A Pragmatic Analysis of Public Signs in Chinese-English Translation——Based on the Example of Shaoguan National Forest Park

With the rapid development of economy and close international exchanges, the English translation of public signs is in-creasingly important and cannot be ignored. This paper takes Shaoguan National Forest Park as an example to analyze its publicsigns translation and points out some pragmatic failures from two aspects:pragmatic language failures and social pragmatic failures.Also, the paper puts forward some suggestions based on the translation error analysis.

Tourism management in national parks:Sumava and Bayerischer Wald(Bavarian Forest)in the Czech-German borderland

Along the Czech-German border there are four national parks,two Czech and two German,arranged in cross-border‘pairs’.This article focuses on the southern‘pair’formed by the parks of?umava and Bayerischer Wald(Bavarian Forest).The aim is to evaluate and compare tourism organization in their areas,taking into account selected aspects of management:the network of hiking trails with its related infrastructure,transport accessibility,a typology of tourist centers,as well as directions and destinations of tourist movements.Based on the results,it can be concluded that the availability of geographical space for tourists is much greater in the German than in the Czech national park,and the tourism infrastructure is clearly more extensive there,including the network of tourist trails.This is mainly due to the longer and fairly uninterrupted development of tourism in this area.?umava National Park can be identified as a model in terms of how to adjust the directions of tourist movements and the layout of the tourist trail network to the needs of natural environment.On the basis of observations in both national parks,it is possible to indicate various solutions that,after appropriate adaptation,may bring benefits to other protected areas.

Predicting upslope expansion of sub-alpine forest in the Makalu Barun National Park, Eastern Nepal, with a hybrid cartographic model

The natural upper boundary of a forest（forest line） in mountain environments is an indicator of climate conditions. An increase in global average temperatures has resulted in an upward advance of the forest line. This advance may result in fragmentation of the alpine ecosystem and a loss of biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to identify potential areas where current forests can advance under scenarios of future climate change. I used expert knowledge and cartographic modeling to create a hybrid cartographic model considering five topographic variables to predict areas where forest line can expand in the future.The prediction accuracy of the model is around 82%. The model is able to predict areas above the current forest line that are suitable or unsuitable for future forest advance.Further inclusion of high-resolution satellite imagery and digital elevation models, as well as field-based information into the model can help to improve the model accuracy.

Exploring Potential of REDD+ Readiness with Social Safeguard through Diverse Forest Use Practices in Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Implementation is expected to be a measure for sustainable forest management by providing benefit for forest users based on their efforts. Without careful attention for the social safeguard, the mechanism of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation with forest management (REDD+) might cause negative impact such as depriving of customary forest use rights under unclear tenure and forest use rights typical in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore how REDD+ Safeguard can be applied in readiness activities by analyzing practical forest use situations in a conservation forest, the Gunung Palung National Park as study site. From the results of the questionnaire survey and interviews, characteristics of forest users were identified and compared. The households, mostly Malays, practicing traditional durian collection, were recognized as main forest users depending on on-farm income especially from non-timber forest product (NTFP). Since the income structure is relatively low and unstable, some of them practice farming in forest area or sell their forest use rights to other households. They are inclined to be lack in legal farm land and certain forest use rights. Based on the findings, consideration for diverse forest users and potential readiness activities were discussed and proposed. For achieving REDD+ implementation with sustainable forest management and social safeguard, it will be necessary to respect for customary rights and take comprehensive measures as readiness efforts.

An Empirical Research on Satisfaction of Tourism Public Service in National Forest Park

In recent years,leisure individual travel has become a trend of tourism development.Visitors are highly dependent on the public service system of scenic spots.The educational circles at home and abroad are paying more and more attention to the study of tourism public services.Based on the theory of tourist satisfaction evaluation,this paper made an empirical study on the tourism public service system of Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.It was found that there was a contradiction between the demand for tourism public services and the actual supply in Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.Based on this,some measures were put forward,such as strengthening the construction of tourist information signs in scenic spots,strengthening the construction of communication facilities and convenient services for tourists,strengthening the training and supervision of service practitioners,and construction of organizations for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of tourists.

