Comparison of PCR, DIA and Pathogenicity Assay for Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri,the Causal Agent of Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach based on newly designed primers, JYF5/JYR5, wasapplied for specific detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri(Xac). The efficiencyand reliability of PCR method were compared with dot immunobinding assay (DIA) andclassical pathogenicity test techniques for detecting suspensions of pure cells of Xacand soaking sap of citrus tissues. Detection sensitivity of PCR was about 4.5 cells or1.56 pg target DNA per reaction which was higher than that of DIA (ca. 450 cells per dot).These three techniques (PCR assay, DIA and Pathogenecity test) could always detect Xacfrom symptomatic citrus samples. Different performances were obtained from citrusmaterials without symptoms, and the positive detection frequency was PCR, DIA andpathogenicity test.

DR5 is a Suitable System for Studying the Auxin Response in the Poncirus trifoliata-Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri Interaction

The local auxin distribution characteristics in the roots,stems,and leaves of stably transformed plantlets of trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata)with auxin reporter system DR5::GUS-YFP were elucidated in this research.The auxin response maxima could be observed in the apex of the root tip,primary phloem of the tender stem,and the margin of the young leaves according to the activity of theβ-glucuronidase(GUS)reporter gene triggered by the auxin responsive DR5 promoter.Auxin responses in the apex of the root tips increased when treated with synthetic auxin 1-naphthylacetic acid(NAA),but decreased when treated with the auxin polar transportation inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid(TIBA).These results indicated that the DR5 reporter system worked in P.trifoliata for auxin distribution and response observation.Trifoliate orange is highly susceptible to citrus canker disease.Auxin accumulation was observed visually in the invasion sites of the detached leaves inoculated with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri(Xac)by GUS staining;the upregulated expression of the YFP,GH3.1,GH3.9,and SAUR genes assessed by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)also identified auxin accumulation in the inoculated tissues following Xac infection.Overall,these findings indicated that the plantlets of P.trifoliata engineered with the auxin reporter gene provided a promising system for studying auxin responses during Xac infection.

Identification of New Genes Related to Virulence of <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i>Pv. <i>Citri</i>during Citrus Host Interactions

A mutant library of the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 pathotype A (Xac), the causative agent of most aggressive Asiatic type A citrus canker, was screened regarding altered canker symptoms after inoculations into Citrus sinensis and Citrus limonia host leaves. Twenty-six mutants have shown phenotypic virulence changes and have respectively knocked out gene identified by sequencing. In vivo growth curves were obtained for nine mutants to quantify how the mutations could affect pathogen’s adaptability to growth inside and attack host plant infected tissue. Among identified genes in mutated strains, we could find those that until now had not been reported as being involved in Xac adaptation and/or virulence, such as predicted to encode for xylose repressor-like protein (XACΔxylR), Fe-S oxidoredutase (XACΔaslB), helicase IV (XACΔhelD), ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase iron-sulfur subunit (XACΔpetA), chromosome partitioning protein (XACΔparB) and cell division protein FtsB (XACΔftsB), in addition to genes predicted to encode for hypothetical proteins. The new genes found in this study as being relevant to adaptation and virulence, improve the understanding of Xac fitness during citrus plant attack and canker symptoms development.

EPPO新增A1类检疫性有害生物—Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii主要引起洋葱细菌性叶枯病,是EPPO新增加的A1类有害生物。本文对该菌的分布、寄主、症状、病原、发生规律、传播途径、检测鉴定、防治方法等方面进行了综述。

Molecular-based Integrated Identification of Bacterial Blight(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae) in Anthurium and Detection of Latent Infection

Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae （Xad）, is the most destructive disease of anthurium worldwide, and no effective control technique has been developed currently. The comprehensive survey and precise detection of the pathogen is essential for evaluating disease progress and strengthening management to avoid a serious epidemic. In this study, a total of 253 blight-suspected samples of anthurum and other Araceae species were collected across the country, and 166 potential pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated and purified, after combined analysis on the characteristics of morphology, pathoge- nicity, 16S rDNA sequences and amplicans of Xad-specific SCAR markers. Finally, 93 of which were considered as X. axonopod/s pv. dieffenbachiae. In addition, by using a nested-PCR in repeated detections, 17 out of 21 prevalent anthurium cultivars without blight symptom exhibited latent infection even in young leaves. The results indicated that the anthurium bacterial blight distributed commonly in growing areas in China, and most of the commercial cuhivars had no strong resistance. The identification of Xad infection （latent） would be beneficial for the disease forecasting and management improving in anthttrium production.

