Theoretical and experimental investigations on an X-shaped vibration isolator with active controlled variable stiffness

A novel X-shaped variable stiffness vibration isolator(X-VSVI)is proposed.The Runge-Kutta method,harmonic balance method,and wavelet transform spectra are introduced to evaluate the performance of the X-VSVI under various excitations.The layer number,the installation angle of the X-shaped structure,the stiffness,and the active control parameters are systematically analyzed.In addition,a prototype of the X-VSVI is manufactured,and vibration tests are carried out.The results show that the proposed X-VSVI has a superior adaptability to that of a traditional X-shaped mechanism,and shows excellent vibration isolation performance in response to different amplitudes and forms of excitations.Moreover,the vibration isolation efficiency of the device can be improved by appropriate adjustment of parameters.

Seismic Behavior of Specially Shaped Column Joints with X-Shaped Reinforcement

To investigate the seismic behavior of specially shaped column joints with X-shaped reinforcement,two groups of specimens with or without X-shaped reinforcement in joint core region were tested under constant axial compression load and low reversed cyclic loading,which imitated low to moderate earthquake force.The seismic behavior of specially shaped column joints with X-shaped reinforcement in terms of bearing capacity,displacement,ductility,hysteretic curve,stiffness degradation and energy dissipation was studied and compared to that without Xshaped reinforcement in joint core region.With the damage estimation model,the accumulated damage was analyzed.The shearing capacity formula of specially shaped column joints reinforced by X-shaped reinforcement was proposed with a simple form.The test results show that X-shaped reinforcement is an effective measure for improving the seismic behavior of specially shaped column joints including deformation behavior,ductility and hysteretic characteristic.All specimens were damaged with gradual stiffness degeneration.In addition,X-shaped reinforcement in the joint core region is an effective way to lighten the degree of cumulated damage.The good seismic performance obtained from the specially shaped column joint with X-shaped reinforcement can be used in engineering applications.The test value is higher than the calculated value,which indicates that the formula is safe for the design of specially shaped column joints.

TRANSITIONS AND MODRPHOLOGY OF MAIN-CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS WITH X-SHAPED MESOGENS

The transitions and morphology of a series of main-chain liquid crystalline polymer with X-shaped mesogens were studied by means of DSC,SALS and polarizing microscopy techniques. Aneven-odd effect was observed for samples with different size of the substituents on the mesogenends. The isotropization process was similar to that of main-chain polymers with rod-likemesogens. No crystallization was detected for specimens cooling down from their isotropic meltstate. However two of the samples may crystallize in cooling process directly from the liquidcrystalline state.

SYNTHESIS OF MAIN CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COPOLYESTERS WITH X-SHAPED TWO-DIMENSIONAL MESOGENIC UNIT AND CROWN ETHER CYCLE

A novel series of main chain liquid crystalline copolyesters with X-shaped two-dimensional mesogenic unit and crown ether cycle of cis-4,4＇-bis（4-hydroxyphenylazo） dibenzo-18-crown-6 was prepared via solution condensation polymerization from 4,4＇-（a;arhexanedioyloxy） dibenzoyl dichloride （MI）, 2,5-bis（p-octyloxybenzoyloxy） hydro-quinone （M2） and cis-4,4＇-bis（4-hydroxyphenylazo） dibenzo-18-crown-6 （M3）. Monomer MI was synthesized by esterification and substitution of adipoyl chloride with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, monomer M2 was synthesized by esterfication and reduction reaction of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone and p-octanoxybenzoyl chloride and monomer M3 was synthesized by diazotization and coupling reaction of cis-diaminodibenzo-18-crown-6 with phenol. The molecular weights of copolyesters are not high, and the intrinsic viscosity [η] of copolyesters ranges from 0.25-0.35. The monomers＇ structures were identified by using elemental analysis, IR, UV, ^1H-NMR, MS, etc. All the copolyesters are yellowish powders and insoluble in THF and CHC13 at room temperature except cPg. The properties of copolyesters were investigated by using GPC, [η] , DSC, TG, WAXD and POM. It was found that all the copolyesters entered into liquid crystal phase when they were heated to above their melting temperature （Tin）. The typical smectic and nematic phase texture can be observed on POM. Their mesophase transition temperature and thermal stability change regularly with varying the content of cis-4,4＇-bis（4-hydroxyphenylazo） dibenzo-18-crown-6 unit in the copolyesters.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAIN CHAIN AROMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL COPOLYESTERS WITH X-SHAPED AND ROD-SHAPED MESOGENIC UNITS

A series of main chain liquid crystal aromatic copolyesters with X-shaped and rod-shaped mesogenic units were synthesized via solution condensation polymerizations of 4,4'-(alpha,omega-octanedioyloxy)-dibenzoyl dichlorides with 2,5-bis(p-octanoxy benzoyloxy)-hydroquinone and diphenol. All of the copolyesters showed thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviors through observations using DSC, polarized microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The melting point (T-m) and the isotropization temperature (T-i) change regularly with varying the content of diphenol unit in the copolymers.