Contribution of non-timber forest products to the livelihoods of the forest-dependent communities around the Khadimnagar National Park in northeastern Bangladesh

Non-timber forest products(NTFPs)play a significant role in the improvement of the forest-dependent people’s livelihoodsaround the world,strengthening protection for the sustainable use of forests.The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of occupational category-wise(fuelwood collectors,farmers,small-scale businessmen,day labourers,and tea estate labourers)dependencyon NTFPsand the role of NTFPs on household income around the Khadimnagar National Park(KNP)in northeastern Bangladesh.In 2014,178purposively selected respondents from four villages(out of 22 villagesaround the KNP)were interviewed face-to-face using a semi-structured questionnaire.The study observed that these forest-dependent communities utilized resources of the KNP mainly for domestic energy supply,household income,and house construction.Results showed that income from NTFPs made a significant contribution to family income.Income data analysis indicated that small-scale businessmen earned relatively more income from NTFPs,followed by tea estate labourersand day labourers.The study revealed significant negative relationships of the distance of households from the forest with the amount of NTFPs collected(P<0.01)and monthly income from NTFPs(P<0.01).Positive significant relationships were found between the amount of NTFPs collected and the time spent in NTFP collection(P<0.001),as well as betweenmonthly income from NTFPs and family size(P<0.001).The fuelwood collectors and farmers collected significantly greater amounts of NTFPs per trip(P<0.001)than other occupational categories.The households that were moderately to highly dependent on NTFPs collected significantly higher amounts of NTFPs pertrip(P<0.01)than the households that were moderately dependent and less dependent on NTFPs.Community dependence on KNP’sresources,community’sappreciation of the KNP’s ecosystem services for villagers’livelihoods,and community’s high levels of concern for forest conservation provided a foundation for the sustainable management of the KNP.The study findings will be useful for designing an effective forest management plan and policy for NTFP management and forest conservation with the active involvement of the forest-dependent people in northeastern Bangladesh.

Plant Diversity of Maoershan National Forest Park

There are a wide variety of wild plants in Maoershan National Forest Park.According to a fiveyear survey,the plants are found to include 557 species belonging to 116 families and 335 genera.There are 10 dominant families,such as Asteraceae,Ranunculaceae,Rosaceae,Fabaceae,and Chenopodiaceae,including 251 species,accounting for 46.06% of the total.There are 9 dominant genera,such as Polygonum,Potentilla ,Viola ,Artemisia ,and Corydalis ,which include 82 species of plants,accounting for 14.72% of the total.This study statistically analyzed the diversity and function of plants in the park and classified useful plants to provide a basis for the conservation and development of plant resources in Maoershan National Forest Park.

Touristic Ecological Footprint of Jiufeng National Forest Park in Beijing Based on Component Method

This paper,based on the ecological footprint component method,calculated the touristic ecological footprint of Jiufeng National Forest Park in Beijing.The results showed that in 2013,in Jiufeng National Forest Park,the total touristic ecological footprint was 183.08 hm2,the total ecological capacity was 225.16 hm2,the total touristic ecological surplus was 42.07 hm2,and the average touristic ecological surplus was 0.000 4 hm2 per capita,indicating that tourism in Jiufeng National Forest Park was in ecological surplus and ecological security.However,forest parks in Beijing at large were in ecological deficit.This paper suggested that the tourist flow volume of forest parks with a big ecological deficit should be moved to forest parks with an ecological surplus.Besides,forest parks are expected to strengthen the development and management,improve the availability of forest recreation resource,and promote the environmental protection awareness of tourists,so as to boost the sustainable development of forest park tourism.

