides a protective barrier that reduces the amount of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the skin. Australia pioneered the development of a relative ranking of the sun-protective capabilities of clothing based on the transmission of UVR through fabric. Standardized Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) measurement procedures and associated labeling specifications are documented in the Australian and New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 4399:1996. The standard was intended to enable consumers to make informed choices. Since its introduction, this standard has been adopted almost universally by the textile industry, and is still in use almost two decades on, with plans to revise it only commencing recently. However, AS/NZS 4399:1996 does not consider garment design, particularly in relation to body surface coverage. Although swim-shirts have grown in popularity in Australia since the late 1990s, particularly among children, clothing remains under-utilized as a form of sun-protection in contemporary society. Skin cancer prevention campaigns should emphasize the sun-protective benefits of clothing and collaboration with the fashion industry is urgently needed to improve the aesthetic appeal, comfort, durability and affordability of sun-protective clothing to increase its popularity in skin cancer prone populations. In light of recent evidence showing that high UPF clothing which covers more of the body surface reduces pigmented mole development in children (major risk factor for melanoma), the rating system for sun-protective clothing should incorporate body surface covered as well as the UPF of the fabric. We discuss progress towards developing a protocol for measuring the extent of coverage of sun-protective garments. Once fully evaluated and refined, the testing protocol developed from this research may influence future revisions of international standards for evaluating and classifying sun-protective clothing.

Research on the Copyright Protection Technology of Digital Clothing Effect Diagram

As a kind of digital clothing design works,digital clothing effect diagram shows fast and roughly designer intent expression and needs protection of digital copyright protection technology.A novel digital clothing effect diagram copyright protection scheme and some algorithms based on digital image watermark technology are proposed,used by two-dimensional chaotic encryption watermark generation algorithm to generate watermark data,watermark embedding algorithm twice using genetic algorithm to obtain the optimal embedding position and embedding strength,and watermark verification algorithm to determine the copyright ownership.Experimental results and analyses show that the proposed scheme and algorithms have the feasibility and effectiveness.

Effect of Phase Change Materials on the Thermal Protective Performance of the Multi-layered Fabrics Examined by TPP Tester under Flash Fire

Cotton fabrics treated with phase change materials( PCMs)were used in multi-layered fabrics of the fire fighter protective clothing to study its effect on thermal protection. The thermal protective performance( TPP) of the multi-layered fabrics was measured by a TPP tester under flash fire. Results showed that the utilization of the PCM fabrics improved the thermal protective performance of the multi-layered fabrics. The fabric with a PCM add on of 41. 9% increased the thermal protection by 50. 6% and reduced the time to reach a second degree burn by 8. 4 s compared with the reference fabrics( without PCMs). The employment of the PCM fabrics also reduced the blackened areas on the inner layers. The PCM fabrics with higher PCM melting temperature could bring higher thermal protective performance.

Effect of Air Gap under Fabric on Thermal Protective Performance Using an Improved Apparatus

The bench top test is one of the most important and effective methods to evaluate the total thermal protective performance(TPP) of firefighters' protective clothing,which is greatly influenced by the air gaps entrapped.In this paper,to investigate the effect of air gap width on TPP,a new improved apparatus with two height changeable buttons to hold the thermal sensor was developed to get a series of air gap sizes from 0 mm to 40 mm.The TPP of two types of flame-resistant outer fabrics was measured with TPP test apparatus respectively.Analysis of temperature rise with each air gap width was made to determine the effects of different air gaps on protective performance.It was indicated that air gap size had great effect on TPP of fabrics in the bench top test.An air gap width above 8 mm was suggested for the thermal protective clothing design.

