High-precision X-ray characterization for basic materials in modern high-end integrated circuit

Semiconductor materials exemplify humanity's unwavering pursuit of enhanced performance,efficiency,and functionality in electronic devices.From its early iterations to the advanced variants of today,this field has undergone an extraordinary evolution.As the reliability requirements of integrated circuits continue to increase,the industry is placing greater emphasis on the crystal qualities.Consequently,conducting a range of characterization tests on the crystals has become necessary.This paper will examine the correlation between crystal quality,device performance,and production yield,emphasizing the significance of crystal characterization tests and the important role of high-precision synchrotron radiation X-ray topography characterization in semiconductor analysis.Finally,we will cover the specific applications of synchrotron radiation characterization in the development of semiconductor materials.

Abrasion test of flexible protective materials on hydraulic structures

In this study, several kinds of flexible protective materials sprayed with polyurea elastomers （hereinafter referred to as polyurea elastomer protective material） were adopted to meet the abrasion resistance requirement of hydraulic structures, and their abrasion resistances against the water flow with suspended load or bed load were studied systematically through tests. Natural basalt stones were adopted as the abrasive for simulation of the abrasion effect of the water flow with bed load, and test results indicate that the basalt stone is suitable for use in the abrasion resistance test of the flexible protective material. The wear process of the polyurea elastomer protective material is stable, and the wear loss is linear with the time of abrasion. If the wear thickness is regarded as the abrasion resistance evaluation factor, the abrasion resistance of the 351 pure polyurea is about twice those of pure polyurea with a high level of hardness and aliphatic polyurea, and over five times that of high-performance abrasion-resistant concrete under the abrasion of the water flow with suspended load. It is also about 50 times that of high-performance abrasion-resistant concrete under the abrasion of the water flow with bed load. Overall, the abrasion resistance of pure polyurea presented a decreasing trend with increasing hardness. Pure polyurea with a Shore hardness of D30 has the best abrasion resistance, which is 60 to 70 times that of high-performance abrasion-resistant concrete under the abrasion of the water flow with bed load, and has been recommended, among the five kinds of pure polyurea materials with different hardness, in anti-abrasion protection of hydraulic structures.

Effect of Phase Change Materials on the Thermal Protective Performance of the Multi-layered Fabrics Examined by TPP Tester under Flash Fire

Cotton fabrics treated with phase change materials( PCMs)were used in multi-layered fabrics of the fire fighter protective clothing to study its effect on thermal protection. The thermal protective performance( TPP) of the multi-layered fabrics was measured by a TPP tester under flash fire. Results showed that the utilization of the PCM fabrics improved the thermal protective performance of the multi-layered fabrics. The fabric with a PCM add on of 41. 9% increased the thermal protection by 50. 6% and reduced the time to reach a second degree burn by 8. 4 s compared with the reference fabrics( without PCMs). The employment of the PCM fabrics also reduced the blackened areas on the inner layers. The PCM fabrics with higher PCM melting temperature could bring higher thermal protective performance.

Layered Metal Composites: Newest Generation of Radiation-Protective Materials

The expediency of development of one of the newest highly effective radiation-protective materials—layered composites of “light metal/heavy metal” type is substantiated. The characteristics of the internal architecture of composites of Al/Pb type made by consecutive application of vacuum and normal atmospheric rolling are adduced. The differences between the radioisotope and accelerating techniques of experimental testing of radiation-protective properties of materials are described. The results of the testing of composites and the influence of their structure on radiation-protective properties of the investigated materials are characterized. It is shown that the radiation-protective efficiency of composites certain structures may be 30% - 40% higher than the aluminum. This gives the opportunity to reduce the weight of radiation-protective structure at preservation of effectiveness of protection at aluminum level, or to increase the effectiveness of protection at constant weight of this structure.

Attenuation coefficients of gamma and X-rays passing through six materials

The aim of this study was to determine the attenuation of gamma and X-rays with different energies caused by passage through different materials.To this end,different materials with a range of atomic numbers were chosen to measure gamma and X-ray attenuation coefficients and to explore the mechanisms of interaction of gamma and X-rays with matter of various kinds.It is shown that the attenuation coefficients first decrease and then increase with increase in the radiation(photon)energy.The attenuation of gamma and X-rays passing through materials with high atomic number is greater than that in materials with low atomic number.The attenuation minimum is related to the atomic number of the irradiated materials.The larger the atomic number is,the lower the energy corresponding to attenuation minimum is.Photoelectric and Compton effects are the main processes when gamma rays pass through individual materials with high and low atomic numbers,respectively.Therefore,for radiotherapy and radiation protection,different methods should be considered and selected for the use of gamma and X-rays of different energies for use in different materials.