Diversity of mushrooms in Dry Dipterocarp forest at Phuphan National Park, Sakon Nakhon Province

The purposes of this study were, 1) to study the variety of mushrooms grown in the Dry Dipterocarp forest during the year 2008-2009 by Releve method, 2) to study the relationship between ShoreasiamensisMiq. And Ectomycorrhizal of the Amanitaceae and the Belotaceae families, and 3) study the sequencesof DNAsinsome types of mushrooms in the Amanitaceae and the Balotaceae families by the PCR method. The findings of the study were as thefollowings: First, they were totally 34 types of mush-rooms found in Dry Dipterocarp forest at the Phuphan National Park during the studying period, 2008- 2009. There were 26 types found in both years Amanita hemibapha subsp. javanica Corner & Bas, A. princeps Corner & Bas, A. umbrinolutea (Secr. ex Gillet) Bataille, Termi-tomycesmicro- carpus (Berk. & Br.) R. Heim, T. perforans Heim, T. striatus f. griseus Heim, Boletellusananas (M. A. Curtis) Murrill, B. grisei-purpureus Cor., B. edulis Bull. ex Fr., B. luridus Schaeffer ex Fr., AlpovatrappeiFogel, Can-tharelluscibarius Fries, Craterellusaureus Berk. & Curis, Astraeushygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan, Lactariusaquifluus Peck, L. glaucescens Crossl., L. piperatus (Scop. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray, L. vellereus (Fr.) Fr., L. virescens Fr., R. densifolia (Secr.) Gill, R. emetica (Schaeff. & Fr.) S.F. Gray., R. xelempelina (Schaeff.) Fr., R. foetens (Pers.) Fr., R. rosacea (Pers. ex Secr.) Fries, R. violeipes Quél., R. virescens (Schaeff.) Fries. and those found only in 2009 were Bo-letuscurtisii M. A. Curtis, B. nobilis Peck, RussulaalboareolataHongo, R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff. ex Secr.) Fr. The mushrooms that had been found had significantly relations to the surrounding physical conditions. Second, there was a relationship between the Shoreasiamensis Miq. and Amanita princeps Cor.& Bas., Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. subsp.javanica. Cor. & Bas., Boletus chrysenteron Bull., Boletus griseipurpureus Cor. and Heimiellarestipora (Pat & Bek.) Boedijn. at the intensity of spores 500, 5000, 50000 per each. From the SPSS for ANOVA analysis, the Shoreasiamensis Miq. had no relations to Amanita princeps Cor. & Bas., Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. subsp. javanica. Cor. & Bas., Boletus chrysenteron Bull., Boletus grisei-purpureus Cor. and Heimiellarestipora (Pat & Bek.) Boedijn. in height and circumference growths of Shoreasiamensis Miq. seedlings at the intensity of spores 500, 5000 and 50,000 per each Shoreasiamensis Miq. at 95% level of confidence. Finally, by using the BLASTN computer program toexamine, compare and separate the differences 4 types of mushrooms’ DNA in the Amanitaceae and the Boletaceae families subjected to the PCR method, there were 4 findings i.e. 1342 DNA sbp. of Amanita princeps, 880 DNAs pb. of Boletusnobitis Peck, 1381 DNAs pb. of Boletus edulis Bull. exFr and 758 DNAs bp. of Heimiellaresipora (Pat & Baker).

Effect of Farming Practices on Honey Production in Boundary of Gishwati Forest National Park

