Fei Xiaotong’s(Fei Hsiao-tung)works on rural economies and societies written in the 1940s were deeply affected by British economic historian R.H.Tawney.Through comparison,this article reveals at least two connections...Fei Xiaotong’s(Fei Hsiao-tung)works on rural economies and societies written in the 1940s were deeply affected by British economic historian R.H.Tawney.Through comparison,this article reveals at least two connections between their works.First,Tawney’s analysis of the transition from agricultural modernization to industrial modernization in Britain serves as a reference for Fei’s works on the economic transformation of the Yangtze Valley in Jiangsu and Lucun village in Yunnan.Second,Tawney’s“theory of gentry”also serves as the underlying view for Fei’s theory on the functions of the Chinese gentry.However,Fei does not simply follow Tawney’s steps.Instead,he offers unique insights into the issues of horticulture transformation and gentry types in China.Furthermore,in Fei’s social theory and practice,the role of“state”was considered to be less positive.The interrelations of the community,market,intellectuals and the state construct Fei’s modernization scheme of China.His idea about how China,a slower participant in the world system,can maintain economic autonomy was still valuable today.展开更多
Objective：To study the mechanism of action of Tougu Xiaotong Capsule（透骨消痛胶囊,TGXTC） ex vivo in suppressing chondrocyte（CD） apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprussiate（SNP）.Methods：Thirty New Zealand rabbit...Objective：To study the mechanism of action of Tougu Xiaotong Capsule（透骨消痛胶囊,TGXTC） ex vivo in suppressing chondrocyte（CD） apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprussiate（SNP）.Methods：Thirty New Zealand rabbits,2 months old,were randomized by lottery into five groups,six in each：the blank group treated with saline,the positive control group treated with Zhuanggu Guanjie Pill（壮骨关节丸,70 mg/kg）,and the three experimental groups,EGA,EGB,and EGC,treated with low dose（35 mg/kg）,moderate dose（70 mg/kg）,and high dose（140 mg/kg） of TGXTC,respectively.All treatments were administered via gastrogavage twice a day for 3 days.Arterial blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and drug or drug metabolites-containing serum was prepared.CDs obtained from knee joints of 16 four-week-old New Zealand rabbits were cultured to the third passage and confirmed by toluidine blue staining.SNP of various final concentrations（0,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 mmol/L） was used to induce CD apoptosis,and the dosage-effect relationship of SNP in inducing CD apoptosis was determined.Serum samples from the blank,control,and three dosages of TGXTC-treated rabbits were tested in the CD culture in the presence of SNP.Cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33342 staining,viability of CDs was quantified by MTT,CD apoptosis rate was determined by annexin V-FITC/PI staining,levels of p53 and Bcl-2 mRNA expression in CDs were determined with RT-PCR,and contents of caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins were determined by colorimetry.Results：CD apoptosis was induced by SNP at all concentrations tested and in a dose-dependent manner.The SNP concentration of 1 mmol/L and treatment duration of 24 h appeared to be optimal and were selected for the study.Serum samples from the positive control rabbits and from the two higher doses of TGXTC-treated rabbits showed reduction of SNP-induced CD apoptosis,decrease in p53 mRNA expression,inhibition of catalytic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9,and increase in Bcl-2 mRNA expression when compared with the serum from the blank group（P0.05）.Conclusion：TGXTC-containing sera antagonized SNP-induced CD apoptosis and the molecular basis for the action was associated with up-regulation of Bcl-2, down-regulation of p53 expression,and inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-9 catalytic activities.展开更多
Objective： To study the pharmacological properties of Tougu Xiaotong Granule （透骨消痛颗粒, TGXTG） in preventing and treating knee osteoarthritis （KOA） at the molecular level. Methods： The computational methods,...Objective： To study the pharmacological properties of Tougu Xiaotong Granule （透骨消痛颗粒, TGXTG） in preventing and treating knee osteoarthritis （KOA） at the molecular level. Methods： The computational methods, including principal component analysis, molecular docking, target-ligand space distribution, and the predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity （ADMET）, were introduced to characterize the molecules in TGXTG. Results： The structural properties of molecules in TGXTG were more diverse than those of the drug/drug-like molecules, and TGXTG could interact with significant target enzymes related to KOA. In addition, the cluster of effective components was preliminarily identified by the target-ligand space distributions. As to the results of ADMET properties, some of them were unsatisfactory, and were merely regarded as references here. Conclusion： Based on this computational pharmacology study, TGXTG is a broad- spectrum recipe inhibiting many important target enzymes, which could effectively postpone the degeneration of cartilage by coordinately inhibiting the biological effects of cytokines, matrix metallopeptidase 3, and oxygen free radicals.展开更多
Since humanity entered the 20th century,diversity has become a key feature that manifests itself in all aspects of society.As a venue for people and ideas to meet,universities face ever-increasing challenges in fulfil...Since humanity entered the 20th century,diversity has become a key feature that manifests itself in all aspects of society.As a venue for people and ideas to meet,universities face ever-increasing challenges in fulfilling their cultural mission.With unprecedented human connectivity,cultural competence is more than a goal.It has become an essential skill for students and a key concern for policymakers and practitioners across the world.Considering the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches to cultural competence education,this article aims to elucidate the significance of the notion of cultural self-awareness proposed by Fei Xiaotong,China’s premier social anthropologist.It explores how Fei’s insights can facilitate universities to rethink their conception and delivery of cultural competence education.By challenging the tendency for cultural competence education to be segregated among a range of disciplines and moving it to the core of the university’s curricular offerings,the article promises an approach whereby all students,regardless of their disciplinary backgrounds,can benefit from the full development of their cultural capability,as can the institution,wider community,and society as a whole.展开更多
基金The paper was the research result of the“Study on the Theory and Methodology of the Rural Social Transformation by the Yanching School”(18BSH001)a general project under the National Social Science Foundation of China.Thoughts on the paper were initially formed in the“Shiheng Excellent Lecture”sponsored by Yunnan Shiheng Education Foundation in the summer of 2016.
