Effect of anodic dissolution and passivation on X80 steel in NaHCO_(3) solution

The effects of extreme stray current on the anodic dissolution and passivation of X80 steel in NaHCO3 solution were investigated using measurements of polarization curves and EIS,AFM and SEM techniques.Under the interference of anodic current(i=0~200 A/m2),main constituents of corrosion products of X80 steel were FeO(OH)and Fe3 O4.A double-layer film formed at i=00 A/m2,in which FeOOH was in outer and Fe3 O4 lied in inner.The formation mechanism of Fe3 O4 was confirmed and described by the electrochemical reaction in various regions on anodic potentiodynamic polarization curve.

Analysis of inclusions and precipitates in tough weld metal of X80 steel

Submerged arc welding(SAW) and gas metal arc welding(GMAW) experiments of Nb-bearing X80 steel were conducted with high-toughness wires.The inclusions in weld metals were analyzed in terms of their types and sizes.In GMAW,the inclusions are primarily Ti, Ca, Si, Al, and Mg compounds with no Nb and are generally less than 0.8 μm in size, whereas, in SAW weld, the inclusions are larger, mostly approximately 2-5 μm in size, and are cored with Ca and Ti, exhibiting obvious oxidation metallurgical features.The SAW joint was hot-deformed, and Nb-bearing nano precipitates were newly found in the weld metal through transmission electron microscopy, and Nb-free core-shell inclusion was found through scanning electron microscopy.The inclusions and precipitates were dispersed in or on the boundaries of acicular ferrite, contributing to acicular ferrite nucleation and grain refinement.

CO_(2) corrosion of X80 steel welded joints under micro-turbulence induced by welding reinforcement height

Corrosion failure accidents owing to flow erosion and pipeline corrosion frequently occur during transportation.The welding reinforcement height(WRH)can induce locally micro-turbulent flow field,which aggravates local corrosion of welded joints.A high wall shear stress(WsS)experimental setup was established to conduct the online electrochemical corrosion test.The influence of WRH sizes on local corrosion of welded joints was studied at different flow rates.The electrochemical signals of the local corrosion of X80 welded joints at different flow rates were monitored in real time using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and wire beam microelectrode.In addition,the corrosion products composition and properties were analyzed.The results show that the micro-turbulent flow fields induced by the WRHs can enhance ion mass transfer near the welded joints.The corrosion products on the WRH surface also present different microscopic morphologies at different flow rates.In strong flow fields,the locally enhanced wsS can peel off the dense corrosion product partially,leading to the electrochemical distribution of large cathode and small anode,which accelerates the occurrence and development processes of the local corrosion of welded joints.The scientific guidelines for the corrosion protection of long-distance oil and gas pipelines can be potentially provided.

Corrosion testing of X52 and X80 steels immersed in stimulated emulsions using a real petroleum sample

The aim of this study is to evaluate the internal corrosion process on X52 and X80 steels/real petroleum interfaces containing condensed hydrocarbon plus oilfield-produced water,which were subjected to stimulated emulsions using 50/50 vol ratio mixtures at 45℃,different hydrodynamic conditions,1 h,and 24 h.A washing process by using deionized water was proposed to simulate and identify the corrosiveness of the hydrocarbon phase after 24 h of exposure time.The characterization by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the monitoring of the polarization curves indicated that X80 steel/oilfield-produced water interfaces were more susceptible to corrosion than X52 steel exposed to oilfield-produced water.The combined speed rotation of 600 rpm using a magnetic stirrer+600 rpm using a rotating disk electrode decreased the corrosion rate on X52 steel.The stimulated emulsions made of hydrocarbon+oilfield-produced water and hydrocarbon+deionized water at 24 h increased the corrosion rate on X80 steel(0.34 mm/year and 0.43 mm/year,respectively),promoting the formation of erosion and pitting corrosion.These types of corrosion depended mainly on the physicochemical properties of the hydrocarbon,oilfield-produced water,exposure times,and hydrodynamic systems in which the hydrocarbon was studied.

Effect of cathode protection on Desulfovibrio desulfuricans corrosion of X80 steel in a marine tidal environment

The study systematically investigated the impact of zinc sacrificial anode(Zn-SA)cathode protection on the corrosion of X80 steel caused by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans(D.desulfuricans)in a marine tidal environment.Utilizing weight-loss analysis,electrochemical measurements,Raman spectroscopy,and 3D morphology microscopy,the research unveiled significant findings.Unprotected steel suffered pronounced localized corrosion in the presence of D.desulfuricans in the marine tidal environment.However,the implementation of Zn-SA cathode protection notably reduced the activity of both planktonic and sessile D.desulfuricans cells.Over time,the accumulation of calcareous deposits within the corrosion products increased,as evidenced by a rise in the resistance of the corrosion produt film(Rf).Remarkably,Zn-SA cathode protection demonstrated substantial inhibition of the steel’s corrosion rate,albeit exhibiting reduced efficiency as the vertical height of the steel within the tidal environment increased.

