Community structure and species diversity dynamics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in China:2005 to 2020

Here,we characterize the temporal and spatial dynamics of forest community structure and species diversity in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in China.We found that community structure in this forest changed over a 15-year period.Specifically,renewal and death of common species was large,with the renewal of individuals mainly concentrated within a few populations,especially those of Aidia canthioides and Cryptocarya concinna.The numbers of individual deaths for common species were concentrated in the small and mid-diameter level.The spatial distribution of community species diversity fluctuated in each monitoring period,showing a more dispersed diversity after the 15-year study period,and the coefficient of variation on quadrats increased.In 2010,the death and renewal of the community and the spatial variation of species diversity were different compared to other survey years.Extreme weather may have affected species regeneration and community stability in our subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests.Our findings suggest that strengthening the monitoring and management of the forest community will help better understand the long-and short-term causes of dynamic fluctuations of community structure and species diversity,and reveal the factors that drive changes in community structure.

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura,Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura. Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family, 103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH （diameter at breast height） using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha （10 m × 1000 m）. Four different tree communities were identified. The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta （mean density 464.77 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Schima wallichii （336.25 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）, while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis （333.88 trees.ha^-1, 105 species） and Hevea brasiliensis （299.67 trees.ha^-1, 82 species）. Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m2.ha^-1; the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest （26.21 m2.ha^-1）. Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities. No significant differences were observed in number of species, genera, family and tree basal cover area. Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities. Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumu- lation of native oligarchic small tree species. Seventeen species were recorded with 〈2 individuals of which Saraca asoka （Roxb.） de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides （L.） Men＇. etc. extensively used in local ethnomedicinal formulations. The present S. robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer （105 species） than other reported studies. Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests. Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur. The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T. grandis L. dominated community.

Species diversity and stability of natural secondary communities with different cutting intensities after ten years

Species diversity and stability of natural secondary communities in different layers with different cutting intensities 10 years later were investigated by calculating Marglef Richness index（R）,Shannon-Wiener diversity index（H）,Simpson diversity index（P）,and Pielou Evenness index（J）.Results show that the values of R,H and P among different layers are listed in a decreasing order：the shrub layer the arbor layer the herb layer,all the three indices values reach the maximum under medium selective cutting intensity after 10 years.The J value of the shrub layer shows a concave parabolic change with the increase in cutting intensity;it shows a linear increase for the arbor layer,whereas the J value of the herb layer shows an opposite change pattern.The values of R at different cutting intensities had high significant difference,but other indices had not significant difference.The stability of communities at different cutting intensities after 10 years is non-cutting low selective cutting intensity medium selective cutting intensity high selective cutting intensity extra-high intensity clear cutting.The stability of communities at different cutting intensities after 10 years shows that the greater cutting intensities,the worse the stability is.

Study on successions sequence of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Gutian Mountain of Zhejiang,Eastern China:species diversity

Using the widely adopted scheme of space-for-time substitution for investigating 16 typical plots distri-buted as a pattern of contiguous grid quadrates within a sampling plot,the expressions of Shannon-Wiener index(H)for species diversity,Pielou index(J_(sw),J_(SI))for evenness and Simpson index(D)for ecological dominance are employed to investigate the species diversity(SD)of four evergreen broadleaved communities in the successions sequence within the Nature Reserve of the Gutian Mountains.Results showed that in the successions process from the coniferous to the mixed coniferous-broadleaved,then to Schima superba and finally to Castanopsis eyrei forest,the arbor layer SD showed the Shannon-Wiener index(H)as 1.9670,2.4975,2.6140 and 2.4356,respectively,characterized by their rise before drop and the shrub(herb)layer SD shows the maximum to be in the mixed coniferous-broadleaved(coniferous)forest(H arriving at 2.8625(1.5334)).In the vertical structure,on the other hand,for the sequenced coniferous forest,coniferous-broad mixed forest and Castnaopsis eyrei forest,the number of SD ranges in a decreasing order from the shrub,arbor to herb layer in contrast to the SD in a decreasing order of Schima superba forest ranging from the arbor to shrub and then to herb layer,and during the succession,the herb layer exhibits the maximum range of SD change among these layers,with its variation coefficients of 0.1572,0.0806,0.0899 and 0.1884 for H,J_(SW),J_(SI) and D,in order,in sharp contrast to the minimal SD range in the shrub layer,with the corresponding figures of 0.0482,0.0385,0.0142,and 0.1553.

