Population-based X-ray gastric cancer screening in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan

BACKGROUND X-ray gastric cancer(GC)screening has been shown to decrease mortality.Population-based X-ray GC screening has been performed in Hiroshima Prefe-cture,Japan,since 1983 but time trends and the efficacy of the method over 39 years have not been assessed.METHODS This was a population-based retrospective study.The data were derived from aggregated data of the Hiroshima Regional Health Medical Promotion Organization,including the number and rate of participants and those requiring esophagogastroduodenoscopies(EGDs),the number and rate of participants diagnosed as having GC,and the positive predictive value of the abnormal findings detected by X-ray and confirmed by EGDs.The number and rate of esophageal cancers were also collected.Further,the cost of detecting one GC was evaluated.RESULTS The number of participants has decreased during the last four decades,from 39925 in 1983 to 12923 in 2021.The rate of those requiring EGDs decreased significantly in recent years(P<0.001).The number of participants diagnosed as having GC has also declined,from 76 to 10 cases.However,the rate of cases diagnosed as GC among the participants remained around 0.1%.The positive predictive value increased significantly in recent years except during 1983-1991.The number and rate of accidentally detected esophageal cancers have risen recently,from 0%in 2008 to 0.02%in 2021,one-fifth of the diagnosis rate of GC.One GC diagnosis costs approximately 4200000 Japanese Yen(30000 United States Dollars)for the X-ray screenings and EGDs.CONCLUSION X-ray GC screening in Hiroshima has been efficient,but one challenge is the cost.Esophageal cancers may also need to be considered because they have gradually increased in recent years.

Five Typical Emotional Reactions to Airport Security Screening:A Case Study

For this study,there were two sets of data collection:face-to-face interview and on-line survey via“survey monkey”.The survey focuses on the following:feelings associated with airport security screening and impact of awareness with prohibited items.The survey was conducted from May 13 to 31,2018 for three weeks covering four terminals at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport(NAIA)in Manila.From the interviews and on-line survey conducted,it was evident that there are five typical emotional reactions to airport security screening processes.Forty-five percent of travelers felt frustrated upon undergoing a security screening process.On a positive note,26%of the respondents felt relaxed and 16%have understood the screening processes being implemented in the airports.Other negative reactions surfaced were fear(5%)and humiliation(8%).Initial reactions and questions from departing passengers,such as“will I get trouble?”“will I be treated like a criminal or terrorist?”or“will I miss my flight”,these are common responses that might be traced from a first time traveler.The results of this study will provide beneficial information to airport authorities as they determine how they can best provide a balanced-mixed of security and facilitation in managing airport security.

Screening and early diagnosis of osteoporosis through X-ray and ultrasound based techniques

Effective prevention and management of osteoporosis would require suitable methods for population screenings and early diagnosis. Current clinicallyavailable diagnostic methods are mainly based on the use of either X-rays or ultrasound(US). All X-ray based methods provide a measure of bone mineral density(BMD), but it has been demonstrated that other structural aspects of the bone are important in determining fracture risk, such as mechanical features and elastic properties, which cannot be assessed using densitometric techniques. Among the most commonly used techniques, dual X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) is considered the current 'gold standard' for osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture risk prediction. Unfortunately, as other X-ray based techniques, DXA has specific limitations(e.g., use of ionizing radiation, large size of the equipment, high costs, limited availability) that hinder its application for population screenings and primary care diagnosis. This has resulted in an increasing interest in developing reliable pre-screening tools for osteoporosis such as quantitative ultrasound(QUS) scanners, which do not involve ionizing radiation exposure and represent a cheaper solution exploiting portable and widely available devices. Furthermore, the usefulness of QUS techniques in fracture risk prediction has been proven and, with the last developments, they are also becoming a more and more reliable approach for assessing bone quality. However, the US assessment of osteoporosis is currently used only as a pre-screening tool, requiring a subsequent diagnosis confirmation by means of a DXA evaluation. Here we illustrate the state of art in the early diagnosis of this 'silent disease' and show up recent advances for its prevention and improved management through early diagnosis.