Search for a Microsatellite Marker Linked with Resistance Gene to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.malvacearum in Brazilian Cotton

The cotton cultivar DELTAOPAL is resistant under field as well as under glasshouse conditions to the Brazilian isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Xam). Segregating populations derived from the cross between this cultivar and one susceptible cv. BRS ITA 90, were utilized to identify molecular marker linked with the resistance gene to Xam by “Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA)”. Two hundred and twenty microsatellite (Single Sequence Repeat—SSR) primers were tested. The amplification products were visualized in polyacrylamide gels stained with silver nitrate. Only one primer was informative and showed polymorphism between the DNA of the parents and their respective bulks of homozygous F2 populations contrasting for resistance and susceptibility, and hence was used to analyze DNA of 120 F2 populations. The microsatellite primer yielded one band of 80 bp linked with the resistance locus, which was absent in the susceptible parent as well as in the bulk of the homozygous susceptible plants of the cross. The segregation ratio as determined by phenotypic analysis was 3R:1S. It is believed that the microsatellite marker was linked with the resistance locus and hence may offer new perspectives for marker assisted selection against the angular leaf spot disease of cotton. It is however, felt necessary to repeat the microsatellite analysis and make sure that the primer is tightly linked with the resistance locus and at the same time verify the genetic distance between the marker and the resistance locus.

Characterization of Xanthomonas citri pv.citri from China based on spoligotyping

Xanthomonas citri pv.citri(Xcc),a gram-negative bacterium,is the causal agent of citrus canker,one of the most devastating diseases threatening the citrus industry worldwide.Understanding the diversity and population structure of Xcc is a prerequisite for disease epidemiological monitoring and effective disease management.Recent characterization of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/cas(CRISPR-associated proteins genes)system with a highly variable repeat number among species provides a new molecular typing method for bacterial genetic analysis.In this study,we performed systematic in silico analyses of 28 Xcc genomes and identified a credible CRISPR/cas in Xcc strains.Further analysis of CRISPR polymorphisms(repeat number and spacer types)in 129 Xcc A strains collected from six provinces in China identified 15 types of CRISPR arrays with 25 spacers.Phylogenetic analysis of Xcc strains based on the CRISPR locus produced a more reliable and accurate typing result compared to the commonly used loci.In addition,seven associated cas genes—cas1,cas2,cas3,cas4,cas5,cas7(csd2),and cas8(csd1)—were found located adjacent to the CRISPR array.BLAST results showed>99%similarity of seven cas genes among Xcc strains.Homology analysis of spacer sequences showed that six spacers had possible phage/prophage origin.The characterization of the CRISPR/cas system among Xcc strains provided an updated strain typing method for Xcc diversity analysis and yielded a panoramic view of CRISPR evolution for further studies of Xcc-phage interactions.

Characterization of Congolese Strains of <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i>pv. <i>manihotis</i>Associated with Cassava Bacterial Blight

Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis has been reported in several African countries since 1970. Knowledge of the virulence and diversity of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strains is important for an integrated control of CBB. The main objective of the present study was to characterize strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis collected from various regions in the DR-Congo. There was variability among strains for shape (form), contour (margin) and elevation. Bacterial cell size for the strains analyzed varied from 24.1 μm × 11.3 μm to 11.4 μm × 4.2 μm. All the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strains but one was motile. Two distinctive groups were identified based on radial growth of their colonies. The first group grows faster (7.8-10.5 mm/d) compared to the second group (4.8-6.9 mm/d). Five strains (Gandajika, Inera/Stat, Kansasa, Mulumba and Musakatshi) were classified as virulent with a damage rating ≤ 1 and four were aggressive (Luputa, M'vuazi, Boketa and Kiyaka) with a damage rating > 1. Significant differences were also observed among strains for disease onset, incidence and plant mortality. The highest incidence (33%) of bacterial blight 21 days after infestation (DAI) resulted from the Boketa strain inoculation and the lowest (0 % disease incidence) from INERA/STAT and Musakatshi strains. There was no clear association between geographic origin of the strains and their aggressiveness.

绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记杧果细菌性角斑病病原菌及其定殖规律

为研究杧果细菌性角斑病病菌在杧果不同器官组织中的定殖规律。利用电击转化法将质粒pBBR1MCS2-Tac-EGFP导入野油菜黄单胞菌杧果致病变种(Xanthomonas citri pv.mangiferaeindicae)菌株Xcm003中,通过转化子生长表型和外源基因的PCR鉴定,成功获得带绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记的转化子Xcm003-EGFP,采用室内刺伤和盆栽苗灌根接种试验,结合组织学观察法,追踪该病原菌在不同杧果器官组织中的定殖规律。结果表明,病原菌通过伤口侵入杧果果实果皮外层细胞层,随着侵染时间推移,向内层果皮细胞层垂直扩散并定殖,后期病原菌在伤口处大量聚集,出现隆起开裂状病斑。在杧果叶片中,病原菌从伤口侵入叶片上表皮细胞层,随后迁移到叶肉细胞间隙,侵染后期,病原菌在气孔和伤口定殖,造成气孔和伤口堵塞,导致接种点出现黑褐色水浸病斑。盆栽苗灌根后发现,该病原菌可在土壤中定殖,入侵杧果根部,但并不扩散至其他杧果组织,不会为害整株幼苗。说明杧果细菌性角斑病病菌可在不同杧果组织中定殖,但仅表现为局部侵染特性。

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae uses XopL effector to suppress pomegranate immunity

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae （Xap） causing bacterial blight is an important pathogen that incurs significant losses to the exportability of pomegranate. Xap uses the Xop TTSS-effector, via the type three secretion system, to suppress pomegranate immunity. Here, we investigate the role of XopL during blight pathogenesis. We observed that XopL is essential for its in planta growth and full virulence. Leaves inoculated with Xap AxopL produced restricted water-soaked lesions compared to those inoculated with wild-type Xap. XopL supports Xap for its sustained multiplication in pomegranate by suppress- ing the plant cell death （PCD） event. We further demon- strated that XopL suppresses immune responses, such as callose deposition and production of reactive oxygen species （ROS）. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that immune responsive genes were upregulated when challenged with Xap AxopL, whereas upregulation of such genes was compromised in the complemented strain containing the xopL gene. The transiently expressed XopL：：EYFP fusion protein was local- ized to the plasma membrane, indicating the possible site of its action. Altogether, this study highlights that XopL is an important TTSS-effector of Xap that suppresses plant immune responses, including PCD, presumably to support the multiplication of Xap for a sufficient time-period during blight disease development.

柑橘溃疡病生防菌株CQBS03的鉴定及其培养特性研究

【目的】筛选鉴定柑橘溃疡病菌拮抗菌,研究其培养特性及拮抗物质的初步性质,为柑橘溃疡病的生物制剂研制奠定基础。【方法】利用对峙培养法筛选对柑橘溃疡病菌具有良好抑制作用的生防菌,并通过对菌株形态、生理生化特征以及16SrDNA序列分析鉴定其分类地位;以单因素试验和正交设计方法对影响CQBS03菌株抑菌活性物质产生的各种培养条件进行优化;利用硫酸铵沉淀获得抑菌物质粗提物并测定其对温度、蛋白酶及氯仿的敏感性。【结果】经鉴定CQBS03为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。CQBS03抑菌活性成分主要存在于培养液中,能被80%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀,最高可耐受的温度范围为60～70℃;活性成分在280nm处有最大吸收峰,分子量大于10kD,对蛋白酶K和胰蛋白酶稳定,而对氯仿部分敏感。培养特性研究表明,CQBS03最适培养基为YPG液体培养基,抑菌物质产生的最适培养条件为:pH8.0左右,28℃培养72h。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌CQBS03所产生的抑菌物质主要成分是蛋白质,且属于外泌型蛋白;该抑菌蛋白对多种植物病原菌有抑菌作用,尤其对柑橘溃疡病菌抑菌活性高,稳定性好,是一株极具开发潜力的生防菌株。