Plant diversity patterns in different forests in Aershan,Inner Mongolia

Taking the communities of the sample sites in Aershan of Inner Mongolia as an investigation object, the indices affecting plant diversity were studied. The investigation was carried out in three different forest types （natural forests, plantations and regenerated forests after fire）. Results show that 95 plant species belonging to 19 families and 50 genera were identified in total. Of these species, nine were arbors, six were shrubs and the other 80 were herbs. We found some differences in the dominant species of different layers in three forest types. Natural forests had the largest importance value for the total number of species, followed by plantations and regenerated forests after fire. Plantations and natural forests had a similar change in richness indices. The largest value of richness indices was obtained in natural forests, while the lowest value was in regenerated forests after fire. Three diversity indices （Simpson＇s, Shannon-Wiener and Pielou＇s indices） indicate a similar trend in all sample plots. With an increase in elevation, values of diversity indices first increased and then decreased. In different forest types, similarity between natural forests was largest, while similarity between the regenerated forests and plantations was lowest.

Determinants of species assemblages of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems of western China

Background:Insect pests are a significant threat to natural resources and social development.Modeling species assemblages of insect pests can predict spatiotemporal pest dynamics.However,research gaps remain regarding the mechanism for determining species assemblages of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems.Here,we explored these determinants using a field investigation conducted for insect pests in a region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.We assessed the species assemblages of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems based on species co-occurrence patterns and species diversity(i.e.,observed diversity,dark diversity,community completeness,and species pool).A probabilistic model was used to test for statistically significant pairwise patterns of species co-occurrence using the presence-absence matrix of pest species based on species interactions.We used ordinary least squares regression modeling to explore relationships between abiotic factors(i.e.,climate factors and human influence)and species diversity.Results:Positive pest species interactions and many association links can occur widely across different investigation sites and parts of plant hosts in alpine forest ecosystems.We detected high dark diversity and low community completeness of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems.High temperature and precipitation could promote pest species diversity,particularly dark diversity and species pools.Human influence could drive high levels of pest species diversity and lead to dark diversity and species pools.Community completeness could be an effective indicator for insect pest risk assessment.Conclusions:Our study provides new evidence for the determinants of insect pest species assemblages in alpine forest ecosystems from the perspectives of pest species interactions and abiotic factors.The findings of our study could reveal the mechanism for shaping species assemblages and support the prevention and control of insect pests in alpine forest ecosystems.

Plant biological diversity in natural secondary forests on Mao'er Mountains

The forest plant biological diversity investigations were conducted in Laoyeling Forest Ecological Experimental Station on Mao’er Mountains in eastern Heltongjiang Province. Sample plots were six different forest communities. Field works were divided into three seasons : spring, summer and autumn in one year. The results showed that forest plant biological diversity varied with seasons as well as growth forms. Herb species diversity values were the highest in the community growth forms. Diversity indices No, H’ and E1 were selected out as the best richness, diversity and evenness indices to indicate the biological diversity in forest community.

Quantifying multiple-site compositional turnover in an Afrotemperate forest, using zeta diversity