Validity of a noninvasive estimation of deep body temperature when wearing personal protective equipment during exercise and recovery

Background:Deep body temperature is a critical indicator of heat strain.However,direct measures are often invasive,costly,and difficult to implement in the field.This study assessed the agreement between deep body temperature estimated from heart rate and that measured directly during repeated work bouts while wearing explosive ordnance disposal(EOD)protective clothing and during recovery.Methods:Eight males completed three work and recovery periods across two separate days.Work consisted of treadmill walking on a 1%incline at 2.5,4.0,or 5.5 km/h,in a random order,wearing EOD protective clothing.Ambient temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 24℃and 50%[Wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT)(20.9±1.2)℃]or 32℃and 60%[WBGT(29.0±0.2)℃]on the separate days,respectively.Heart rate and gastrointestinal temperature(TGI)were monitored continuously,and deep body temperature was also estimated from heart rate(ECTemp).Results:The overall systematic bias between TGI and ECTemp was 0.01℃with 95%limits of agreement(Lo A)of±0.64℃and a root mean square error of 0.32℃.The average error statistics among participants showed no significant differences in error between the exercise and recovery periods or the environmental conditions.At TGI levels of(37.0–37.5)℃,(37.5–38.0)℃,(38.0–38.5)℃,and>38.5℃,the systematic bias and±95%Lo A were(0.08±0.58)℃,(–0.02±0.69)℃,(–0.07±0.63)℃,and(–0.32±0.56)℃,respectively.Conclusions:The findings demonstrate acceptable validity of the ECTemp up to 38.5℃.Conducting work within an ECTemp limit of 38.4℃,in conditions similar to the present study,would protect the majority of personnel from an excessive elevation in deep body temperature(>39.0℃).

Protective Performance of Woven Fabrics against Heat Radiation

In this paper,the protective performance of woven fab-rics against heat radiation is studied from the view offabric structure.As indices reflecting the protective per-formance against heat radiation,the heat emissivity andthe transmissivity of different fabrics are measured.It ispointed out that structure changes of common textiles af-fect their transmission to heat radiation while have littleinfluence on their absorption or reflection to heat radi-ation except fabrics surfaces are aluminized.Double-layer weave is proved to be an effective fabric weave forreducing the trasmissivity.It helps increase the densityand tightness while keeps the comfort of woven fabrics atthe same time.

Radiation Protection of a Patient Undergoing an Orthopedic Procedure by Using a Mobile C-Arm X-Ray System

Modern medicine is unthinkable without X-rays. Accurate diagnosis, leading to effective treatment, is largely based on precise X-ray examinations. The creation of new, modern equipment and various medical procedures that meet the increased requirements are a priority in our time. X-ray examinations are of particular importance for the orthopedic and traumatological clinics, where they provide information about presence of a fracture in the patient’s body, about the concrete operation performed or about the effect of a suitable treatment. Along with their benefits X-rays have also a harmful effect. This requires special care to protect from this radiation. In this direction, research is constantly being done to improve the quality of radiation protection. Park MR, Lee KM and co-authors, compare the dose load obtained using C-arm and O-arm X-ray systems (which have the capability of combined 2D fluoroscopy and 3D computed tomography imaging). In their study, an orthopedic surgical procedure using C-arm and O-arm systems in 2D fluoroscopy modes was simulated. The radiation doses to susceptible organs of the operators were investigated. He results obtained show that the O-arm system delivered higher doses to the sensitive organs of the operator in all configurations [1]. The article of Stephen Balte briefly reviews the available technologies for measuring or estimation of patient skin dose in the interventional fluoroscopic environment, created by various X-ray equipment including C-arm systems. Given that many patients require multiple procedures, this documentation also aids in the planning of follow up visits [2]. Chong Hing Wong, Yoshihisa Kotani and co-authors evaluate the radiation exposures (RE) to the patient and surgeon during minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery with instrumentation using C-arm image intensifier or O-arm intraoperative CT. The results they get are in favor of the O-arm system [3]. The article “Virtual fluoroscopy for intraoperative C-arm positioning and radiation dose reduction” discusses positioning of an intraoperative C-arm system to achieve clear visualization of a particular anatomical feature by a system for virtual fluoroscopy (called FluoroSim) that could dramatically reduce time and received dose during the procedures. FluoroSim was found to reduce the radiation exposure required for C-arm positioning without reducing positioning time or accuracy, providing a potentially valuable tool to assist surgeons [4]. In our study, we performed practical measurements to show how the patient can be treated by applying most effective radiation protection when using a mobile C-arm X-ray system. For the study, we used exposure upon a phantom placed on the patient’s table. For an X-ray shielding, we used a protective apron with a lead equivalent of 1 mm, placed in two layers on the phantom. In each subsequent series of exposures, the protective apron was placed on the phantom, in a different position relative to the X-ray beam. The general conclusion of our study is that in order to obtain maximum protection from scattered radiation when using C-arm X-ray systems, the patient must be protected by a shielding with a suitable lead equivalent for the procedure performed which must be placed between patient’s body and X-ray tube, perpendicular to the X-ray beam pointed toward the region of interest.

