黄单胞菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.raphani 756C中Ⅵ型分泌蛋白的生物信息学分析

为明确黄单胞菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.raphani 756C(Xcr)中存在的Ⅵ型分泌蛋白(Tss)数量及其所具有的信号肽、保守motif等信息以及该菌中Tss与其他病菌中同源序列之间的遗传关系,利用关键词对Xcr蛋白质数据库进行搜索,并对Xcr中Tss氨基酸序列开展信号肽、跨膜结构域以及保守基序(motif)的生物信息学分析,同时,对Xcr中所含有的Tss与其他病原菌中同源序列之间的遗传关系进行分析。明确Xcr中存在3个Tss,分别命名为TssA、TssB、TssC,上述Tss均含有高于50%比例的!螺旋结构,均定位在细胞膜上以及具有3个保守motif,而就信号肽而言,仅TssC含有明显的信号肽序列。Xcr中的Tss与Xcc、Xca等黄单胞菌属病菌中的Tss具有较近的亲缘关系。

水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.Oryzicola Dye)的致病力变异和菌系鉴别

1988-1991年,从福建省内外收集和分离了161个菌株,用针刺接种法,先后在25个水稻品种上进行了病菌致病力的测定.根据从中选择的17个水稻品种对选择的16个菌株所做的试验结果表明,稻条斑病菌菌株间存在明显的致病力差异,而且这种差异是数量性的.1991年,根据125个菌株对选择的4个鉴别品种的侵染反应,将这些菌株划分为致病力强弱不同的4个菌群.0群菌致病力退化;Ⅰ群菌致病力弱;Ⅱ群菌致病力中等;Ⅲ群菌致病力最强.其中Ⅱ和Ⅲ群菌占优势,在福建省34个县市已有分布.

Comparison of Positions of QTLs Conferring Resistance to <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i>pv. <i>campestris</i>in <i>Brassica oleracea</i>

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is possibly the most important disease of Brassica worldwide. To compare chromosomal positions of Xcc resistance loci in Brassica oleracea between the present and published studies and to develop marker assisted selection (MAS) to resistance against Xcc race 1, we constructed a B. oleracea map, including pW, pX and BoCL markers that were closely linked to previously reported Xcc resistance QTLs. We also analyzed Xcc resistance QTLs by improving our previously reported map derived from the cross of a susceptible double-haploid line (GC P09) with a resistant double-haploid line (Reiho P01). In the nine linkage groups obtained (C1-C9), the major QTL, XccBo(Reiho)2, was derived from Reiho with a maximum LOD score (7.7) in C8. The QTL (LOD 4.4) located in C9, XccBo(GC)1 was derived from the susceptible GC. The other QTL (LOD 4.4), XccBo(Reiho)1, was found in C5. Based on common markers, it was possible to compare our finding Xcc resistance QTLs with the B. oleraceaXcc loci reported by previous authors;XccBo(Reiho)1 and XccBo(GC)1 may be identical to the Xcc resistance QTLs reported previously or a different member contained in the same resistance gene cluster. Our map includes public SSR markers linked to Xcc resistance genes that will promote pyramiding Xcc resistance genes in B. oleracea. The present study will also contribute to a better understanding of genetic control of Xcc resistance.

Comparison of PCR, DIA and Pathogenicity Assay for Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri,the Causal Agent of Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach based on newly designed primers, JYF5/JYR5, wasapplied for specific detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri(Xac). The efficiencyand reliability of PCR method were compared with dot immunobinding assay (DIA) andclassical pathogenicity test techniques for detecting suspensions of pure cells of Xacand soaking sap of citrus tissues. Detection sensitivity of PCR was about 4.5 cells or1.56 pg target DNA per reaction which was higher than that of DIA (ca. 450 cells per dot).These three techniques (PCR assay, DIA and Pathogenecity test) could always detect Xacfrom symptomatic citrus samples. Different performances were obtained from citrusmaterials without symptoms, and the positive detection frequency was PCR, DIA andpathogenicity test.