Blue Screen of Death Observed for Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 under DDoS Security Attack

Microsoft server Operating Systems are considered to have in-built, host based security features that should provide some protection against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we presented results of experiments that were conducted to test the security capability of the latest server Operating System from Microsoft Inc., namely Windows Server 2012 R2. Experiments were designed to evaluate its in-built security features in defending against a common Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, namely the TCP-SYN based DDoS attack. Surprisingly, it was found that the Windows Server 2012 R2 OS lacked sufficient host-based protection and was found to be unable to defend against even a medium intensity3.1 Gbps-magnitude of TCP-SYN attack traffic. The server was found to crash within minutes after displaying a Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) under such security attacks.

Current issues and future perspectives of gastric cancer screening

Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. About half of the incidence of gastric cancer is observed in East Asian countries, which show a higher mortality than other countries. The effectiveness of 3 new gastric cancer screening techniques, namely, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, serological testing, and &#x0201c;screen and treat&#x0201d; method were extensively reviewed. Moreover, the phases of development for cancer screening were analyzed on the basis of the biomarker development road map. Several observational studies have reported the effectiveness of endoscopic screening in reducing mortality from gastric cancer. On the other hand, serologic testing has mainly been used for targeting the high-risk group for gastric cancer. To date, the effectiveness of new techniques for gastric cancer screening has remained limited. However, endoscopic screening is presently in the last trial phase of development before their introduction to population-based screening. To effectively introduce new techniques for gastric cancer screening in a community, incidence and mortality reduction from gastric cancer must be initially and thoroughly evaluated by conducting reliable studies. In addition to effectiveness evaluation, the balance of benefits and harms must be carefully assessed before introducing these new techniques for population-based screening.

Ultra-stable CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanosheets for X-Ray Imaging Screen

Wet chemistry methods,including hot-injection and precipitation methods,have emerged as major synthetic routes for high-quality perovskite nanocrystals in backlit display and scintillation applications.However,low chemical yield hinders their upscale production for practical use.Meanwhile,the labile nature of halide-based perovskite poses a major challenge for long-term storage of perovskite nanocrystals.Herein,we report a green synthesis at room temperature for gram-scale production of CsPbBr3 nanosheets with minimum use of solvent,saving over 95% of the solvent for the unity mass nanocrystal production.The perovskite colloid exhibits record stability upon long-term storage for up to 8 months,preserving a photoluminescence quantum yield of 63% in solid state.Importantly,the colloidal nanosheets show self-assembly behavior upon slow solidification,generating a crack-free thin film in a large area.The uniform film was then demonstrated as an efficient scintillation screen for X-ray imaging.Our findings bring a scalable tool for synthesis of high-quality perovskite nanocrystals,which may inspire the industrial optoelectronic application of large-area perovskite film.

A new method of detecting interferogram in differential phase-contrast imaging system based on special structured x-ray scintillator screen

An x-ray scintillator screen with a special structure, functioning as detector and analyser grating, was proposed for collecting the interferogram of differential phase contrast imaging without absorption grating and difficulty of fabrication by a state of the art technique. On the basis of phase grating diffraction, a detecting model of the scintillator screen was built for analysing the phase and absorption information of objects. According to the analysis, a new method of phase retrievals based on two-images and the optimal structure of screen were presented.

Asymptomatic Screening of Clients on Opioid Substitution Therapy for Tuberculosis: An Experience from India

Clients on Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST) may be at risk of TB. We screened for tuberculosis in asymptomatic OST clients using Chest-X-ray (CXR) and sputum from those with CXR suggestive of TB were tested using Xpert MTB/Rif. Among 472 who underwent CXR, 0.1% had CXR suggestive of TB. The number needed to screen was 118 clients for one CXR suggestive of TB. All four clients with CXR suggestive of TB underwent MTB/Rif assay and one was diagnosed with TB. The TB patient was asymptomatic and could have been missed through the passive approach. We recommend further studies to explore ACF among OST clients.