Modeling Thermal Protective Performance of Multilayer Fabrics for Firefighters

This paper is to report a prediction model for thermal protective performance of multilayer fabrics based on Matlab neural network toolbox. Then a back propagation (BP) neural network model is developed to predict thermal protective performance of multilayer fabrics for firefighters. The network consists of twelve input nodes, six hidden nodes, and one output node. The inputs are weight, thickness, density of warp and weft, limited oxygen index (LOI), and heat conductivity of each-layer fabric. Thermal protective performance (TPP) rating of multilayer fabrics is the output. In this paper, the data from the experiments are used as learning information for the neural network to develop a reliable prediction model. Finnally the model performance is verified, and the proposed model can be applied to predict the thermal protective performance of multilayer fabrics for firefighters.

新修定的化学防护服国家标准解析

为厘清化学防护服国家标准修订后的情况,通过分析我国化学防护服国家标准发展历史,研究国外化学防护服标准,重点针对修订后的GB 24539—2021《防护服装化学防护服》的变化,从化学防护服的分类、性能要求、试验方法等方面对该标准加以解读。分析发现:GB 24539—2021将相关标准进行整合,对化学防护服的分类进行了较大的调整和更新,删除了非气密型化学防护服-ET,增加了气密型化学防护服、有限泼溅化学防护服和织物酸碱类化学防护服;相应地,性能要求也产生了较大变化,主要包括服装整体防护性能、服装面料防护性能及服装面料理化性能;GB 24539—2021中的大部分试验方法沿用了之前相关标准中的试验方法,但也进行了相应的改进和完善,主要包括试样预处理条件和试验环境条件、化学防护服向内泄漏率测试方法、化学防护服液密性能测试方法、化学防护服面料耐磨损性能测试方法和耐屈挠破坏性能测试方法。

热防护服散热性的数学模型仿真

为了探求热防护服的散热规律和在高温环境中工作的极限,根据傅里叶热传导定律,用微元法和有效差分法建立了热防护服在高温条件下的“外界环境-织物层-皮肤”散热数学模型并进行仿真模拟,然后将穿着相同防护服的恒温假人放置在与数学模型中假设温度一致的实验室温度下进行实测,并采用DS18B20温度传感器测量出假人表面温度进行比对验证。结果表明:实测假人皮肤温度为43.71℃,与模型仿真结果43.99℃的误差仅为0.28℃。研究结果说明建立的热传导散热模型具有较高准确度,能够对热防护服的散热防护效果进行仿真预测与合理评价,可为在较短的研发周期内设计散热效果更好的热防护服提供借鉴。

环保理念下的绿色可持续服装设计探究

文章以当前可持续服装设计为研究前提,运用案例分析法对可持续服装设计进行了探究。首先,对可持续设计理念与时尚行业的结合进行了分析,其次,总结了符合服装可持续设计的四项措施,即设计理念的转变、新材料的运用、零浪费设计、再循环设计。最后,探讨了可持续设计在服装设计行业的应用现状,并且分析了目前可持续服装设计存在的问题以及未来的发展方向,为从事可持续服装设计的人员提供了理论依据。