The review of clinical application of X-shaped balance acupuncture therapy for joint pain and activity disorder

Musculoskeletal diseases such as neck, shoulder, back and leg pain are ext remely common in clinic. Diseases of the joints of the ext remi ti es, especially sputum, wr ist spr ains, and periarthritis of the shoulders, and even lumbar disc herniation, use X-shaped balance acupuncture therapy to relieve pain and improve motor function. The method of obtaining acupoints is simple and easy to operate. Many of clinical comparison shows that this therapy is simple to conventional acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of local pain and joint diseases. This review concluded the advantaged about the X-shaped balance acupuncture therapy and it worth to clinical promotion.

Lightweight Design and Verification of Gantry Machining Center Crossbeam Based on Structural Bionics

The lightweight and high efficiency of natural structures are the inexhaustible sources for engineering improvements. The goal of the study is to find innovative solutions for mechanical lightweight design through the application of structural bionic approaches. Giant waterlily leaf ribs and cactus stem are investigated for their optimal framework and superior performance. Their structural characteristics are extracted and used in the bio-inspired design of Lin MC6000 gantry machining center crossbeam. By mimicking analogous network structure, the bionic model is established, which has better load-carrying capacity than conventional distribution. Finite Element Method （FEM） is used for numerical simulation. Results show better specific stiffness of the bionic model, which is increased by 17.36%. Finally the scaled models are fabricated by precision casting for static and dynamic tests. The physical experiments are compared to numerical simulation. The results show that the maximum static deformation of the bionic model is reduced by about 16.22%, with 3.31% weight reduction. In addition, the first four natural frequencies are improved obviously. The structural bionic design is a valuable reference for updating conventional mechanical structures with better performance and less material consumption.

Modeling,analysis,and simulation of X-shape quasi-zero-stiffness-roller vibration isolators

Existing quasi-zero stiffness(QZS)isolators are reviewed.In terms of their advantages,a novel X-shape QZS isolator combined with the cam-roller-spring mechanism(CRSM)is proposed.Different from the existing X-shape isolators,oblique springs are used to enhance the negative stiffness of the system.Meanwhile,the CRSM is used to eliminate the gravity of the loading mass,while the X-shape structure leaves its static position.The existing QZS isolators are demonstrated and classified according to their nonlinearity mechanisms and classical shapes.It is shown that the oblique spring can realize negative stiffness based on the simplest mechanism.The X-shape has a strong capacity of loading mass,while the CRSM can achieve a designed restoring force at any position.The proposed isolator combines all these advantages together.Based on the harmonic balance method(HBM)and the simulation,the displacement transmissibilities of the proposed isolator,the X-shape isolators just with oblique springs,and the X-shape isolators in the traditional form are studied.The results show that the proposed isolator has the lowest beginning isolation frequency and the smallest maximum displacement transmissibility.However,it still has some disadvantages similar to the existing QZS isolators.This means that its parameters should be designed carefully so as to avoid becoming a bistable system,in which there are two potential wells in the potential energy curve and thus the isolation performance will be worsened.

Comparative analysis by simulating and testing pole impact for hot stamping front crossbeam of automobile

Hot stamping 22MnB5 steel plate with ultra-high strength has been widely used for body structural members in consideration of automobile safety and lightweight.This paper presents a verification program of simulating and testing pole impact in order to verify if the front crossbeam reinforcement assembly can meet the design requirements,reduce the overall vehicle simulation and test cost and shorten the operation period.In the same condition,the simulation proved conforming to the design requirements;however,the bumper cracked at the impacting point in the course of pole impact test.The analysis of the crack by optical microscope,Vickers and scanning electron microscope indicates that mixture of ferrite,bainite and martensite was produced in the weld heat-affected zone of the 340/590DP tow hook holder and the 22MnB5 front crossbeam;therefore,their hardness and mechanical property were reduced obviously,so that they fractured when impacted.No welding process with continuous weld but spot welding or other bonding method may be employed for the reason that the capacity of the 22MnB5 steel plate in the weld heat-affected zone was reduced obviously.