Using Prostatic Fluid Levels of Some Trace Elements and Their Combinations in Non-Invasive and Highly Accurate Screening for Prostate Cancer

Objective: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) does not provide the high reliability and precision that is required for an accurate screening for prostate cancer?(PCa). The aim of our study was to search for a simple, rapid, direct, preferably non-invasive, and highly accurate biomarker and procedure for the screening for PCa. Method: The levels of trace elements (TE) Br, Fe, Rb, Sr,?and Zn were prospectively evaluated in expressed prostatic fluid (EPF). Also?Zn/Br, Zn/Fe, Zn/Rb, Zn/Sr concentration ratios as well as ZnRb and (ZnRb)/Fe concentration combinations were calculated for EPF samples, obtained from 38 apparently healthy males and from 33, 51, and 24 patients with chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and PCa, respectively. Measurements were performed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent (EDXRF) microanalysis. Results: It was found that in the EPF of cancerous prostates the levels of Rb, Zn, Zn/Br, Zn/Fe, Zn/Sr, ZnRb, and (ZnRb)/Fe were significantly lower in comparison with those in the EPF of normal, inflamed, and hyperplastic prostates. For example, in comparison hyperplastic?with cancerous prostates p values obtained using Student’s t-test and?Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test were Conclusions: The levels of TE and their combinations in EPF, obtained by EDXRF, is a fast, reliable, andnon-invasive diagnostic tool that can be successfully used by local, non- urologist physicians at the point-of-care to provide a highly effective PCa screening and as an additional confirmatory test before a prostate gland biopsy.

Overview of Key Technologies for Water-based Automatic Security Marking Platform

Water-based automatic security marking platform composed of multifunc­tional underwater robots and unmanned surface vessel has become the development trend and focus for exploring complex and dangerous waters,and its related technologies have flourished and gradually developed from single control to multi-platform collaborative direction in complex and dangerous waters to reduce casualties.This paper composes and analyzes the key technologies of the water-based automatic security marking platform based on the cable underwater robot and the unmanned surface vessel,describes the research and application status of the key technologies of the water-based automatic security marking platform from the aspects of the unmanned surface vessel,underwater robot and underwater multi-sensor information fusion,and outlooks the research direction and focus of the water automatic security inspection and marking platform.

突发公共卫生事件城市生活保障供应链韧性体系构建

韧性供应链能够抵御供应链中断造成的影响,并且快速恢复供应。结合指标体系构建原则及城市应对突发公共卫生事件处理流程,构建了突发公共卫生事件下城市生活保障供应链韧性评价指标体系,运用改进的熵值法、变异系数法和指标信息贡献率等方法对原始指标进行筛选及合理性检验,最后通过熵权-逼近理想解法(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution,TOPSIS)对供应链韧性水平进行综合评价并提出发展建议。以兰州市为实例,验证了指标筛选方法的有效性。

基于信息物理双侧数据的配电网CPS窃电检测方法

高比例量测设备的广泛应用为配电网信息物理系统(CPS)带来了大量信息侧网络攻击风险,其中以获取经济利益为目的的窃电攻击严重危害了电力公司的应得利益。现有窃电检测方法中,数据驱动方法与模型驱动方法单独应用时都存在一定的局限性,无法有效降低输出结果的误报率。提出了一种基于信息物理双侧数据的配电网CPS窃电检测方法。首先对配电台区物理侧量测的线损序列进行监测,确定异常用电行为的时段;其次将配电台区信息侧用户传输的多参数用电数据以周为单位送入卷积神经网络进行疑似窃电用户排查;最后利用时间距离加权皮尔逊相关性算法,根据窃电时段内的台区线损序列和窃电用户电力消耗数据序列之间存在的负相关性,对窃电检测模型的输出结果进行窃电嫌疑二次筛查。基于IEEE 33节点系统对配电网运行过程进行仿真,输出用于分析和构建检测方法的正异常用户电力消耗多参数数据。对比试验结果表明,与其他方法相比,该检测方法具有可靠性更高、可解释性更强的窃电判据,能够在提高准确率的同时进一步降低数据驱动模型检测结果的误报率。

