Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation with New Paper and Aged Oil

Oil-paper compound insulation has been widely used in power transformers for quite a long time because of its good performances. The insulation gradually degrades under combined thermal, electrical and chemical stresses during routine operations, mainly because of space charges inside. This work investigated the space charge characteristics in oil-paper insulation under oil aging circumstance. New trans- former oil samples are thermally aged to obtain different aging states, and their physical and chemical properties are analyzed. New Kraft papers are dried in vacuum and fully immersed in these different aged oil samples, and three kinds of oil-paper samples are obtained. We use the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method to measure space charge under both DC voltage-on and voltage-off conditions at room temperature. The effect of oil aging state on characteristics of space charge injection, accumulation, and decay is analyzed and discussed. The results show that comparing with the DC voltage-off condition, more charges are injected into samples at the interface of electrode and dielectric when DC voltage is on. When the oil-aged state gets worse, more charges are induced at both cathode and anode, more space charges are accumulated in the bulk, the area of negative charges is larger, and local electric field is distorted more seriously. Moreover, for the voltage-off condition, aged oil is good for space charge decay, and trapped positive space charges decay faster than trapped negative charges.

Nonlinear Response Analysis for Insulation Diagnosis of Water-tree Aged 10 kV XLPE Cable Using Pulse Voltage

The diagnosis of water trees of cable insulation is of great importance as the water-treeing is a primary cause of aging breakdown for the middle voltage cables. In this paper, it is described how the water-tree-aged 10 kV XLPE cables were diagnosed. The cables were subjected to electrical stress of 5.9 kV/mm and a thermal load cycle in a curved water-filled tube for 3, 6 and 12 months of aging in accor- dance with the accelerated water-tree test method. The aged cables were used as the samples for water-tree diagnosis. First, the water-tree degraded cable, was charged by a DC voltage, and then the cable was grounded while a pulse voltage was applied to it for releasing the space charge trapped in the water trees. The amount of the space charge, which corresponds to the deterioration degree of the water trees, was calculated. The effects of DC voltage amplitude, pulse voltage repetition rate and aging conditions on the amount of the space charge were studied. Obtained results show that the amount of the space charge has a positive correlation with the applied DC voltage and the ag- ing time of the cables, and that a peak value of space charge appears with the increase of the pulse voltage repetition rate. An optimum pulse voltage repetition rate under which the space charge can be released rapidly is obtained. Furthermore, the releasing mechanism of space charge by the pulse voltage is discussed. Accumulated results show that the presented method has a high resolution for the diagnosis of water tree degradation degree and is expected to be applied in practice in future.

高压直流海缆XLPE绝缘空间电荷与电场分布特性研究进展及展望

高压直流海缆是大容量、低损耗、远距离跨海输电的核心装备,是实现规模化海上风电并网、电网跨海互联的关键基础。当前快速增长的海上风电发展需求,要求直流海缆具有更高运行电压、更大容量、更大长度,因此对交联聚乙烯(crosslinked polyethylene,XLPE)电缆绝缘材料提出了更高要求。文中首先综述了国内外高压直流海缆的发展历程,对比分析了XLPE绝缘与绕包绝缘的优势与不足。针对直流海缆绝缘面临的大长度连续挤出过程中的焦烧问题和工厂模塑接头绝缘界面问题,论述了XLPE绝缘焦烧产物和工厂接头绝缘界面缺陷对空间电荷与电场分布的影响规律及机理,介绍了全尺寸直流海缆空间电荷与电场分布特性的有限元仿真和数值计算方法,分析了稳、暂态工况下直流海缆XLPE绝缘空间电荷与电场分布的演变规律,阐明了直流海缆绝缘层厚度对空间电荷与电场分布的影响机理。最后,对直流海缆XLPE绝缘未来的发展进行了展望,指明了高压海缆绝缘国产化亟需解决的关键问题。

Research on the feature extraction of DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation

As the ultra high DC voltage grid comes into an important stage in the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’ of China, the requirement on the operation safety of power equipment needs to be improved. Oil-paper insulation plays a significant role as the main insulation material of many key power equipments. The space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation not only affect the dielectric strength, but also relate to the stability and security of power transmission facilities. Until now, the research on the space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation remains on the stage of objective description and phenomenon explanation, thus it is very urgent to make some feature extractions on the test results in order to further investigate the DC space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation. In this paper, based on the large numbers of test data in the first stage, data mining and feature extractions were performed on the DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation. The variation laws of some key characteristic parameters obtained in different experiment conditions such as the total charge injection amount, apparent charge mobility, and trap energy distribution were analyzed. In addition, the distribution of trapping level inside oil-paper was calculated by using the PEA test results based on the mechanism of the isothermal decay current, which realized the approximate calculation of trap depth by charge decay characteristics. What’s more, the exponential injection and decay equations of DC space charge changing with time were acquired for the first time, and the physical meanings of related parameters were defined. This has laid a foundation for the prediction and simulation of space charge in the oil-paper insulation.

Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation in the Electro-thermal Aging Process

High electric field and temperatures can result in electrical property degradation of oil-paper insulation and accelerate its aging process.This paper describes the regulation of space charge in the process of electro-thermal aging.Electric field distortion and differences in characteristic parameters during electro-thermal aging are analyzed,along with the effects of electro-thermal aging on space charge from the perspective of trap energy.High temperature and an electric field are used to accelerate the aging of oil-paper,and space charge characteristics are measured using the pulsed electro-acoustic(PEA)method throughout the electro-thermal aging.Based on results obtained,it can be concluded that homo-charge injection occurs at the anode and the type of the charge injection at the cathode varies throughout the electro-thermal aging;the decrease of permittivity during aging allows for space charge injection to take place;growth of trap depth makes the space charge accumulate in the middle of the sample;and space charge accumulation after electro-thermal aging results in inner electric field distortion,which leads to large current and decreased breakdown in voltages.

不同温度下XLPE电缆中电树枝的生长特性

为了研究温度对电树枝的引发和生长发展特性的影响,本文针对15kV交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆设计了一套采用金属针缺陷模拟集中电场应力的实验系统。通过在4个不同温度下对交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆进行电树枝生长实验,结果表明,温度对电树枝引发及生长影响显著。在潜伏期,一方面,电荷的注入及自由基的连锁反应因热的作用而加剧;另一方面,在高温下由于分子热运动和自由体积膨胀,聚集态发生了从玻璃态到高弹态的转变从而导致电树枝的引发时间的大大缩短。在生长发展期,XLPE电缆电树枝的分形维数随温度上升并不单调,而是与其聚集态紧密相关。在玻璃化转变温度(θg)以下,电树枝形态由枝状向丛状转变;在玻璃化转变温度(θg)以上,电树枝逐渐稀疏,分形维数减小;电树枝随温度升高有明显加速生长趋势。通过实验研究表明,在集中电场应力下,当XLPE电缆运行温度超过110°C时,即使是短时的电热作用,也会缩短其寿命。

界面涂敷料对XLPE和SIR复合绝缘界面空间电荷特性的影响

电缆附件绝缘用硅橡胶(SIR)易吸收涂覆在附件与电缆绝缘界面的硅脂发生溶胀,从而影响界面电荷特性。硅脂为硅油二次加工产品,为研究溶胀效应对SIR和交联聚乙烯(XLPE)/SIR界面空间电荷分布的影响,采用硅油作为溶胀剂,利用电声脉冲法(PEA)分别测量了硅油溶胀前后的SIR试样和界面涂覆硅油前后XLPE/SIR试样的空间电荷分布,同时还测量了单层XLPE、硅油溶胀前后SIR试样的体积电阻率。研究结果表明:经硅油溶胀后,SIR电阻率降低了约一个数量级;空间电荷测量时,SIR正电荷峰在低场强(6 MV/m)下出现向橡胶体内移位的现象,且溶胀后SIR的正电荷峰移位更明显,但随着场强升高,正电荷峰逐渐回移至原位;溶胀后的SIR在低场强下,负电极侧出现明显的空间电荷注入现象,同时在高场强下负电极侧的异极性电荷积累量较未溶胀时增多;复合界面空间电荷测量中,相比无涂覆情况,复合绝缘界面积累的正电荷量增多,且在30 MV/m的场强下,电荷峰极性显示为正极性。

高压直流XLPE电缆研究现状

介绍了国际高压直流输电电缆绝缘的应用情况,概述了高压直流电缆的空间电荷与直流电缆测试方法的研究情况,展望了高压直流电缆材料及测试技术的发展方向。

Research progress on space charge characteristics in polymeric insulation

Due to their excellent electrical insulation properties and processability,polymer materials are used in many electrical products.It is widely believed that space charge plays an important role for the electric field distribution,conduction,ageing,and electric breakdown of polymeric insulation.This paper reviews measurements and characteristics of space charge behavior which mainly determined by the pulsed electro-acoustic(PEA)measurement technique.Particular interests are the effects of the applied voltage,the electrodes,temperature,humidity,microstructure,additives,and filler materials on accumulation,distribution,transport,and the decay of space charge in polymeric materials.This review paper is to provide an overview on various space charge effects under different conditions,and also to summarize the information for polymeric materials with suppressed space charge and improved electrical behavior.