Chemical modification of barite for improving the performance of weighting materials for water-based drilling fluids

With increasing drilling depth and large dosage of weighting materials,drilling fluids with high solid content are characterized by poor stability,high viscosity,large water loss,and thick mud cake,easier leading to reservoir damage and wellbore instability.In this paper,micronized barite(MB)was modified(mMB)by grafting with hydrophilic polymer onto the surface through the free radical polymerization to displace conventional API barite partly.The suspension stability of water-based drilling fluids(WBDFs)weighted with API barite:mMB=2:1 in 600 g was significantly enhanced compared with that with API barite/WBDFs,exhibiting the static sag factor within 0.54 and the whole stability index of 2.The viscosity and yield point reached the minimum,with a reduction of more than 40%compared with API barite only at the same density.Through multi-stage filling and dense accumulation of weighting materials and clays,filtration loss was decreased,mud cake quality was improved,and simultaneously it had great reservoir protection performance,and the permeability recovery rate reached 87%.In addition,it also effectively improved the lubricity of WBDFs.The sticking coefficient of mud cake was reduced by 53.4%,and the friction coefficient was 0.2603.Therefore,mMB can serve as a versatile additive to control the density,rheology,filtration,and stability of WBDFs weighted with API barite,thus regulating comprehensive performance and achieving reservoir protection capacity.This work opened up a new path for the productive drilling of extremely deep and intricate wells by providing an efficient method for managing the performance of high-density WBDFs.

Editorial: Special subject on the mechanical behavior of thermal protection materials and structures

The thermal protection materials and structures are widely used in hypersonic vehicles for the purpose of thermal insulation, and their mechanical behavior is one of the key issues in design and manufacture of hypersonic vehicles. It is our great pleasure to present the seven papers in this special subject of Theoretical ＆ Applied Mechanics Letters （TAML） and introduce the recent progresses on the mechanical behavior of thermal protection materials and structures by the authors.

Research on Copyright Protection Method of Material Genome Engineering Data Based on Zero-Watermarking

In order to effectively solve the problem of copyright protection of materials genome engineering data,this paper proposes a method for copyright protection of materials genome engineering data based on zero-watermarking technology.First,the important attribute values are selected from the materials genome engineering database;then,use the method of remainder to group the selected attribute values and extract eigenvalues;then,the eigenvalues sequence is obtained by the majority election method;finally,XOR the sequence with the actual copyright information to obtain the watermarking information and store it in the third-party authentication center.When a copyright dispute requires copyright authentication for the database to be detected.First,the zero-watermarking construction algorithm is used to obtain an eigenvalues sequence;then,this sequence is XORed with the watermarking information stored in the third-party authentication center to obtain copyright information to-be-detected.Finally,the ownership is determined by calculating the similarity between copyright information to-be-detected and copyright information that has practical significance.The experimental result shows that the zero-watermarking method proposed in this paper can effectively resist various common attacks,and can well achieve the copyright protection of material genome engineering database.

Energy balance model to assess the resistance of ballistic protection materials

NATO standards"AEP-2920 Procedures for the Evaluation and Classification of Personal Armor"and NIJ Standard-0101.06,indicate the method to statistically assess the resistance of personal ballistic protection materials.To be validated and accepted through these procedures,a personal ballistic protection material should withstand an impact of a specific projectile with a probability of a partial penetration confidence level higher than 90%.The present study introduces an energy equilibrium method to assess the confidence level for the probability of partial penetration of ductile and brittle materials.The experiments performed in the Ballistics laboratory of the Royal Military Academy in Belgium,use a modified pendulum method that allowed the quantification of the energy balance before and after the ballistic impact.The results were then compared with the ones obtained using the method specified by the NATO standard and NIJ 0101.06,mentioned above.The outcome of this comparison shows the tendency of the values obtained by the pendulum method to faithfully follow the values obtained according to NATO and NIJ specifications.The presented method is not based on statistical estimations,but instead,an exact method,of computing the energy absorbed by the tested material.This is an advantage for the cases when the material to be evaluated is expensive or it is in the development phase and mass production is not possible.