Background： Species turnover is typically measured by partitioning diversity components into alpha and pairwise beta diversity. However, alpha and beta components cannot express the full spectrum of multiple-site compositional turnover. To this end, zeta diversity has been proposed as an extended framework to allow complete biodiversity partitioning and to measure multiple-site species turnover. We use a zeta-diversity framework to explore the turnover and potential community assembly processes of an African Montane Forest. Methods： Using a 20 m grid, we explore the species turnover in a 4.55 ha forest plot located in the Garden Route National Park of South Africa, with 47 and 27 canopy and sub-canopy tree species in the regional poo We first calculate how zeta diversity declines and how the probability of retention of species with particular occupancies changes with increasing zeta orders （i.e. the number of sites [grid cells] involved in the calculation）. Using null models with row sums and column sums constrained respectively, we explore whether species turnover is driven by mechanisms of ecological differences （species-specific occupancies） or habitat heterogeneity （site-specific alpha diversity and thus environmental filters）. Results： The decline of zeta diversity with zeta order followed a power law; that is, the probability of retention increased with species occupancies, suggesting common species being more likely to be discovered in extra sites. The null model retaining row sums （species＇ occupancy） of the species-by-site matrix recreated perfectly the decline of zeta diversity, while the null model of habitat heterogeneity （retaining column sums） was rejected. This suggests that mechanisms driving species-specific occupancies （i.e. ecological differences between species） dictate the multi-site species turnover in the community. The spatial patterns of zeta diversity revealed little spatial structuring forces, supporting a fine-grain structure in these southern Cape forests. Conclusions： The framework of zeta diversity revealed mechanisms driving the large discrepancies in the occupancy among species that are behind the species turnover in the African Montane forest plot. Future studies could further link species turnover to spatial distance decay. Environmental filters and temporal turnover from landscape demography could bring a cohesive understanding of community assembly in these unique forest ecosystems.

Study on Plant Community Feature of Nanjing Temple Gardens

10 temple courtyards and 10 temple gardens were chosen as the research object in Nanjing.There were 146 species of vascular plants(including variety),which belong to 96 genera and 63 families.The Richness index,Simpson index,Species diversity and Similarity index of the plant community were analyzed.The results showed:①The dominant species of temple courtyards and temple gardens were all trees;the density of shrub layer(0.32 strains/m2) was greater than that of the tree layer(0.21 strains/m2).And the density of tree layer(2.4 strains/m2) and shrub layer(4.5 strains/m2) in temple gardens were totally higher than those of temple courtyards.②Both the Simpson index and the Species diversity in temple garden plots were higher than those of the temple courtyard plots;The Pielou index was at a higher level both in tree layer and shrub layer,which indicated that quantities of each tree species were on an average level.③The Similarity index in temple gardens was higher than that of the temple courtyards,both less than 50%,which indicated that the repetition rate of each tree species was obviously greater in temple gardens than in temple courtyards.

Elevational changes in vascular plants richness, diversity, and distribution pattern in Abune Yosef mountain range, Northern Ethiopia

The aim of this research is to investigate the patterns of vascular plant species richness,diversity,and distribution along an elevation gradient in the Abune Yosef mountain range,Ethiopia.Preferential systematic sampling was employed to collect vegetation and environmental data along the elevation gradient.We found that plant species richness declines monotonically from low to high elevations.Specifically,vascular plant species richness and diversity were lower in the Afroalpine grassland(high elevation)than in the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest(low elevations).In contrast,endemic vascular plant richness was significantly higher in the Afroalpine grassland than in the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest.Elevation showed a significant impact on the richness,diversity,and endemism of vascular plants.According to Sorensen's coefficient,the similarity between Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest vegetation types is higher(32%)than the similarity between Ericaceous forest and Afroalpine grassland(18%).Only 5%similarity was recorded between the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Afroalpine grassland.Growth forms showed different elevationai richness patterns.Trees and liana increased monotonically up to 3300 m.Shrub and herb richness patterns followed a hump-shaped and inverted hump-shaped pattern along the elevation gradient.The elevation patterns of vascular plant species richness,diversity,and growth form in the present study may be attributed to differences in management intensity,spatial heterogeneity,microclimatic variations,and anthropogenic disturbances.