文摘Fei Xiaotong’s(Fei Hsiao-tung)works on rural economies and societies written in the 1940s were deeply affected by British economic historian R.H.Tawney.Through comparison,this article reveals at least two connections between their works.First,Tawney’s analysis of the transition from agricultural modernization to industrial modernization in Britain serves as a reference for Fei’s works on the economic transformation of the Yangtze Valley in Jiangsu and Lucun village in Yunnan.Second,Tawney’s“theory of gentry”also serves as the underlying view for Fei’s theory on the functions of the Chinese gentry.However,Fei does not simply follow Tawney’s steps.Instead,he offers unique insights into the issues of horticulture transformation and gentry types in China.Furthermore,in Fei’s social theory and practice,the role of“state”was considered to be less positive.The interrelations of the community,market,intellectuals and the state construct Fei’s modernization scheme of China.His idea about how China,a slower participant in the world system,can maintain economic autonomy was still valuable today.
文摘Objective：To study the mechanism of action of Tougu Xiaotong Capsule（透骨消痛胶囊,TGXTC） ex vivo in suppressing chondrocyte（CD） apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprussiate（SNP）.Methods：Thirty New Zealand rabbits,2 months old,were randomized by lottery into five groups,six in each：the blank group treated with saline,the positive control group treated with Zhuanggu Guanjie Pill（壮骨关节丸,70 mg/kg）,and the three experimental groups,EGA,EGB,and EGC,treated with low dose（35 mg/kg）,moderate dose（70 mg/kg）,and high dose（140 mg/kg） of TGXTC,respectively.All treatments were administered via gastrogavage twice a day for 3 days.Arterial blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and drug or drug metabolites-containing serum was prepared.CDs obtained from knee joints of 16 four-week-old New Zealand rabbits were cultured to the third passage and confirmed by toluidine blue staining.SNP of various final concentrations（0,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 mmol/L） was used to induce CD apoptosis,and the dosage-effect relationship of SNP in inducing CD apoptosis was determined.Serum samples from the blank,control,and three dosages of TGXTC-treated rabbits were tested in the CD culture in the presence of SNP.Cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33342 staining,viability of CDs was quantified by MTT,CD apoptosis rate was determined by annexin V-FITC/PI staining,levels of p53 and Bcl-2 mRNA expression in CDs were determined with RT-PCR,and contents of caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins were determined by colorimetry.Results：CD apoptosis was induced by SNP at all concentrations tested and in a dose-dependent manner.The SNP concentration of 1 mmol/L and treatment duration of 24 h appeared to be optimal and were selected for the study.Serum samples from the positive control rabbits and from the two higher doses of TGXTC-treated rabbits showed reduction of SNP-induced CD apoptosis,decrease in p53 mRNA expression,inhibition of catalytic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9,and increase in Bcl-2 mRNA expression when compared with the serum from the blank group（P0.05）.Conclusion：TGXTC-containing sera antagonized SNP-induced CD apoptosis and the molecular basis for the action was associated with up-regulation of Bcl-2, down-regulation of p53 expression,and inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-9 catalytic activities.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30672701)Chen Ke-ji Integrative Medicine Development Foundation(No.2008J1004-27CKJ2008064)Major Project of Department of Science & Technology,Fujian Province(No. 2006Y0016,2009Y0029)
文摘Objective： To study the pharmacological properties of Tougu Xiaotong Granule （透骨消痛颗粒, TGXTG） in preventing and treating knee osteoarthritis （KOA） at the molecular level. Methods： The computational methods, including principal component analysis, molecular docking, target-ligand space distribution, and the predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity （ADMET）, were introduced to characterize the molecules in TGXTG. Results： The structural properties of molecules in TGXTG were more diverse than those of the drug/drug-like molecules, and TGXTG could interact with significant target enzymes related to KOA. In addition, the cluster of effective components was preliminarily identified by the target-ligand space distributions. As to the results of ADMET properties, some of them were unsatisfactory, and were merely regarded as references here. Conclusion： Based on this computational pharmacology study, TGXTG is a broad- spectrum recipe inhibiting many important target enzymes, which could effectively postpone the degeneration of cartilage by coordinately inhibiting the biological effects of cytokines, matrix metallopeptidase 3, and oxygen free radicals.
文摘Since humanity entered the 20th century,diversity has become a key feature that manifests itself in all aspects of society.As a venue for people and ideas to meet,universities face ever-increasing challenges in fulfilling their cultural mission.With unprecedented human connectivity,cultural competence is more than a goal.It has become an essential skill for students and a key concern for policymakers and practitioners across the world.Considering the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches to cultural competence education,this article aims to elucidate the significance of the notion of cultural self-awareness proposed by Fei Xiaotong,China’s premier social anthropologist.It explores how Fei’s insights can facilitate universities to rethink their conception and delivery of cultural competence education.By challenging the tendency for cultural competence education to be segregated among a range of disciplines and moving it to the core of the university’s curricular offerings,the article promises an approach whereby all students,regardless of their disciplinary backgrounds,can benefit from the full development of their cultural capability,as can the institution,wider community,and society as a whole.
基金support from "The Study of Chinese School of Sociology in the 1930s",a general project of National Social Science Fund 2010 (Approval No.: 10BSH001)support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Program No.: 2009JC08)