AN INCREMENTAL METHOD OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION QUANTITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS OF SAMPLESCONTAINING AMORPHOUS MATERIAL

A new method for quantitative X-ray diffraction phase analysis of a powder misture has been developed according to Popovic's doping method. The weight fraction of amorphous material in the analysed sample is obtained. For a multicomponent system in which (n-2) pure phases are added into an n-phase compnent sample and theweight fractions of all n phases can be determined by the method. The test results of confirmation agree well with the theory.

Establishment and Optimization of Ablation Surrogate Model for Thermal Protection Material

The temperature response calculation of thermal protection materials,especially ablative thermal protection materials,usually adopts the ablation model,which is complicated in process and requires a large amount of calculation.Especially in the process of optimization calculation and parameter identification,the ablation model needs to be called many times,so it is necessary to construct an ablation surrogate model to improve the computational efficiency under the premise of ensuring the accuracy.In this paper,the Gaussian process model method is used to construct a thermal protection material ablation surrogate model,and the prediction accuracy of the surrogate model is improved through optimization.

Carbonation Resistance of Hybrid NanoSiO_(2) Modified Cementitious Surface Protection Materials

Hybrid nanoSiO_(2) (HNS) modified cement pastes were explored as a kind of surface protection material (SPM).The carbonation resistance and mechanical properties of SPMs coated samples were tested.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscope (SEM),and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were further employed to evaluate the chemical composition and microstructure characteristics of SPM.Besides,thermodynamic modeling was adopted to simulate the changes in the phase assemblages of SPM under the carbonation process.The results showed that SPM with 1 wt% HNS could effectively enhance the carbonation resistance.The incorporation of HNS could densify the microstructure and refine the pore structure.Moreover,the thaumasite can be stable at ambient temperature with the addition of HNS,which is beneficial to maintain alkalinity under the carbonation process.

Study on How to Adapt Raw Clay Housing to Climate Change： Locust Bean Tree （Parkia Biglobosa） Used as Protecting Material

The use of raw clay in housing construction dates back from ancient times and is still living on. Traditional habitat comprising various buildings all over different places of our planet, give evidence. Among any other pathologies affecting naked earthen walls, the rain water wash remains a major concern and deserves careful consideration. Which justifies the interest of this research focused on the protection means of such types of walls. This article relates the experiment conducted on low walls made out of raw clay mixed with composite protecting products （traditional and modern ones as well）, being tested to intensive water floods. The result of the tests assessed through efficiency of the protecting materials, shows that the locust bean tree （local tree） fruit husk extract added to raw clay mortar and carefully blended seems to provide better ability to protect walls against water assault. Moreover, consistency check and plasticity reveal better performance in clay material properties.

Characterization and technology of fast reducing roasting for fine iron materials

The features of the techniques of fast reducing roasting （FRR） and conventional magnetic roasting, as well as tremendous demands of iron ores in iron and steel industry of China, were briefly described. The test equipment suitable for FRR of fine-grained materials was introduced. Weakly magnetic materials with grain size of 〈0.30 mm were converted into strongly magnetic materials by FRR for several to dozens of seconds. In a weakly reducing atmosphere and at 740-800 ~C, refractory powder iron material （〈0.30 mm） which is rich in specularite, limonite and Mg-Mn siderite was subjected to FRR for a few seconds to 60 s. Concentrate with iron grade of 55.67%-55.21%, high contents of Mg and Mn in the ore is obtained and the yield of magnetic separation reaches 81.66%-86.57%. The results of X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis and magnetism detection of the material before and after FRR indicate that weakly magnetic material is mainly converted into strongly magnetic material Fe304 with specific saturation magnetic moment. The efficiency of FRR is consistent with TFe recovery of magnetic separation; meantime, the specific sa^u＇ation magnetic moment increases from 33 to 42 times after FRR. Calculations show that speeds of flash magnetic roasting are obtained from several dozen to two or three hundred times, compared with rotary kiln or shaft furnace. This indicates that it is practicable to use the fast reducing roasting technique to improve the comprehensive utilization of iron ore resources.

Synthesis and measurement of structural and magnetic properties of K-doped LaCoO_3 perovskite materials

Polycrystalline La1-xKxCoO3 （0≤ x ≤ 0.2） rare earth cobaltates have been synthesized by a solution combustion method using glycine as a fuel. The synthesized ceramic materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, and magnetic measurements and studied for physical properties, such as photoeatalytic activity. FTIR measurements in conjunction with XRD showed that phases beyond 10% K doping are accompanied by small amounts of impurities. Chemical titrations show the presence of Co^4＋ and account for the Co^3＋-Co^4＋ mixed-valency of the system. The parent LaCoO3 shows spin-glass transition at low temperatures, whereas doped samples show transition from spin-glass behavior to paramagnetic ordering on progressive doping of K. ＂Mixed-conductor＂ nature of these ceramics positions them as viable candidates for solid oxide fuel cell （SOFC） applications.