Investigation and Study on Plant Communities in Baise Forest Park

Plant community structures of Baise Forest Park were analyzed through the field investigation. The results showed that there are 76 tree species of 69 genera and 41 families in the park. According to the species diversity analysis, among the 5 subareas recreational area has the highest diversity and evenness indexes, zoo has lower diversity index of plant community. Three-dimensional analysis of plant community shows that the community has simple structures, limited landscape layers and shrub coverage, a few lawn species and poor landscape effect. Analysis of its ecological habits shows that evergreen species in all 5 subareas of the park are more than deciduous species, and there are only a few ornamental tree species.

灵武白芨滩柠条固沙林演替过程中林下草本植物多样性特征

林下植物物种组成对柠条固沙林的稳定性及生态环境的影响至关重要。本研究采用空间代替时间的方法,选取毛乌素沙地西南边缘不同种植年限(3、5、10、20、30、40、50、60和70 a)柠条固沙林为研究对象,对林下草本植物物种组成及多样性进行调查与分析。结果表明,1)各种植年限中,10 a时草本植物的物种数最少,40 a时草本植物的种类最多,截止到2020年8月为止,植物种数达到38种。2)随着林龄的增加,一年生草本植物的重要值逐渐降低,多年生草本植物的重要值逐渐升高。3)柠条固沙林下草本植物的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数在3~10 a时变化一致,随林龄的增加而降低,10~40 a时丰富度随林龄的增加而增加,10~30 a时多样性和均匀度指数也随林龄的增加而增加,40~70 a时,各项指标趋于平稳。4)3~30 a林下草本植物群落相似性指数波动较大,到30 a之后林下草本植物群落相似系数指数变幅不大,逐渐趋于平稳。这表明在柠条群落建立30 a后,柠条林下草本群落已逐渐趋于稳定。种植柠条有助于荒漠生态系统的恢复,并在种植30 a时适当的抚育管理,将有利于林下草本多样性的维持。

小五台山森林群落物种多样性与土壤养分的典型相关

对小五台山自然保护区11种森林群落类型3个物种多样性指数和6个土壤养分指标等进行了典型相关分析。结果表明:物种多样性中的丰富度指数和多样性指数与土壤养分存在显著相关关系,并且都表现为与全N质量分数呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关。由此说明此地区土壤pH值和全N是森林群落植被多样性的限制性因子。

元谋干热河谷不同人工林中鞘翅目甲虫多样性比较

在元谋干热河谷采用网扫法调查了云南松林、桉树林、新银合欢林、桉树＋新银合欢林、印楝林及多树种混交的人工林鞘翅目昆虫多样性。结果表明，鞘翅目甲虫标本925号，计71种，分属18个科，其中叶甲科种类最丰富，象甲科数量最丰富。人工林鞘翅目昆虫群落物种丰富度在7～23，Shannon—Wiener多样性指数在1．249～2．562，昆虫多样性总体较低。各样地鞘翅目群落之间为不相似水平。云南松林鞘翅目昆虫群落物种丰富度、Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数及Pielou指数分别为20、2．562、0．104和0．855，其多样性最高，多树种混交林较高，印楝林较低，而桉树林、新银合欢林、桉树＋新银合欢林多样性极低。多树种混交的恢复对昆虫多样性提高有显著促进作用。

小五台森林群落特征及林下物种多样性研究

根据小五台森林群落的实地调查数据,详细分析比较了各个不同群落类型的物种多样性及相似性。结果表明:小五台山11个森林群落类型中,林下物种共有67种。其中,灌木19种,草本48种。灌木物种丰富度在各个群落中均小于草本层,尤其是落叶松林群落的差异更为显著;草本层以落叶松林、冷杉林为最大。物种多样性两种指数变化趋势相似,栎林、山杨林、落叶松白桦针阔混交林多样性指数较高,其他相对小些。灌木层与草本层的均匀度变化无规律。相似性上灌木层山杨林与落叶松白桦混交林之间共有种最少,相似性最小;草本层相似性系数最大的是云杉桦木针阔混交林与白桦林、白桦林与落叶松白桦混交林,以上结果将为小五台地区物种多样性保护提供科学参考。