交联温度对XLPE累积电荷衰减特性的影响

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)中的累积电荷是造成电力电缆局部电场集中、引发电树枝和绝缘击穿事故的重要原因。为考察对保障XLPE电缆的安全运行十分重要的累积电荷的衰减机理,以不同温度交联形成的XLPE薄膜为试样,通过电晕充电法向试样注入电荷,采用静电电位计测量试样表面电位,分析了交联温度对累积电荷衰减特性的影响。结果表明,正、负电荷均呈现非线性衰减特性,正电荷衰减程度高于负电荷;随着交联温度的升高,正、负电荷的衰减速度均先减小后增大。最后得出交联剂过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)在交联过程中分解产生的副产物苯乙酮及水分,是影响电荷衰减特性的主要原因。

直流预压对XLPE中直流接地电树枝引发特性的影响

直流接地电树枝对高压直流电缆绝缘安全构成了严重威胁。为了研究直流预压对交联聚乙烯(XLPE)中直流接地电树枝引发特性的影响,在10 s、5 min和1 h不同预压时间下,对XLPE试样进行了直流接地电树枝引发试验。同时对该材料在不同场强下的空间电荷积累特性进行了测量,并根据空间电荷注入理论及测试结果对直流接地电树枝的引发特性进行了分析说明。研究结果表明:直流预压时间对直流电树枝的引发率影响较小,接地电树枝平均长度随预压时间的增加略有增加,并有饱和的趋势;同时,直流接地电树枝具有明显的极性效应,负极性接地电树枝的50%引发电压(-19.3 kV)明显低于正极性时的引发电压(25.7 kV),且负极性下的平均电树枝长度也明显高于正极性时的电树枝长度。研究结果有助于进一步了解直流电树枝的引发机理,并为今后同类试验参数的选取提供参考。

EAA改性XLPE中空间电荷和电树、水树的关系

以不同含量的EAA(乙烯 丙烯酸共聚物 )改性XLPE(交联聚乙烯 ) ,用电声脉冲法测量了样品中的空间电荷分布。探讨了试样中空间电荷分布与EAA含量的关系 ,找到了抑制空间电荷的最佳含量。同时测出了在直流预压电压下短路电树枝的起始电压。对交流电压下抑制水树枝的产生和成长也做了研究。试验发现 :当试样中含EAA为1.0 %wt时 ,聚乙烯的直流预压短路树枝的起始电压得到提高 ;

含针尖缺陷的XLPE电缆绝缘击穿行为的频率依赖特性研究

研究了在20～300 Hz 频率范围内含针尖缺陷的电缆绝缘试样在变频电压和阻尼振荡波电压作用下的击穿特性,变频击穿采用连续升压和逐级升压两种方式.结果表明：连续升压下的变频击穿电压、逐级升压下的变频击穿电压和阻尼振荡波击穿电压分别在240 Hz、80 Hz 和170 Hz 附近出现最大值.电压形式和电场频率对含针尖缺陷电缆绝缘击穿特性的影响来源于空间电荷的注入及分布特性的差别,这种差别不仅导致击穿电压的不同,还导致击穿的微观路径产生显著变化.

交流电场下XLPE绝缘空间电荷研究综述

XLPE电缆目前广泛地应用于电力系统中,如何评估和预测现场运行电缆的老化及早期劣化的程度,是电缆绝缘状态评估的重要内容,然而这项研究在国内仍是空白。XLPE电缆的制造工艺过程、运行中的过电压和温升以及耐压试验过程都可能造成XLPE电缆绝缘特性的改变,导致绝缘性能下降,形成陷阱,特别是空间电荷的形成,畸变原有电场分布,直接影响XLPE电缆的绝缘特性。大量研究表明,在直流电场下空间电荷危害XLPE电缆绝缘,关于交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘影响的探索较少。综述了交流电场下空间电荷效应对XLPE电缆绝缘影响的相关研究成果,并介绍了测量固体介质空间电荷分布的电声脉冲法,为从空间电荷测量角度研究XLPE电缆绝缘老化程度和状态评估提供了参考。

交流电压下基于空间电荷效应的XLPE电缆绝缘老化研究现状

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆以其优良的机械和电气性能广泛应用于现代电力系统。研究表明,在直流电压作用下绝缘中容易形成空间电荷,导致电场畸变,加速绝缘老化。国内外很少关于交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘影响的研究。本文综述了交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘老化的影响及其作用机理,并介绍了交流电压下测量空间电荷分布的改进的电声脉冲法。结果表明,交流电压下,空间电荷分布特性影响XLPE电缆绝缘老化。