X80钢补焊残余应力模拟与试验验证

X80管线钢在铺设或者使用过程中会产生裂纹、气孔等缺陷而需要进行补焊修复。利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了X80钢平板补焊模型,模拟分析了补焊前后X80钢焊接残余应力的变化情况,同时研究了3种不同补焊热输入量对焊接残余应力的影响。为验证模拟结果的准确性,开展了3种对应热输入量的补焊试验。模拟及试验研究结果表明,补焊残余应力高于初始焊残余应力,补焊后横向残余应力峰值较初始焊增加55.52%,补焊后纵向残余应力峰值已超过材料屈服强度。随着补焊热输入量的增大,Mises等效残余应力峰值和纵向残余应力无明显改变,但不同路径的横向残余应力变化规律有所不同。试验测量的残余应力值与模拟结果接近,两者的变化趋势一致。

X80钢GMAW焊接接头力学性能评定与微观组织分析

通过对X80钢焊接接头进行残余应力测定、力学性能评定试验和微观组织分析,评价采用全自动熔化极气体保护电弧焊(GMAW)焊接的X80钢管是否满足API Spec 5L—2018《管线钢管》的使用规定。结果表明,X80钢焊接接头环向残余应力值高于轴向残余应力值,焊接接头拉伸强度值高于名义抗拉强度值,焊缝低温冲击性能略低于母材和热影响区,焊接接头总体韧性合格,侧弯试样性能满足验收标准。所采用的GMAW工艺满足实际工程要求,可作为一种可行的X80钢焊接工艺。

氢气含量与加载频率对X80钢管接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

在氮气,体积分数均为2%的H_(2)+CO_(2)以及体积分数分别为5%,2%的H_(2)+CO_(2)环境中,对X80钢管接头试样进行不同加载频率(0.1,1.0,10.0 Hz)的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究了氢气含量和加载频率对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:当加载频率为1.0 Hz时,氢气含量越高,接头母材、热影响区和焊缝裂纹扩展速率越大,且焊缝中的裂纹扩展速率增大程度最大;含氢环境中焊缝的疲劳裂纹扩展速率小于母材和热影响区;当氢气体积分数为5%时,母材和热影响区均发生韧性断裂,但疲劳断口上存在微小的二次裂纹和少量平台状结构等脆性断裂特征,焊缝疲劳断口出现长度近80μm的二次裂纹,但断口形貌仍主要呈韧性断裂特征;氢气体积分数为5%时,随着加载频率增加,母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率先增大后减小,加载频率为1.0 Hz时的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最大。

含氢环境中X80管线钢焊接接头氢脆敏感性研究

为了探究管线钢焊接接头在氢气环境下断裂力学性能的变化,采用缺口拉伸原位充氢方法对X80钢母材、焊缝和热影响区进行12 MPa总压,0.36 MPa氢分压下的氢脆敏感性研究,采用高压慢应变速率拉伸试验机进行缺口拉伸测试,采用高压断裂韧性试验机和高压腐蚀疲劳试验机对X80钢分别进行断裂韧性试验和疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验。结合断裂韧性试验和疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验对X80钢的裂纹扩展行为进行研究。结果表明:在相同条件下,相比母材和热影响区,焊缝位置的断面收缩率明显下降,表现出较高的氢脆敏感性;与常温常压空气中的原始数据相比,在0.36 MPa氢分压环境中焊缝位置的裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)值变化较小,断裂表面未出现二次裂纹;与在空气环境中相比,X80钢焊缝在0.36 MPa氢分压环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率增加了1个数量级,说明氢气能够增大材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,但根据实际管道压力波动情况,在0.36 MPa氢分压条件下X80钢的氢脆敏感性较小。

基于XFEM的X80管线钢焊接接头三维裂纹萌生扩展仿真分析

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,以X80管线钢不同坡口形式的焊接接头为研究对象,基于扩展有限元方法(XFEM),对X形和V形两种不同形式坡口的焊接接头在拉伸载荷下的裂纹扩展形态进行数值模拟分析。结果表明,裂纹尖端首先出现了应力集中,应力分布趋势与理论计算的塑性区形状大致相同。利用XFEM方法模拟裂纹尖端自由扩展,X形坡口和V形坡口的焊接接头裂纹首先出现在焊缝并靠近熔合线处,且二者的扩展路径一致,在相同条件下,X形坡口的焊接接头焊缝处最先出现裂纹,V形坡口的焊接接头焊缝处裂纹出现的时间较X形坡口出现裂纹的时间晚。