柑桔溃疡病菌PCR快速检验检疫技术研究

柑桔溃疡病是严重影响全世界柑桔生产的重大检疫性病害,根据柑桔溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri)新近公布的全基因组中独有的保守蛋白基因序列,设计筛选出一对种特异性引物(JYF5/JYR5),能专一地扩增检出柑桔组织表面所带溃疡病菌的DNA靶带(413 bp)。而柑桔叶面附生的非致病性黄单胞菌、野油菜黄单胞菌近缘种以及健康柑桔样品都不能扩增;靶细菌DNA检测下限1.56 pg/μL,靶细菌悬浮液检测下限10 cfu/μL;在不同PCR仪及各种控温方式下都能稳定地扩增出特征性靶带。这一特异、准确的柑桔溃疡病菌PCR检验技术和研制的预包被固相化PCR检测试剂盒已开始用于我国非疫生产区建设中柑桔苗木、果实的病害检疫检验。

3种杀菌剂对柑桔溃疡病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选防治柑桔溃疡病的高效药剂,将23种常见商品杀菌剂分别稀释成200 mg/L,采用喷雾法进行室内抑菌试验,选择3种初筛抑菌效果较好的药剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,噻霉酮、农用链霉素、溴菌腈的抑菌效果较好,其EC50分别为46.59、86.18、102.91 mg/kg,噻霉酮的毒性最强。结合供试药剂有效成分和作用机理的比较,确定农用链霉素效果最佳。

柑橘溃疡病菌的药剂筛选及抗药性分析

柑橘溃疡病是柑橘生产上重要细菌病害,药剂防治是其主要的防治措施.本文通过平板抑菌圈试验,测定了来自广东和江西等地的21个柑橘溃疡病细菌对8种化学药剂的敏感性.结果表明:叶枯唑1 000×、新植霉素2 800×、水合霉素1 300×等3种药剂对供试的21个柑橘溃疡病菌菌株均没有抑菌作用;链霉素、中生菌素、溃疡克星、氢氧化铜.锌和必备等5种药剂对溃疡病菌表现不同程度的抑菌作用,其中,链霉素的抑菌作用最强;部分溃疡病菌株对这5种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性.田间试验结果表明,链霉素、中生菌素对溃疡病防治效果较好.

柑桔溃疡病菌滚环扩增检测体系的建立

根据柑桔溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri,Xac)独有的蛋白基因序列和锁式探针公共连接序列分别设计特异性的锁式探针及其扩增引物,优化系列反应条件,建立了特异性的柑桔溃疡病菌滚环扩增体系。初步检测结果表明该体系能够特异性地检出Xac的菌体细胞及其DNA,而检测不出供试的其它植物病原细菌和柑桔叶面常见的多种附生细菌;对Xac靶片段克隆质粒DNA的检测灵敏度为102copy/μL,对Xac菌悬液的检测灵敏度为20cfu/μL,比常规PCR的检测灵敏度稍高。用滚环扩增技术和常规PCR技术对田间采集的实际样品进行了检测,两种方法的检测结果没有显著差异(P>0.01)。由于锁式探针的公共连接序列对扩增的条件要求一致,本体系的建立可以为植物病原微生物多靶标检测和病害检疫检验提供新的技术支撑。

PCR、DIA与致病性测定法检测柑桔溃疡病菌的比较

依据柑桔溃疡病菌全基因组序列的独有保守区域设计筛选出的特异性引物对JYF5/JYR5,用于柑桔溃疡病菌的PCR检测,具有很好的检测特异性、灵敏度和稳定性。同时比较了PCR与DIA(斑点免疫结合技术)及传统的致病性测定法在检测灵敏度、稳定性及田间样品检出率等方面的差异。结果表明,PCR的检测灵敏度可达103～104cfu·ml-1(每个反应体积约10个细菌),明显高于DIA(104～105cfu·ml-1,每个样点约300个细菌);PCR、DIA和致病性测定法检测田间显症样品的检出率均可达到100%,而检测柑桔无症样品的检出率依次降低。此外,通过排除PCR抑制物质和在PCR反应体系中加入终浓度为15%的甘油,有效地降低了检测中存在的假阴性。

柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP及快速LAMP检测方法的建立

建立柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测方法,使其能应用于基层检验检疫部门对病害的快速检测。利用柑橘溃疡病菌基因组特有的保守区域设计LAMP引物,通过优化反应条件,建立柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP检测体系;在普通LAMP引物的基础上设计一对环引物,建立柑橘溃疡病菌的快速LAMP检测体系,并以多种参比菌DNA以及健康柑橘叶片基因组DNA为模板对普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测体系的特异性进行了验证,利用柑橘溃疡病菌菌液和DNA溶液梯度稀释液对普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测体系的灵敏度进行了验证。普通LAMP检测体系菌体和DNA检测灵敏度分别达到了2.25×104cfu和2.03×10-1 ng,快速LAMP检测体系菌体和DNA检测灵敏度分别达到了2.25cfu和2.03×10-5 ng。在特异性测试中,普通LAMP检测体系与快速LAMP检测体系均仅对柑橘溃疡病菌进行扩增,对非靶标菌和柑橘叶片基因组DNA不产生扩增,普通LAMP与快速LAMP检测体系特异性测试结果一致。快速LAMP检测体系在0.5h内就可以达到普通LAMP检测体系的扩增量,是普通LAMP检测体系反应时间的一半,大大提高了检测的效率;快速LAMP检测体系菌悬液和DNA检测灵敏度均比普通LAMP检测体系提高了10 000倍。成功地建立了柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP及快速LAMP检测方法,为柑橘溃疡病菌的检测提供了一种新的简便、快速的检测手段。

柑橘溃疡病生防内生细菌的筛选、鉴定及其活性代谢产物的稳定性

通过皿内检测和离体叶片法筛选到一株柑橘溃疡病生防内生细菌GN232,对其进行了分类鉴定,并对其抗细菌活性代谢产物的特性进行了研究。形态特征、培养特性、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析表明,该内生细菌为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis subsp.subtilis);发酵滤液活性测定结果表明,菌株GN232抗细菌活性代谢产物在中性环境下稳定,对温度不敏感,紫外线照射25 min后发酵滤液抑菌活性降低,胰蛋白酶对发酵滤液活性无明显影响;此外,该菌株发酵上清液和农用链霉素混用后对溃疡病菌的抑制效果较单独发酵滤液、农用链霉素的抑菌效果分别提高26.8%和20.7%。

菜豆普通细菌性疫病病原菌鉴定

【目的】明确中国北方地区菜豆普通细菌性疫病病原菌。【方法】应用菌落特征、油菜黄单胞菌菜豆变种诊断试剂检测、致病性测定、16S rDNA和16S-23S rDNA ITS序列分析、特异PCR检测、脂肪酸分析及生理生化反应特征对病原菌分离物进行鉴定。【结果】从病害样品和菜豆种子样品中均分离到类似黄单胞杆菌的细菌分离物,选取25个代表分离物进行致病性测定,有24个分离物在菜豆品种"英国红"上导致典型菜豆普通细菌性疫病症状。结合16S rDNA及16S-23S rDNA ITS序列比对分析、特异性PCR检测及生理生化反应的结果,24个分离物中7株被鉴定为地毯草黄单胞菌菜豆变种,17株为褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种。【结论】中国北方地区发生的菜豆普通细菌性疫病由地毯草黄单胞菌菜豆变种或(和)褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种引起;褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种在中国属首次报道。

木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌的LAMP快速检测方法

建立了一种木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌的环介导恒温扩增快速检测方法,为木薯细菌性萎蔫病的快速检测提供有力的技术支持。针对木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌TAL效应器蛋白质(pthBXam)靶序列的6个位点设计4条特异性引物,并对反应温度和内引物浓度等参数进行了优化,设计的引物与试验中提供的其他黄单胞近缘种都没有扩增反应,表现了较好的特异性。LAMP方法对木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌菌株DNA的检测下限为1pg/μL,比常规PCR灵敏度高100倍。该方法采用SYBR Green I染料法对扩增产物闭管检测,裸眼观察颜色变化判断反应结果,能快速、准确地对田间样品进行检测,没有出现假阳性和假阴性。与其他检测方法相比,LAMP方法检测时间短,效率高,降低了设备投入,易于操作,适合木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌的现场检疫和大规模监测。