医用一次性防护服评价指标体系的建立与应用

目的从临床一线使用者角度构建医用一次性防护服评价指标体系,为有关部门或医疗机构快速评价和筛选医用一次性防护服提供参考。方法在文献分析法的基础上,经过专家访谈、小组讨论拟定医用一次性防护服评价指标体系草案及专家咨询问卷,采用德尔菲法确定评价指标,运用层次分析法得到各级指标的权重,最后进行指标层次单排序及总排序的一致性检验。结果构建的医用一次性防护服评价指标体系包括2个一级指标、14个二级指标;邀请传染病实验室人员参考该体系对国产某品牌医用一次性防护服进行主观评测并提出若干条意见建议。结论医用一次性防护服评价指标体系专家积极性好、参与度高、权威性较强,具有较好的科学性和适用性,可为客观、定量、快速评价不同型号产品的性能及临床适用性提供参考。

着装人体热应激评估中热生理模型的研究进展

在消防及工业场景中,穿戴防护服的作业人员于高温热环境下工作,可能面临体温升高、脱水、疲劳及中暑等热应激问题。相较于真人实验、假人测试及热应力预测模型,热生理模型具有建模灵活、预测稳定等优势,已被广泛应用于高温环境中的热应激评估。文章从人体建模仿真、人体-环境传热模型和服装传热模拟三个方面,归纳了热生理模型评估的影响因素,并展望了未来研究的发展方向。首先,结合生理学、神经科学等领域的研究,以提高高温环境下人体热调节模拟的准确性;其次,整合动态传热系数于人体与环境传热模型,克服模型区段差异和高温热传递模拟的挑战;最后,进一步细化服装模型,并加强与热生理模型的结合。

一种乳腺钼靶检查辐射防护服的研发和设计

乳腺钼靶检查是一种常见的乳腺疾病筛查手段,但传统的乳腺钼靶检查用防护服存在问题,如配件组合繁琐、暴露部位多防护不到位、尺寸不合适等问题。为此,研发设计一款新型的乳腺钼靶检查辐射防护服,针对上述问题进行改良与优化,通过魔术贴的粘贴切换,对未拍侧乳腺、甲状腺、胸腺、性腺等对X射线敏感的组织和器官进行有效防护。改进后的防护服能够提高乳腺钼靶检查者穿着防护服的舒适度和穿着体验,还可提高检查效率,为临床应用提供辐射防护安全保障。

青少年下肢防护功能针织裤装设计研究

文章以14.00~17.00岁青少年为研究对象,利用三维动作捕捉技术,获取青少年下肢关节运动数据作为依据,分析基于跑步运动情况下的青少年下肢重点防护部位需求。选取市面现有具有防护性、保暖性和透气性的功能性纱线,结合针织组织结构对下肢不同区域进行功能结构分区设计,开发一款以下肢重点关节防护为主的青少年下肢防护功能针织裤,为青少年防护针织裤的设计研发提供参考。

化学防护服的防护材料研究进展

化学防护服是抵御危险化学品的重要装备。文章主要介绍了防护服中防护材料的作用原理,梳理了化学防护领域广泛应用的防护材料的发展现状,对比分析了防护材料的原理及防护能力。并指出在多元化的灾害环境下,目前防护材料存在的挑战以及未来研究的方向。

我国纺织品相关个体防护用品标准现状与展望

对我国纺织品相关个体防护用品行业现状及标准进行概述,并从产品或性能规范、测试方法、技术报告或指导文件等角度分类探析我国纺织品相关个体防护用品标准体系,指出标准化工作中存在的典型问题,以期为我国纺织品相关个体防护用品标准的进一步发展提供参考。