Pesticides and inorganic fertilizers applied in agriculture are key factors which affect biodiversity, especially bees, butterfly and other pollinators. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of farming practices on honey production in boundary of Gishwati Forest National Park in Rwanda. Survey was conducted to collect data from 2000 year to 2018 year from 51 members grouped in UNICOAPIGI beekeeping and 73 members of JYAMBERE agricultural cooperatives to establish the impact of agriculture practice on honey production. The results showed that the change in agricultural inputs from 2000 to 2018 (R2 = 0.901) resulted in high corn yield and consequently induced honey reduction (R2 = 0.75). The correlation coefficients for pesticides and inorganic fertilizers used in corn production had strong negative effects on honey production {γ3 = -0.06 for chemical fertilizers (X3) and γ4 = -0.42 for pesticides (X4)}. JYAMBERE Agricultural cooperative with 75.78% of farmers reported that they used pesticides and inorganic fertilizers in corn production. However, 51 beekeepers grouped in UNICOAPIGI cooperative reported a serious decline of honey production from 27 Kg to 6 Kg of honey per hive after the 2008 year, which is suspected to be mainly the effect from applications of pesticides and fertilizers in corn production. The findings illustrated that the roles of honeybees as pollinator exposed them to toxic, especially pesticides applied in agriculture in boundary of Gishwati national forest reserve, therefore, beekeepers proposed that protection of forests and park is not only sufficient to reach sustainable conservation of bee biodiversity but also requires determining the land use pattern and socio-political factors around the Gishwati forest reserve.

Impacts of the Benefit Sharing Mechanism(BSM)Policy Implementation on Forest Protection and Sustainable Use of Non-timber Products at Bach Ma National Park

This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the benefit sharing mechanism(BSM)pilot policy on sustainable use of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)and natural resources conservation in co-management forest of Bach Ma National Park.Evaluation methods were route and permanent plot survey,household interview,in-depth interview,village meeting,group discussion and workshop at commune level.Results showed that:(1)the BSM policy had brought favorable conditions for local people in sustainable use and development of the NTFPs,as well as minimised the threats to biodiversity in co-managed forest;(2)the harvest amounts of seven selected NTFPs after two years of the BSM policy implementation were higher than growth rate of every NTFP and the permitted harvest amounts of the benefit sharing plans(BSP);(3)although there was a risk of over-exploitation of the NTFPs,the annual yields in 2013 and 2014 were much lower,but more sustainable than that before the BSM implementation;(4)the forest protection status in the co-management areas was also better than before.Additionally,this study has also defined and recommended that in order to continue the BSM,it is necessary to ensure the sustainable exploitation of NTFPs,as well as implement more enforcement activities inside the co-management forest area.

Evaluation of Four Seasons Soundscape in Meiling National Forest Park

To analyze the changes of soundscape elements in different seasons and periods,and to accurately grasp the internal operation law of soundscape,a questionnaire survey was conducted on the visitors of Meiling National Forest Park in four seasons.The average value method and factor analysis method were used to get people’s evaluation of forest soundscape and its influence on human psychology.The evaluation vocabulary of the four seasons psychological scale was summed up into the same 3 common factors,but the variables of each common factor were different,and the characteristics of the first factor were obvious,which was of great significance to the psychological expectation of the soundscape of Meiling National Forest Park.The soundscape of four seasons in Meiling National Forest Park has a natural and comfortable effect on human psychology on the whole.The soundscape impact factors in Meiling National Forest Park are very different in the primary and the secondary,and the expectations of forest soundscape tourists also vary greatly.

Life Strategy Traits of the Liana Sericostachys scandens Spreading in the Montane Forests in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (DR Congo)

Sericostachys scandens is a monocarpic and heliophilous liana, native in tropical African forests. In the montane forests of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) (East of DR Congo), it has been expanding very strongly for a decade, and is currently considered as having negative impacts on biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we test if S. scandens differs from three co-occurring, native, non spreading lianas (Gouania longispicata, Tacazzea apiculata and Adenia bequaertii) for functional traits which might influence plant expansion. For leaf traits (SLA, dry matter content, nitrogen concentration), S. scandens did not show extreme values compared to those of the three other lianas. In contrast, S. scandens had much higher biomass allocation to sexual reproduction. It also differs from the three other lianas for its reproductive strategy that combines both vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction, and propagule dispersal by wind. Moreover, S. scandens has larger leaves and a greater number of lateral branches per unit stem length. It is argued that the particular combination of functional traits exhibited by S.scandens may in part explain its propensity to behave as an opportunistic weed in the disturbed areas in the montane forests of Kahuzi-Biega.