温度和pH对X80钢在抚顺土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

X80钢在中国石油天然气输送管道中已经得到大量使用,土壤腐蚀是影响其安全运行的一个重要因素。通过动电位极化、电化学阻抗等方法,考察了温度和溶液p H对X80钢及其焊缝在抚顺土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:随着温度升高,X80钢的腐蚀速率逐渐增大。随着土壤模拟溶液p H的增加,X80钢的腐蚀速率逐渐减小。这主要与温度和p H影响着溶液的电导率和溶解氧有关。

基于内根焊的X80钢管道全自动焊接接头组织与性能

【目的】在X80钢管道全自动焊接过程中,改变预热温度对焊接接头的组织与力学性能具有一定影响。该文系统地研究了严寒条件(-30℃)、预热80℃及预热120℃对X80钢管道内根焊全自动焊接接头的组织和力学性能的影响规律。【方法】通过光学显微镜(OM)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对接头的显微组织进行观察,并从拉伸试验、冲击试验、弯曲试验及硬度测试等方面对不同预热条件下的焊缝进行了力学性能的表征。【结果】结果表明,焊接接头显微组织主要由柱状晶组成,还有少量的等轴晶,预热温度的提高减小了显微组织中柱状晶的尺寸,强度和冲击韧性差异较小,不同预热温度下进行拉伸的试样均在母材处断裂;弯曲试验中预热80℃下局部出现最大为0.6 mm的裂纹,预热120℃的试样均未出现裂纹和其他缺陷。【结论】接头的硬度随着预热温度的提高呈现减小趋势;在低温环境下,预热是获得综合性能良好的焊接接头有效措施,在120℃预热条件下接头性能最佳。

不同Nb含量X80钢管环焊热影响区的微观组织与韧性

为研究Nb含量对焊接热影响区微观组织和性能的影响,采用熔化极气体保护焊(gas metal arc welding,GMAW)和手工焊条电弧焊(shielded metal arc welding,SMAW)对0.055%Nb和0.075%Nb含量的X80钢管进行环焊.采用夏比冲击试验和金相分析方法,研究热影响区的微观组织差异和夏比冲击韧性.并借助扫描电镜和超高温激光共聚焦显微镜分析不同Nb含量X80管体的微观组织对热影响区性能的影响.结果表明,在0℃和-20℃时,0.075%Nb和0.055%Nb的X80钢管GMAW环焊接头热影响区均具有较高的冲击韧性,其平均冲击吸收能量均高于150 J.其中0.055%Nb略高于0.075%Nb的GMAW环焊接头热影响区夏比冲击吸收能量;焊接热输入较低时,0.055%Nb低于0.075%Nb的X80环焊接头粗晶区的韧脆转变温度,具有更好的低温韧性.焊接热输入较高时,0.075%Nb的X80环焊接头粗晶区具有更高的上平台冲击吸收能量,且上平台温度和韧脆转变温度也更低,其低温韧性也更优异;还发现了X80环焊接头热影响区的冲击韧性不仅与热输入量和热影响区马氏体-奥氏体组织(M-A)的形状、大小、分布有关,而且还受管体中Nb含量、原始的强度与韧性、微观组织状态的遗传影响.

X80管线钢自动焊焊缝冲击能量分配研究

针对X80管线钢实心焊丝自动焊的焊缝金属,采用仪器化冲击试验方法,研究了焊缝金属冲击能量分配和温度敏感性。结果表明,工程常用测试温度(-10℃)条件下,X80管道实心焊丝自动焊的焊缝金属冲击韧性(128~195 J)良好;总冲击吸收能量数据波动显著大于裂纹形成能量,主要原因是裂纹扩展过程吸收能量波动较大引起的;系列温度冲击试验的总吸收能量和裂纹形成能量均具有上平台特征,但裂纹形成能量数据曲线的上平台温度范围(-40~20℃)更大,且随着试验温度升高,裂纹形成能量占比表现出非线性降低特性。长输管道工程设计温度范围(-40~20℃)内,焊缝金属裂纹形成能量测试结果具有温度无关性特征,依据上平台温度试验结果制定验收指标,可能不利于对焊缝金属裂纹萌生的控制,建议进一步开展相关研究,制定焊缝金属起裂韧性指标,从根本上控制焊缝金属裂纹的萌生。

NaCl浓度对X80管线钢母材和焊缝区电化学腐蚀行为的研究

随着我国海洋油气资源的不断开发,管道焊接接头的腐蚀问题已成为海洋运行管线失效和安全的主要因素之一。为给海洋管道的腐蚀防护与材料选择提供更为精确的理论依据和实际指导,采用动电位极化技术和电化学阻抗谱测试方法,研究了X80管线钢焊接接头的母材区和焊缝区在不同NaCl溶液浓度(1.5%、3.5%、5.5%,质量分数)中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:在不同NaCl浓度的溶液中,母材区和焊缝区的极化曲线都具有明显的阳极溶解特征,没有钝化现象;随着NaCl浓度的增加,2个区域的开路电位和自腐蚀电位负移,极化电阻先减小后增大,自腐蚀电流密度先增大后减小;母材区的热力学稳定性和耐腐蚀性始终优于焊缝区的。