陕北典型退耕还林区林下草本物种生态位研究

基于样方法进行不同资源位的群落调查,并用群落物种多样性、生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性比例分析了安塞县典型退耕区16种不同退耕模式及年限群落林下草本物种生态位特征。结果表明:乔木林下草本群落物种多样性高于灌木林。生态位宽度以达乌里胡枝子和阿尔泰狗娃花最大,它们的Shannon-Wiener(Bs-w,i)和Levins(Bl,i)指数分别为0.89、0.83和0.64、0.58。生态位宽度较大的种间生态位重叠程度大,如阿尔泰狗娃花、铁杆蒿、长芒草等。生态位宽度与生态位相似比例值并不一致。生态位相似性比例小于0.5的种对有174对,约占种群总对数的91.6%,说明种群对环境需求有较大的差异,各种群能较好地共生于群落中。

黄土丘陵区人工和天然油松林物种多样性比较

以甘肃省正宁县中湾林场为研究点,采用标准样地调查法,应用物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数分析了人工油松林和天然油松林群落α多样性动态特征、群落结构特征及群落相似性。结果表明,人工油松林和天然油松林均具有比较丰富的物种组成,分别为69种和57种,两种群落多样性指数变化规律一致,依次为灌木层、草本层和乔木层。群落总体的多样性除Pielou指数的最大值出现在阴坡的天然林外,群落总体的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon指数均在阴坡的人工林达到最高峰,表明生长在阴坡的人工油松林,其群落总体的多样性指数较大。不同坡向的天然林群落相似性显著高于处于不同坡向的人工林,无论在物种组成还是在多样性及群落空间结构上,天然林和人工林均具有较高的相似性。在黄土丘陵区通过适当人工抚育措施可以有效地增加林下植被的种类和盖度,促进人工林的生长发育。

大兴安岭塔源林场不同生境蝶类多样性与相似度分析

[目的]对大兴安岭塔源林场不同生境蝶类的多样性与相似度进行分析。[方法]首次对大兴安岭塔源林场蝶类资源进行调查,掌握塔源林场不同生境中蝶类的资源分布情况。[结果]经研究发现塔源林场有蝶类82种活动,隶属于7科53属,包括优势种11种。通过分析样地中野生蝶类资源的分布情况发现,灌丛环境蝶类多样性与优势度指数最高,草甸的均匀度指数最高,湿地的各项指数均最低。相似度情况以灌丛和湿地最高,林缘和草甸的相似度最低。[结论]该研究对于分析大兴安岭塔源林场蝶类情况具有重要的意义。

大兴安岭盘古林场不同生境蝶类多样性分析

首次对大兴安岭塔河县盘古林场蝶类进行调查,掌握了盘古林场不同生境中蝶类的资源分布现状。经研究发现,盘古林场有蝶类82种活动,隶属7科53属,包括优势种11种。通过分析样地中野生蝶类资源的分布情况发现,灌丛环境蝶类多样性与优势度指数最高,草甸的均匀度指数最高,湿地的各项指数均最低。相似度情况以灌丛和湿地最高,林缘和草甸的相似度最低。此研究对于分析了大兴安岭盘古林场蝶类情况具有较高的研究意义。

鳞籽莎对间伐后林下植物多样性的影响

以广州流溪河次生林为研究对象,分析间伐1.5 a后林下植物的组成、相似性、重要值和多样性,研究多年生草本植物鳞籽莎对间伐后林下植被多样性的影响。结果表明:26个小样方共记录林下植物102种,隶属51科,84属。间伐总体上增加了林下植物的物种多样性,其中对灌木层(含乔木幼苗和幼树)的影响较明显。与非鳞籽莎样地相比,鳞籽莎样地的林下植物物种数量较少,并且物种相似性系数较低,间伐对其物种数量的增加值不如非鳞籽莎样地显著;且间伐对非鳞籽莎样地林下植物多样性指数的增强效果较鳞籽莎样地显著。从而表明间伐在短期内能一定程度增加林下植物的多样性,但是间伐对鳞籽莎样地林下植物影响效果较非鳞籽莎样地差,鳞籽莎的大量存在显著削弱了间伐对林下植物的影响效果。