交流XLPE电缆改为直流运行时空间电荷积累特性仿真

将交流电缆线路改为直流运行可以充分利用原有输电线路走廊,最大限度地发挥原有输电线路的输送能力。为研究交流交链聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆在直流电压下的电场分布和空间电荷积累特性,应用COMSOL多物理场仿真软件,模拟了温差为25℃及45℃时电缆绝缘层中的温度场,并基于绝缘试片电导率数学模型,研究了66 kV电压等级交流XLPE电缆在直流电压下的电场分布和空间电荷积累特性。计算结果表明:电缆绝缘层的电场分布和空间电荷积累特性会明显受到温差的影响,当温差为45℃、加压时间为8 h时,低温侧空间电荷密度达0.15C/m^3,此时电场分布发生翻转现象,绝缘层外侧电场强度最大值为6.71 MV/m,该数值低于66 kV电压等级交流电缆绝缘层的电场强度设计值。仿真结果为66 kV电压等级电缆线路的交改直运行奠定了基础。

温度梯度–直流电场长期协同老化下XLPE中的空间电荷特性

为研究实际电缆运行中的温度梯度效应对高压直流交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电缆绝缘长期运行可靠性的影响,采用自制的多组片状试样适用的温度梯度场–直流电场协同老化装置,分别对3种XLPE绝缘料(包括国产XLPE料、纳米改性后的XLPE料、北欧化工产高压直流XLPE料)进行温度梯度场–直流电场协同老化试验。为了进行对比研究,同时对以上3种XLPE绝缘料进行了传统高温场–直流电场协同老化试验。通过电声脉冲法空间电荷测量设备,测量了不同老化时间后(未老化、老化一个月和三个月)三种XLPE试样的空间电荷特性。同时测量了3种XLPE试样老化后的电阻率变化及红外光谱特性。结果表明,高温老化试样中空间电荷在体内均匀分布;而温度梯度老化试样中异极性空间电荷主要聚集在两电极附近。同时3种XLPE电阻率均随老化时间增加而降低,且温度梯度老化试样电阻率低于相同条件下的高温老化试样。另外,国产纳米改性XLPE老化后羰基吸收峰峰值最小,表明其老化程度最低,体内电荷积聚最少。

直流电缆屏蔽料对XLPE绝缘空间电荷的影响

随着交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘直流电缆电压等级的提高,对半导电屏蔽料的质量及可靠性的要求也越来越高。选用了2种国外高电压等级用直流半导电屏蔽料、一种国产较为优秀的半导电屏蔽料和国内XLPE直流电缆绝缘料作为试验材料,测试了3种屏蔽料的热、电性能,屏蔽与绝缘的复合性能,研究了3种屏蔽料对XLPE绝缘空间电荷的影响。通过对试验结果的综合分析,提出了炭黑填充量、炭黑粒径和基体树脂以及界面结合情况是影响半导电屏蔽料体积电阻率和空间电荷注入的关键因素。

XLPE电缆老化状况对绝缘层微观结构的影响

对两条退役110 kV XLPE电缆和一条备用电缆进行试验,利用电声脉冲法(PEA)和X射线衍射技术(XRD)研究了老化状况对XLPE电缆绝缘层微观结构的影响.结果表明:电缆的老化会造成绝缘晶体尺寸减小,结晶度降低,因此其捕获空间电荷的能力增强;老化过程始于电缆最外层,而长时间的老化作用对绝缘中间层的影响更大,中间层可能是击穿的薄弱环节;XLPE电缆绝缘老化使绝缘微观结构从"中间高两端低"转变为"均匀化".

直流预压时间对直流叠加冲击电压下XLPE中电树枝引发特性的影响

为探究直流预压时间对直流叠加冲击电压下电树枝引发特性的影响,在幅值为0、±10 kV预压时间为1、10、60、180min的直流偏置电压下分别叠加±50k V的雷电冲击电压。此外,利用双极性载流子输运模型对复合电压下针尖附近空间电荷及电场分布进行了仿真分析。试验及仿真结果指出,随着直流电压作用时间的增加,复合电压下的电树枝引发长度逐渐增加,介质内部空间电荷浓度及分布范围有所增加,且复合电压下电树枝引发长度与空间电荷浓度、注入深度以及流注发展过程有关。复合电压作用下电树枝引发长度以及直流电压下空间电荷分布特性与所加电压的极性存在紧密联系,正极性冲击电压下电树枝引发长度明显大于负极性;当直流预压时间及幅值相同时,负极性直流预压下空间电荷浓度及分布范围均大于正极性。