X80管线钢内壁旋杯喷涂涂层厚度均匀性研究

石油天然气多采用管道进行输送,管道内壁的腐蚀是其主要失效形式,对管道内壁添加涂层可以提高管道耐腐蚀性能。对X80管线钢内壁高速旋杯离心喷涂开展工艺实验,研究了喷涂关键参数包括旋杯转速、行进速度、旋杯外径、喷涂压力对涂层平均厚度及涂层均匀性的影响规律和原因。而后对喷涂工艺参数进行系统性优化,得到最佳的工艺参数组合。实验结果表明,涂层平均厚度主要由旋杯转速、喷涂压力、行进速度以及旋杯外径决定,涂层的均匀性主要由旋杯转速以及喷涂压力决定。当旋杯转速为25000r/min、喷涂压力为0.2MPa、行进速度为0.9m/min、旋杯外径为32mm时,涂层均匀性最佳,涂层的平均厚度为450.3μm,涂层厚度标准差值为3.3μm。

不同强度匹配对X80管线钢环焊缝抗氢致裂纹性能的影响研究

环焊缝的强度匹配形式和耐腐蚀性对管道可靠运行至关重要。文中分别采用低强匹配、等强匹配和高强匹配三种匹配形式对D1219×18.4 mm X80螺旋焊管进行焊条电弧焊,对焊接接头进行抗氢致开裂(HIC)试验,并综合包括化学成分、微观组织、接头强度和韧性等各种因素分析,研究不同强度匹配形式对X80管线钢环焊缝抗氢致裂纹性能的影响。结果表明,三种匹配方式下的X80管线钢焊接接头的抗HIC性能均能满足相关要求,且采用三种强度匹配焊条焊接接头的裂纹长度敏感率(CLR)、裂纹厚度敏感率(CTR)以及裂纹敏感率(CSR)随着匹配强度的升高而升高;焊缝金属的C、P、S含量对HIC敏感性有显著影响,降低这些元素的含量有助于提高焊缝的抗HIC性能;微观组织观察表明,焊缝金属的组织类型和形态对HIC敏感性也有重要影响,热力学平衡且稳定的细小组织是抗HIC的理想组织。

辅热搅拌摩擦焊X80钢接头组织演变与韧性

【目的】利用搅拌摩擦焊接技术可高质量完成钢铁材料的焊接,但昂贵的搅拌头磨损严重,焊前辅助加热是减轻搅拌头磨损的有效方式。【方法】文中利用控温辅热垫板将X80管线钢焊缝预热至150℃和270℃后采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术进行焊接,并对辅热搅拌摩擦焊接X80管线钢的接头温度变化、组织特征和冲击韧性展开详细研究。【结果】常温和150℃辅热下焊接接头组织相近,主要为板条贝氏体和少量粒状贝氏体,冲击韧性略微升高,270℃辅热下接头组织主要为粗大的粒状贝氏体,冲击韧性下降。在较低的辅热温度下,辅热软化材料使焊接主要热输入搅拌头摩擦产热降低,环境温度升高带来的影响较小,峰值温度降低进而晶粒细化;在较高的辅热温度下,环境温度升高的影响大于搅拌头产热减小的影响,所以峰值温度升高进而晶粒粗化。【结论】焊接时采用较低的辅热温度可获得良好的焊接效果。

基于应变设计X80钢管性能关键影响因素分析及模拟评价

针对基于应变设计管线钢对应变容量的需求,阐述了材料的屈强比、应力比、屈服强度和抗拉强度、均匀延伸率、塑性各向异性等对钢管屈曲应变容量的影响,以及目前在管道材料方面的研究及取得的技术成果。以中石化新疆煤制气外输管道工程为例,对X80M钢级Φ1 219 mm×26.4 mm规格钢管采用数值模拟、性能测试等方法,建立了管道屈曲应变量与力学性能指标的关系式,并采用全尺寸弯曲试验对拟合结果进行了验证,从工程应用角度提出了基于应变设计X80钢管的各项性能指标。结果表明,该项目用管材最小应力比R_(t2.0)/R_(t1.0)为1.033,纵向屈服强度为530~630 MPa,纵向抗拉强度为625~770 MPa,最大屈强比为0.85,最小均匀延伸率为6%。

浅谈X80等级管线钢

随着X80等级管线钢在国内天然气管道中大规模使用,我国X80等级管线钢的生产制造及焊接技术也得到了迅速发展。本文从X80等级管线钢发展历程、X80等级管线钢组织性能及其焊接技术等方面进行简要介绍,并对X80等级管线钢的发展趋势进行展望。