Lightweight design of automotive front crossbeam assembly

This paper reviews the development course of the front crossbeam assembly for a self-owned brand vehicle model based on lightweight and passive safety performance. Combining with an A00 model variant, the paper details the design of extruded aluminum-alloy front crossbeam assembly from the perspectives of optimal design, performance verifi- cation, lightweight effect and cost control. The following results in the technical and engineering applications have been achieved. The weight of the developed aluminum-alloy crossbeam can be reduced by 51%. The simulated analysis of the collision rigid wall, the 40 % offset hammering as well as the static crush test of energy-absorbing box show that af- ter reasonable materials matching and size optimization of the crossbeam and the energy-absorbing boxes, the level of crash safety can be improved. The price of aluminum-alloy front crossbeam can be lowered by using the extruding die in- stead of the stamping die to reduce the die cost-sharing.

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥中塔下横梁施工关键技术

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥Z4号中塔采用空间四肢A形钢-混组合塔,横向两塔肢间设下横梁,下横梁间设3道系梁,纵向两塔肢间不设置横梁。下横梁采用支架法分层浇筑施工。下横梁施工支架采用落地式钢管支架配套模板体系,受力性能满足要求;通过有限元计算比选下横梁混凝土分层浇筑方案并进行优化,采取(5.5+2.5)m分层方案,上、下层混凝土分别分为2块、3块分层分块浇筑;通过低温升、易泵送、高抗裂的C60混凝土研制、下横梁与塔柱倒弧结合面抗裂措施优化、分块间接缝构造形式及施工工艺优化、下横梁与系梁混凝土浇筑施工组织优化、混凝土温度智能化监控、预应力束张拉时机控制等混凝土防裂措施,有效解决了下横梁大体积混凝土易开裂的难题。

昌九高铁扬子洲赣江公铁大桥西支主桥桥塔设计

昌九高铁扬子洲赣江公铁大桥西支主桥采用竖琴形索面箱桁组合梁斜拉桥,跨径布置为(48+144+320+144+48)m。根据桥梁结构特点,针对花瓶形、H形和钻石形桥塔方案,从结构受力、景观效果、施工难度、经济性等方面进行比选,最终采用适应宽主梁、竖琴形索面的花瓶形桥塔。2座桥塔高度分别为143.5 m和147.1 m,采用C50钢筋混凝土结构,由上、中、下塔柱组成,塔柱圆弧过渡,设上、下2道横梁,下横梁采用预应力混凝土结构,上横梁由2道反向圆弧的预应力混凝土小横梁和中间的装饰性钢结构共同组成“昌”字造型。索塔锚固区采用钢锚箱锚固体系与预应力锚固体系相结合的方式。桥塔下塔柱采用翻模法施工,中、上塔柱外部采用爬模法施工、内部采用翻模法施工。对桥塔进行整体静力、局部应力、稳定性及抗震分析,结果表明桥塔强度、刚度、稳定性及抗震性能均满足规范要求。

狭小场地内大悬挑钢桁架连廊施工技术

为了提高钢结构连廊施工质量,以某超高层项目为背景,提出了对大跨度钢结构连廊施工方案技术的设计与方案研究。该项目主楼、裙房通过3~5层钢桁架连廊连通,钢连廊整体跨度大、造型复杂、安装精度高、施工难度大,且连廊施工后会存在主楼及裙房的不均匀沉降。研究拟根据现场实际工况,对钢桁架进行合理分段、节点处设置支撑、施工全过程模拟分析、优化节点形式,为后续狭小空间内大跨度钢连廊施工提供借鉴。

悬臂施工的连续箱梁桥框架墩横梁监控技术的研究

大跨径框架墩连续箱梁桥施工过程中可能存在不平衡荷载使框架墩横梁受扭,为了消除框架墩的受扭一般采用配重方式进行施工监控。以广佛肇高速公路上的一座主墩采用墩梁固结的框架墩大跨径连续箱梁桥为工程背景,采用结构力学方法推导出框架墩横梁端部截面倾斜角随不平衡弯矩变化的理论计算式和框架墩立柱水平变位与不平衡弯矩关系的计算公式,同时给出了与水箱配重相关的计算公式,并提出了对框架墩横梁监控的两种监控方法。理论计算公式通过在实际工程的应用,对比了该桥梁的框架墩横梁施工监控中采用有限元数值分析计算获得的数值拟合公式,两者公式中的常系数基本相等,验证了提出的框架墩横梁受扭监控计算理论公式的正确性。并对采用监测横断端部倾斜角的监控方法与采用监测立柱水平变位的监控方法进行了对比分析。研究成果可为同类工程的施工监控提供帮助。