钱江源国家公园森林物种组成和群落结构

全面了解以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系木本植物物种组成,特别是珍稀濒危物种,分析其区系特征及不同植被类型群落结构现状,对国家公园物种保护和不同植被类型恢复具有重要指导意义。基于对钱江源国家公园全域的木本植物调查,详细分析了不同胸径大小级森林植被类型的物种组成、区系特征、种-个体曲线分析和结构特征。调查涵盖313个木本物种,温带分布的科多于热带分布的科(22/35),热带分布的属略少于温带分布的属(28/31);中国特有属7个,特有种101个,中国珍稀保护物种10个,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)红色名录的近危、易危和濒危物种17个。在同等取样水平下,物种多样性在常绿阔叶林最高,天然针叶林次之,杉木林最低;全域所有个体及各林型的径级分布总体呈现明显的倒“J”形,群落总体上更新良好。研究发现钱江源国家公园物种丰富,但由于包含较多次生林等植被类型,整体温带多于热带区系成分,亟待采取措施恢复至典型中亚热带常绿阔叶林植被;研究对钱江源国家公园木本植物物种的多样性及其更新情况等科学和保护实践急需解决的基本问题做出了回答,也为未来钱江源国家公园生物多样性保护和恢复提供了科学依据。

2018年浙江古田山24公顷亚热带常绿阔叶林动态监测样地林冠结构与地形数据集

林冠结构与地形因子共同影响着森林重要物种资源及生境的时空变化,而针对我国地带性森林生态系统高精度林冠结构和地形数据集极为缺乏。基于近地面遥感平台获取的激光雷达数据,可以获取精确的林冠结构和地形数据。本研究以位于钱江源国家公园核心保护区的24公顷亚热带常绿阔叶林动态监测样地为研究对象,对该区域2018年基于近地面遥感技术获取的激光雷达点云数据进行计算分析及质量控制,获取该样地的林冠结构和地形数据。通过实时动态测量(RTK)的地面数据对数字高程模型(DEM)进行精度检验和验证,表明DEM的高程中误差为0.07米,数据具有较高精度。古田山24公顷亚热带常绿阔叶林动态监测样地为典型的中亚热带低海拔常绿阔叶林,本数据集可以为亚热带常绿阔叶林生物多样性监测和研究提供数据支撑。

中英风景名胜区/国家公园自然旅游规划管治模式比较——以中国九寨沟国家级风景名胜区和英国New Forest(NF)国家公园为例

介绍了中英两国国家公园规划管治体系的基本组织机构、要求和层次。分别对2个案例地——中国九寨沟国家级风景名胜区和英国New Forest国家公园的旅游规划管治背景、现状及内容体系进行了比较分析,总结了中英两国国家公园自然旅游规划管治模式的差异、特征,并进行了原因解析。最后基于比较分析的研究结论提出了英国国家公园管理对我国风景区旅游规划管理的若干启发和措施建议。

大熊猫国家公园成都片区昆虫资源调查初报

2022年6—11月对大熊猫国家公园成都片区的昆虫资源开展了初步调查,共采集昆虫标本1214号,经鉴定隶属于13目95科424种。在昆虫类群组成上,鳞翅目Lepidoptera占优势,其次为鞘翅目Coleoptera、半翅目Hemip-tera,物种数占比分别为58.96%、17.45%、6.37%。区内分布有国家二级保护昆虫2种(三尾凤蝶Bhutanitis thaidina和喙凤蝶Teinopalpus imperialis),全国危险性林业有害生物2种(星天牛Anoplophora chinensis和云斑白条天牛Batoc-era horsfieldi)。3种生境类型的昆虫多样性分析结果表明:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和丰富度指数为次生林(6.63,29.62)>人工林(6.53,22.48)>居民农耕地(6.12,19.84);优势度指数为居民农耕地(0.07)>次生林(0.06)>人工林(0.04);均匀度指数为人工林(0.94)>居民农耕地(0.91)>次生林(0.88)。本调查结果丰富了大熊猫国家公园成都片区的昆虫资源基础数据,为生物多样性保护、评价和有害生物防控提供了依据。