棉花病菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.malvacearum的一种具特异肽键专一性的胞外蛋白酶的纯化与鉴定

棉花病原体Xanthomonas campestris pv.malvacearum在酪蛋白(脱脂奶)存在下生长时产生胞外蛋白酶活性,其中至少包含3种蛋白酶,表观分子量分别为29(蛋白酶-1)、38和43kD。 蛋白酶-1被纯化,其最适pH在5.5～7.5之间。抑制研究表明蛋白酶-1可被Phosphoramidone、EDTA及1,10-邻二氮杂菲抑制,然后用锌离子温育重新激活,说明这是一个金属蛋白酶。发现蛋白酶-1特异地裂解肽链的天冬氨酸残基或半胱氯酸残基的氨基端侧,这种高度的肽键专一性预示这个酶在蛋白质链顺序分析中及由较大蛋白质制备特定多肽方面可能十分有用。

DR5 is a Suitable System for Studying the Auxin Response in the Poncirus trifoliata-Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri Interaction

The local auxin distribution characteristics in the roots,stems,and leaves of stably transformed plantlets of trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata)with auxin reporter system DR5::GUS-YFP were elucidated in this research.The auxin response maxima could be observed in the apex of the root tip,primary phloem of the tender stem,and the margin of the young leaves according to the activity of theβ-glucuronidase(GUS)reporter gene triggered by the auxin responsive DR5 promoter.Auxin responses in the apex of the root tips increased when treated with synthetic auxin 1-naphthylacetic acid(NAA),but decreased when treated with the auxin polar transportation inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid(TIBA).These results indicated that the DR5 reporter system worked in P.trifoliata for auxin distribution and response observation.Trifoliate orange is highly susceptible to citrus canker disease.Auxin accumulation was observed visually in the invasion sites of the detached leaves inoculated with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri(Xac)by GUS staining;the upregulated expression of the YFP,GH3.1,GH3.9,and SAUR genes assessed by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)also identified auxin accumulation in the inoculated tissues following Xac infection.Overall,these findings indicated that the plantlets of P.trifoliata engineered with the auxin reporter gene provided a promising system for studying auxin responses during Xac infection.

Using Moringa oleifera Extracts to Control Blackrot （Xanthomonas campestris）in Field Grown Rape （Brassica napus）

The leaf, bark and seed extracts ofMoringa oleifera were evaluated for their efficacy under field conditions in suppressing Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in rape （Brassica napus. L.）. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is an important bacterial pathogen of agricultural importance causing devastating black rot disease of Brassicas. Three extracts concentrations of 60, 100 and 140% were sprayed as foliar applications weekly and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by recording number of totally defoliated plants. The three extracts showed significant effect against the test pathogen （p 〉 0.05）. The antibacterial activity of seed extract demonstrated higher activity against the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris as evidenced by lower mean leaf defoliation of 1.59 cm followed by bark （2.58 cm） and lastly leaf extracts （2.96 cm） （p 〈 0.05）. There were no significant differences based on the concentration levels used. Observations revealed that 100% and 140% levels were not significantly different from each other on enhancing growth of the stem diameter. Moringa seed at 60% concentration level can be used to enhance growth of rape. The conclusion is that Moringa seed extracts can be effectively implemented to suppress Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pathogen in field grown rape in an integrated disease control program.