纵横梁耦合连续体系在城市立交桥分合流位置处的应用分析

城市立交桥在分合流位置常通过采用异形钢结构桥梁,并设置伸缩缝的形式适应桥面宽度的改变。但对于日益增多的城市立交桥改扩建工程,分合流位置有时需要设置大型门架横梁跨越地下管网或构筑物,此时在该处设置伸缩缝会因主梁与横梁高度的叠加,导致结构高度过大。为研究该情况下的桥梁结构选型问题,提出在分合流位置采用纵横梁耦合的连续体系方案,借助有限元计算方法,对该类桥型的结构可行性进行分析,并讨论了支座横向偏心、门架横梁弯曲刚度对内力状态、整体刚度及支反力的影响,以期探明该类桥型的受力特点及关键力学参数。结果表明:恒载状态下的支反力均匀程度可作为控制性指标,检验该类桥型的受力合理性;适当增大门架横梁的弯曲刚度,可有效控制结构的竖向及扭转变形。

环锻液压机横梁强度设计与分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对环锻液压机的横梁受力情况进行分析,并与传统的公式计算结果进行对比。通过对比,总结数据差异,为后续同类型设备的快速设计提供设计依据。

地铁车辆用碳纤维构架横梁工艺制造技术研究

随着以碳纤维为代表的纤维复合材料的推广和应用,在轨道交通领域,复合材料逐步从非承载件向主承力结构发展。转向架作为列车车辆的核心部件,其较重的质量为列车轻量化革新提供了可观的空间。本文基于纤维缠绕工艺及树脂传递成型工艺,通过对原材料的筛选、模具的设计、工艺参数的优化,成功实现了多腔、曲面、大尺寸、厚壁的碳纤维转向架构架横梁的一体成型。测试结果表明,孔隙率、纤维体积含量、固化度及内部质量等性能充分达到设计要求且减重效果明显,完成了结构功能一体化的复合材料构架横梁国产化研制目标。

汽车横梁多步冲压成形全工序仿真分析及应用

为研究多步冲压成形CAD/CAE技术对汽车结构件成形性能的影响,运用UG软件与AutoForm软件对汽车横梁进行坯料的排样设计、工序件的定位设计以及全工序冲压成形仿真研究。研究结果表明,所设计的12道工序排样能够满足制件的多步冲压成形需求;对虚拟去除材料对应的工序后获得的工序进行全工序有限元仿真,获得了合格的分析结果;制件形面精度满足装配要求,且关键部位的尺寸偏差基本达到要求。

吊杆锚固横梁与悬浇段同步施工技术

目前采用“先梁后拱”法的梁拱组合桥梁结构中,因吊杆的锚固需要,多在梁体翼缘设混凝土横梁,但横梁结构与悬浇节段间无法做到同步对应,导致出现横梁节段混凝土无法同步浇筑,挂篮体系因阻碍无法前移等问题。依托某连续刚构拱桥工程,对挂篮侧模结构开展局部推拉式改进优化,将位于横梁区域的挂篮侧模板结构调整为可推拉组合的3块模板结构,该体系由增设的支撑纵梁支撑;桁架结构增设钢模板作为横梁的侧模和底模,并利用滑轮实现结构横移。该技术实现了横梁区域内模板的切换、吊杆锚固横梁与悬浇阶段的同步浇筑、挂篮体系的无障碍纵向移动等功能,解决了横梁节段的同步浇筑问题,缩短了节段循环周期、减少了挂篮安拆频次。

铁路桥钢横梁吊装施工技术要点

钢横梁因自身施工特点对吊装施工工艺、施工技术和施工质量要求较高。该文以跨营运韩原铁路的某铁路特大桥为例,对钢横梁施工前吊装设备准备、技术方案设计等进行计算阐述,并从吊装施工的工期安排、试吊、正式吊装及永久固结框架墩等方面对钢横梁吊装施工技术要点进行探讨,保证施工安全、提高施工效率。旨在为类似工程施工提供参考。