A two-dimension laminar composite protective layer for dendrite-free lithium metal anode

Lithium(Li)metal anodes with the high theoretical specific capacity(3860 mAh g^(-1))and most negative reduction potential(-3.04 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode)have been considered as an ultimate choice for energy storage devices with high energy density[1-4].However,the practical applications of Li metalbased batteries(LMBs)are confronted with two tough issues:Li dendrite growth induced by uneven Li depositions and unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)(Fig.1a)[5,6].

The personal protective equipment(PPE)based on individual combat:A systematic review and trend analysis

With the development of ordnance technology,the survival and safety of individual combatants in hightech warfare are under serious threat,and the Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),as an important guarantee to reduce casualties and maintain military combat effectiveness,is widely developed.This paper systematically reviewed various PPE based on individual combat through literature research and comprehensive discussion,and introduced in detail the latest application progress of PPE in terms of material and technology from three aspects:individual integrated protection system,traditional protection equipment,and intelligent protection equipment,respectively,and discussed in depth the functional improvement and optimization status brought by advanced technology for PPE,focusing on the achievements of individual equipment technology application.Finally,the problems and technical bottlenecks in the development of PPE were analyzed and summarized,and the development trend of PPE were pointed out.The results of the review will provide a forward-looking reference for the current development of individual PPE,and are important guidance for the design and technological innovation of advanced equipment based on the future technological battlefield.

Plasma assisted synthesis of LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2) cathode materials with good cyclic stability at subzero temperatures

Layered Ni-rich cathode materials,LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)(NCM622),are synthesized via solid reaction assisted with a plasma milling pretreatment,which is resulted in lowering sintering temperatures for solid precursors.The plasma milling pretreated NCM622 cathode material sintered at 780℃(named as PM-780)demonstrates good cycling stability at both room and subzero temperatures.Specifically,the PM-780 cathode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 171.2 mAh g^(-1) and a high capacity retention of 99.7%after 300 cycles with current rate of 90 mA g^(-1) at 30℃,while stable capacities of 120.3 and 94.0 m Ah g^(-1) can be remained at-10℃and-20℃in propylene carbonate contained electrolyte,respectively.In-situ XRD together with XPS and SEM reveal that the NCM622 cycled at-10℃presented better structural stability and more intact interface than that of cathodes cycled at 30℃.It is also found that subzero temperatures only limit the discharge potential of NCM622 without destroying its structure during cycling since it still exhibits high discharge capacity at 30℃after cycled at subzero temperatures.This work may expand the knowledge about the low-temperature characteristics of layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries and lay the foundation for its further applications.

Photon-in/photon-out endstation for studies of energy materials at beamline 02B02 of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

A new photon-in/photon-out endstation at beamline 02B02 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for studying the electronic structure of energy materials has been constructed and fully opened to users.The endstation has the capability to perform soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy in total electron yield and total fluorescence yield modes simultaneously.The photon energy ranges from 40 eV to 2000 eV covering the K-edge of most low Z-elements and the L-edge of 3d transition-metals.The new self-designed channeltron detector allows us to achieve good fluorescence signals at the low photon flux.In addition,we synchronously collect the signals of a standard reference sample and a gold mesh on the upstream to calibrate the photon energy and monitor the beam fluctuation,respectively.In order to cross the pressure gap,in situ gas and liquid cells for soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy are developed to study the samples under realistic working conditions.

Hydrogenation reaction characteristics and properties of its hydrides for magnetic regenerative material HoCu_2

The hydrogenation reaction characteristics and the properties of its hydrides for the magnetic regenerative material HoCu_2(CeCu_2-type) of a cryocooler were investigated. The XRD testing reveals that the hydrides of HoCu_2 were a mixture of Cu, unknown hydride Ⅰ, and unknown hydride Ⅱ. Based on the PCT(pressure-concentration-temperature) curves under different reaction temperatures, the relationships among reaction temperature, equilibrium pressure, and maximum hydrogen absorption capacity were analyzed and discussed. The enthalpy change ΔH and entropy change ΔS as a result of the whole hydrogenation process were also calculated from the PCT curves. The magnetization and volumetric specific heat capacity of the hydride were also measured by SQUID magnetometer and PPMS, respectively.