西藏热振国家森林公园土壤原生动物群落沿海拔分布格局及其与环境因子的关联特征

土壤原生动物是土壤中一类微型单细胞真核生物,是土壤的关键组成部分,对土壤环境质量动态变化具有重要的指示作用。为了解不同海拔土壤原生动物群落组成、多样性、分布格局及其与环境因子的耦合关系,于2021年7月根据西藏热振国家森林公园地理特征设置了3种不同海拔(低,LA;中,MA;高,HA)共9个样地,采用“非淹没培养法”、“活体观察法”和“Wilbert蛋白银法”对土壤原生动物进行培养和形态学鉴定。结果表明,研究区3种不同海拔共鉴定出土壤原生动物76种,隶属2门12纲23目32科46属,优势纲为动鞭纲(Zoomastigophorea),占总物种数的22.37%。其中,低海拔以动鞭纲为主,中高海拔以肾形纲(Colpodea)占据优势,这与肾形纲的生长方式为R-对策有关。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数在3种海拔段之间均无显著差异。土壤pH、含水量在低海拔和高海拔间存在差异。共发生网络分析显示,3个不同海拔土壤原生动物物种的共现网络节点间的关系主要为正相关。Mantel分析和冗余分析结果显示,总磷是影响土壤原生动物群落组成的主要驱动因子。该研究结果有助于了解西藏热振国家森林公园生态系统变化,为青藏高原生态环境保护和可持续发展提供基础数据支持。

浙江草鱼塘国家森林公园蕨类植物区系研究

通过实地调查和资料查阅,对浙江草鱼塘国家森林公园蕨类植物区系组成和地理成分进行了分析,并与周边4个蕨类植物区系的分化强度和相似性进行比较。结果表明:(1)浙江草鱼塘森林公园共有蕨类植物29科45属97种,科、属组成优势现象明显,优势科为鳞毛蕨科Dryopteridaceae、金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae、水龙骨科Polypodiaceae、卷柏科Selaginellaceae、蹄盖蕨科Athyriaceae和铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae,优势属为鳞毛蕨属Dryopteris、卷柏属Selaginella、铁角蕨属Asplenium、复叶耳蕨属Arachniodes、毛蕨属Cyclosorus和瓦韦属Lepisorus。(2)区系地理成分在科、属级水平上均以热带属性为主,种级水平上以温带属性为主,具有由热带属性向温带属性渗透和过渡的特点。(3)与周边4个蕨类植物区系比较分析表明,草鱼塘森林公园种系分化程度较低,区系丰富度较小;草鱼塘森林公园与紫金山的亲缘关系最近,与赣江源的亲缘关系次之,与麻阳河和星斗山的亲缘关系相对疏远。

城市森林公园土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

以上海海湾国家森林公园为例,采用土地动态和景观格局分析,运用生态系统服务价值当量法,定量地分析2000—2018年土地利用变化特征,同时对景观格局的演变和生态系统服务价值进行评估研究,探讨土地利用变化、景观格局和生态系统服务价值三者之间的关联性。结果表明,研究区在2000—2018年土地利用类型发生快速变化,植被、道路、农田3种景观类型的面积波动较大,林地和道路快速增加,农田快速减少,呈现“两多一少”的变化趋势,占优势的景观基质由农田斑块类型转变为林地斑块类型;研究区的景观类型从开始的破碎化、不均匀的状态逐步向均衡化发展;总ESV从2000年的8659.51万元增加到2018年的13412.42万元,增加了54.89%,其中水体和植被是提供生态系统服务价值的主要地类,调节服务价值量相对于其他三项服务类型处于明显较高的水平;斑块数量的不断增加,林地和水体等优势景观类型面积的增加,景观类型形状多样化、均衡化使研究区的生态系统服务价值不断增加,生态系统服务价值变化强度和土地利用强度之间存在较强的正相关关系。