Characterization of Xanthomonas citri pv.citri from China based on spoligotyping

Xanthomonas citri pv.citri(Xcc),a gram-negative bacterium,is the causal agent of citrus canker,one of the most devastating diseases threatening the citrus industry worldwide.Understanding the diversity and population structure of Xcc is a prerequisite for disease epidemiological monitoring and effective disease management.Recent characterization of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/cas(CRISPR-associated proteins genes)system with a highly variable repeat number among species provides a new molecular typing method for bacterial genetic analysis.In this study,we performed systematic in silico analyses of 28 Xcc genomes and identified a credible CRISPR/cas in Xcc strains.Further analysis of CRISPR polymorphisms(repeat number and spacer types)in 129 Xcc A strains collected from six provinces in China identified 15 types of CRISPR arrays with 25 spacers.Phylogenetic analysis of Xcc strains based on the CRISPR locus produced a more reliable and accurate typing result compared to the commonly used loci.In addition,seven associated cas genes—cas1,cas2,cas3,cas4,cas5,cas7(csd2),and cas8(csd1)—were found located adjacent to the CRISPR array.BLAST results showed>99%similarity of seven cas genes among Xcc strains.Homology analysis of spacer sequences showed that six spacers had possible phage/prophage origin.The characterization of the CRISPR/cas system among Xcc strains provided an updated strain typing method for Xcc diversity analysis and yielded a panoramic view of CRISPR evolution for further studies of Xcc-phage interactions.

Isolation and Characterization of a Phytotoxin from Xanthomonas campestris pv. retroflexus

A phytotoxin from Xanthomonas campestris pv. retroflexus was isolated using a chromatographer and HPLC, and the components were identified to be a mixture of minor molecular compounds including organic acids and cyclo-（proline-phenylalanine）. The greenhouse cultivation test was used to determine the influence of the isolated fractions on the growth of target weed redroot pigweed （Amaranthus retroflexus L）. The experimental results demonstrated that the cyclo-（Pro-Phe） had the weed inhibit activity obviously on dicotyledonous weed and the mixture with six organic acids showed stronger bioactivity. Further, greenhouse and field test were processed, and the test showed that the use of the toxin appeared to have the potential to be developed further as a bioherbicide system to control weedy grasses.

iTRAQ proteomics reveals the regulatory response to Xanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria in resistant vs.susceptible pepper genotypes

Bacterial spot(BS)is a severe bacterial disease induced by Xanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria(Xcv),a pathogen that causes serious damage to pepper growth and yield.It is therefore important to study the mechanisms of pepper resistance to Xcv and to breed and promote Xcvresistant pepper varieties.However,studies of the responses to Xcv infection in peppers at the protein level are limited.Here,we examined Xcv-induced proteomic changes in leaves of the BS susceptible bell pepper ECW and the resistant bell pepper VI037601 using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)-based protein labeling technology.A total of 6,120 distinct proteins were identified,and there were 1,289 significantly differentially accumulated proteins(DAPs)in ECW and VI037601 leaves after Xcv inoculation.Among these,339(250up-and 89 down-regulated)and 479(300 up-and 179 down-regulated)DAPs were specifically identified in ECW and VI037601,respectively,with 459(364 up-and 95 down-regulated)similarly expressed DAPs being shared by ECW and VI037601.Based on bioinformatics analysis,many defense-associated proteins were identified as up-regulated in ECW and VI037601,especially the proteins involved in plant-pathogen interaction,phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum,and MAPK signaling pathway-plant.Moreover,we evaluated transcript levels of six differentially expressed genes from the iTRAQ results by q RT-PCR.The analysis revealed transcriptional changes that were consistent with the changes at the protein level.This study will provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular basis of pepper resistance to Xcv infection and for improving the disease resistance of pepper cultivars.

Characterization of Chinese Isolates of Mango Bacterial Canker Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae

Mango bacterial canker is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. During 2009 and 2013,leaves,twigs and fruits of mango were collected from commercial and experimental mango fields with typical canker symptoms in Hainan,Guangxi,Guangdong and Szechwan Provinces of China. The causal agent was identified as X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae through KC semi-selective medium isolation,pathogenicity tests,and sequencing of the gyrB gene.

绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记杧果细菌性角斑病病原菌及其定殖规律

为研究杧果细菌性角斑病病菌在杧果不同器官组织中的定殖规律。利用电击转化法将质粒pBBR1MCS2-Tac-EGFP导入野油菜黄单胞菌杧果致病变种(Xanthomonas citri pv.mangiferaeindicae)菌株Xcm003中,通过转化子生长表型和外源基因的PCR鉴定,成功获得带绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记的转化子Xcm003-EGFP,采用室内刺伤和盆栽苗灌根接种试验,结合组织学观察法,追踪该病原菌在不同杧果器官组织中的定殖规律。结果表明,病原菌通过伤口侵入杧果果实果皮外层细胞层,随着侵染时间推移,向内层果皮细胞层垂直扩散并定殖,后期病原菌在伤口处大量聚集,出现隆起开裂状病斑。在杧果叶片中,病原菌从伤口侵入叶片上表皮细胞层,随后迁移到叶肉细胞间隙,侵染后期,病原菌在气孔和伤口定殖,造成气孔和伤口堵塞,导致接种点出现黑褐色水浸病斑。盆栽苗灌根后发现,该病原菌可在土壤中定殖,入侵杧果根部,但并不扩散至其他杧果组织,不会为害整株幼苗。说明杧果细菌性角斑病病菌可在不同杧果组织中定殖,但仅表现为局部侵染特性。

Identification of New Genes Related to Virulence of <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i>Pv. <i>Citri</i>during Citrus Host Interactions

A mutant library of the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 pathotype A (Xac), the causative agent of most aggressive Asiatic type A citrus canker, was screened regarding altered canker symptoms after inoculations into Citrus sinensis and Citrus limonia host leaves. Twenty-six mutants have shown phenotypic virulence changes and have respectively knocked out gene identified by sequencing. In vivo growth curves were obtained for nine mutants to quantify how the mutations could affect pathogen’s adaptability to growth inside and attack host plant infected tissue. Among identified genes in mutated strains, we could find those that until now had not been reported as being involved in Xac adaptation and/or virulence, such as predicted to encode for xylose repressor-like protein (XACΔxylR), Fe-S oxidoredutase (XACΔaslB), helicase IV (XACΔhelD), ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase iron-sulfur subunit (XACΔpetA), chromosome partitioning protein (XACΔparB) and cell division protein FtsB (XACΔftsB), in addition to genes predicted to encode for hypothetical proteins. The new genes found in this study as being relevant to adaptation and virulence, improve the understanding of Xac fitness during citrus plant attack and canker symptoms development.

柑桔溃疡病菌PCR快速检验检疫技术研究

柑桔溃疡病是严重影响全世界柑桔生产的重大检疫性病害,根据柑桔溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri)新近公布的全基因组中独有的保守蛋白基因序列,设计筛选出一对种特异性引物(JYF5/JYR5),能专一地扩增检出柑桔组织表面所带溃疡病菌的DNA靶带(413 bp)。而柑桔叶面附生的非致病性黄单胞菌、野油菜黄单胞菌近缘种以及健康柑桔样品都不能扩增;靶细菌DNA检测下限1.56 pg/μL,靶细菌悬浮液检测下限10 cfu/μL;在不同PCR仪及各种控温方式下都能稳定地扩增出特征性靶带。这一特异、准确的柑桔溃疡病菌PCR检验技术和研制的预包被固相化PCR检测试剂盒已开始用于我国非疫生产区建设中柑桔苗木、果实的病害检疫检验。

柑橘溃疡病生防菌株CQBS03的鉴定及其培养特性研究

【目的】筛选鉴定柑橘溃疡病菌拮抗菌,研究其培养特性及拮抗物质的初步性质,为柑橘溃疡病的生物制剂研制奠定基础。【方法】利用对峙培养法筛选对柑橘溃疡病菌具有良好抑制作用的生防菌,并通过对菌株形态、生理生化特征以及16SrDNA序列分析鉴定其分类地位;以单因素试验和正交设计方法对影响CQBS03菌株抑菌活性物质产生的各种培养条件进行优化;利用硫酸铵沉淀获得抑菌物质粗提物并测定其对温度、蛋白酶及氯仿的敏感性。【结果】经鉴定CQBS03为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。CQBS03抑菌活性成分主要存在于培养液中,能被80%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀,最高可耐受的温度范围为60～70℃;活性成分在280nm处有最大吸收峰,分子量大于10kD,对蛋白酶K和胰蛋白酶稳定,而对氯仿部分敏感。培养特性研究表明,CQBS03最适培养基为YPG液体培养基,抑菌物质产生的最适培养条件为:pH8.0左右,28℃培养72h。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌CQBS03所产生的抑菌物质主要成分是蛋白质,且属于外泌型蛋白;该抑菌蛋白对多种植物病原菌有抑菌作用,尤其对柑橘溃疡病菌抑菌活性高,稳定性好,是一株极具开发潜力的生防菌株。