基于AODV协议的电力通信网络拥塞安全控制研究

电力通信网络传输阶段的路由缺乏对链路节点状态的分析,导致传输数据的投递率较低,因此提出基于无线自组网按需平面距离矢量路由(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing,AODV)协议的电力通信网络拥塞安全控制研究。通过构建AODV协议节点筛选机制,从位置维度初次筛选出满足通信传输范围的节点,从速度维度二次筛选出性能满足传输需求的节点,从方向维度确定与电力通信传输方向一致的节点集合。以负载均衡为目标函数,建立AODV协议的响应链路。经过实际测试,与对照组相比,发包速率并未对文章设计方法的投递率造成显著影响,具体的投递率始终在95%以上,在稳定性和有效性方面具有显著优势。

Comparing upper gastrointestinal X-ray and endoscopy for gastric cancer diagnosis in Korea

AIM:To compare the cost and accuracy of upper gastrointestinal(GI)X-ray and upper endoscopy for diagnosis of gastric cancer using data from the 2002-2004 Korean National Cancer Screening Program(NCSP). METHODS:The study population included 1 503 646 participants in the 2002-2004 stomach cancer screening program who underwent upper GI X-ray or endoscopy.The accuracy of screening was defined as the probability of detecting gastric cancer.We calculated the probability by merging data from the NCSP and the Korea Central Cancer Registry.We estimated the direct costs of the medical examination and the tests for up- per GI X-ray,upper endoscopy,and biopsy. RESULTS:The probability of detecting gastric cancervia upper endoscopy was 2.9-fold higher than via upper GI X-ray.The unit costs of screening using upper GI X-ray and upper endoscopy were$32.67 and$34.89, respectively.In 2008,the estimated cost of identifying one case of gastric cancer was$53094.64 using upper GI X-ray and$16 900.43 using upper endoscopy.The cost to detect one case of gastric cancer was the same for upper GI X-ray and upper endoscopy at a cost ratio of 1:3.7. CONCLUSION:Upper endoscopy is slightly more costly to perform,but the cost to detect one case of gastric cancer is lower.

BL19U2:Small-angle X-ray scattering beamline for biological macromolecules in solution at SSRF

The BL19U2 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is a small-angle X-ray scattering beamline dedicated to structural studies pertaining to biological macromolecules in solution.The beamline has been officially opened to users in March 2015,and since then,a series of technological innovations has been developed to optimize beamline performance,thereby significantly improving the data collection efficiency and broadening the application scope of biological small-angle X-ray scattering.BL19U2 is ideal for the high-throughput screening of weakly scattered proteins,protein assemblies,nucleic acids,inorganic nanomaterials,and organic drug molecules.This paper describes the design and overview of the BL19U2 beamline.Versatile sample environments at the experimental station and some recent scientific highlights are presented.

A Study on Cascade R-CNN-Based Dangerous Goods Detection Using X-Ray Image

X-ray inspection equipment is divided into small baggage inspection equipment and large cargo inspection equipment.In the case of inspection using X-ray scanning equipment,it is possible to identify the contents of goods,unauthorized transport,or hidden goods in real-time by-passing cargo through X-rays without opening it.In this paper,we propose a system for detecting dangerous objects in X-ray images using the Cascade Region-based Convolutional Neural Network(Cascade R-CNN)model,and the data used for learning consists of dangerous goods,storage media,firearms,and knives.In addition,to minimize the overfitting problem caused by the lack of data to be used for artificial intelligence(AI)training,data samples are increased by using the CP(copy-paste)algorithm on the existing data.It also solves the data labeling problem by mixing supervised and semi-supervised learning.The four comparative models to be used in this study are Faster Regionbased Convolutional Neural Networks Residual2 Network-101(Faster R-CNN_Res2Net-101)supervised learning,Cascade R-CNN_Res2Net-101_supervised learning,Cascade Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks Composite Backbone Network V2(CBNetV2)Network-101(Cascade R-CNN_CBNetV2Net-101)_supervised learning,and Cascade RCNN_CBNetV2-101_semi-supervised learning which are then compared and evaluated.As a result of comparing the performance of the four models in this paper,in case of Cascade R-CNN_CBNetV2-101_semi-supervised learning,Average Precision(AP)(Intersection over Union(IoU)=0.5):0.7%,AP(IoU=0.75):1.0%than supervised learning,Recall:0.8%higher.

Most Intense X-Ray Lines of the Helium Isoelectronic Sequence for Plasmas Diagnostic

We report accurate wavelengths for the three most intense lines (resonance line: 1s2 1S0 - 1s2p 1P1, intercombination line: 1s2 1S0 - 1s2p 3P1 and forbidden line: 1s2 1S0 - 1s2s 3S1) along with wavelengths for the 1s2 1S0 - 1snp1P1 and 1S0 - 1snp3P2 (2 ≤ n ≤ 25) transitions in He-like systems (Z = 2 – 13). The first spectral lines that belong to the above transitions are established in the framework of the Screening Constant per Unit Nuclear Charge method. The results obtained agree excellently with various experimental and theoretical literature data. The uncertainties in wavelengths between the present calculations and the available literature data are less than 0.004&Aring;. A host of new data listed in this paper may be of interest in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas diagnostic.

Reduction of the Beam Hardening Artifacts in the X-Ray Computer Tomography: Energy Discrimination with a Photon-Counting Detector

The material identification is a pressing requirement for the sensitive security applications. Dual-energy X-ray computer tomography (DXCT) has been investigated for material identification in the medical and security fields. It requires two tomographic images at sufficiently different energies. To discriminate dangerous materials of light elements such as plastic bombs in luggage, it is needed to measure accurately with several tens of kilo electron volts where such materials exhibit significant spectral differences. However, CT images in that energy region often include artifacts from beam hardening. To reduce these artifacts, a novel reconstruction method has been investigated. It is an extension of the Al-gebraic Reconstruction Technique and Total Variation (ART-TV) method that reduces the artifacts in a lower-energy CT image by referencing it to an image obtained at higher energy. The CT image of a titanium sample was recon-structed using this method in order to demonstrate the artifact reduction capability.

基于知识图谱的恶意用户筛选算法研究

如今互联网产业不断发展,诞生了面向广大用户的各类软件及网站,野蛮生长的同时安全需求也随之增加。除了常规的安全威胁以外,部分恶意用户的存在也是一个不容忽视的问题,恶意用户混杂在普通用户间进行操作增加了不必要甚至危险的数据流量,也影响了面向普通用户的各类学习算法的结果。而恶意用户间的外在联系以及恶意用户自身各项属性所带来的内在关联在提取后满足知识图谱构建的数据结构,且知识图谱可以根据实体间的关系进行知识推理,因此论文使用知识图谱相关算法来实现对于恶意用户的筛选,并通过仿真试验对使用知识图谱算法筛选恶意用户是否具有可行性进行了论证。

毫米波亚毫米波成像在人体检测中的研究综述

毫米波亚毫米波主动成像技术具有穿透服装屏障的能力和对人体无害的特性,因此被广泛应用于公共场所的人体安检领域。本文首先概述了毫米波亚毫米波成像的理论基础,然后综述了毫米波亚毫米波主动成像技术在人体检测中的研究进展,从准光技术和数字聚焦技术两个方面概述了成像的研究和发展成果,还讨论了未来面向应用的AMMW技术,介绍了毫米波亚毫米波人体图像自动评价方法,对未来实际的安检工作具有较强的适用性和指导性。