细菌除草剂黄单胞菌反枝苋致病菌的筛选

从杂草反枝苋根际土壤中分离到大量的根际细菌 ,利用谷氨酰胺合成酶抑制剂模型和蛋白核小球藻筛选模型进行快速、高效的初筛 ,并结合温室盆栽复筛 ,筛选出一株具有较强除草活性的细菌 野油菜黄单胞菌反枝苋致病变种。温室盆栽试验表明 ,该黄单胞菌对反枝苋、荠菜等双子叶杂草具有较强的抑制作用。

3种杀菌剂对柑桔溃疡病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选防治柑桔溃疡病的高效药剂,将23种常见商品杀菌剂分别稀释成200 mg/L,采用喷雾法进行室内抑菌试验,选择3种初筛抑菌效果较好的药剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,噻霉酮、农用链霉素、溴菌腈的抑菌效果较好,其EC50分别为46.59、86.18、102.91 mg/kg,噻霉酮的毒性最强。结合供试药剂有效成分和作用机理的比较,确定农用链霉素效果最佳。

柑橘溃疡病菌的药剂筛选及抗药性分析

柑橘溃疡病是柑橘生产上重要细菌病害,药剂防治是其主要的防治措施.本文通过平板抑菌圈试验,测定了来自广东和江西等地的21个柑橘溃疡病细菌对8种化学药剂的敏感性.结果表明:叶枯唑1 000×、新植霉素2 800×、水合霉素1 300×等3种药剂对供试的21个柑橘溃疡病菌菌株均没有抑菌作用;链霉素、中生菌素、溃疡克星、氢氧化铜.锌和必备等5种药剂对溃疡病菌表现不同程度的抑菌作用,其中,链霉素的抑菌作用最强;部分溃疡病菌株对这5种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性.田间试验结果表明,链霉素、中生菌素对溃疡病防治效果较好.

TAIL-PCR方法快速分离Xcc致病相关基因序列

以mini Tn5gfp km转座子中nptII片段作为探针 ,对已获得的五株野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜黑腐病致病型(Xcc)非致病突变体进行了Southernblot分析 ,结果表明 ,这五株突变体确由mini Tn5gfp km转座子插入致病相关基因所致 ,且为单拷贝不同位点的插入。提取这五株突变体总DNA作为模板 ,采用改进的热不对称交错PCR (TAIL PCR)方法从其中克隆到了各自转座子插入区侧翼序列 ,对这些侧翼序列进行了序列测定并将分析结果与GenBankdatabase及Xcc全基因组序列做了比较 ,结果表明 ,五个侧翼序列所在的基因确与Xcc致病性有关。这种改进后的TAIL

柞蚕抗菌肽对柑桔黄龙病及溃疡病病原菌的杀菌作用

首次报道柞蚕（Ａｎｔｈｅｒａｅａｐｅｒｎｙｉ）抗菌肽对柑桔黄龙病病原类细菌（ＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｌｌｉｋｅＯｒｇａｎｉｓｍ，ＢＬＯ）及溃疡病黄单胞菌（ＸａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓＰＶｃｉｔｒｉＤｙｅ）的杀菌作用，分别在平板培养基上用孔穴法注入５—１０μｌ免疫血淋巴，则出现明显的抑菌圈。用纯化的抗菌肽１０μｇ／ｍｌ处理ＢＬＯ及Ｘ．ｃｉｔｒｉ２０─６０ｍｉｎ，用电镜及激光共焦扫描显微镜观察到病原菌细胞膜的损坏、内容物泄出乃至死亡的过程，对抗菌肽的杀菌机理进行了讨论。