Ecosystem carbon storage and sink/source of temperate forested wetlands in Xiaoxing’anling, northeast China

Wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle, but there are still considerable uncertainties in the estimation of wetland carbon storage and a dispute on whether wetlands are carbon sources or carbon sinks. Xiaoxing’anling are one of several concentrated distribution areas of forested wetland in China, but the carbon storage and carbon sink/source of forested wetlands in this area is unclear. We measured the ecosystem carbon storage (vegetation and soil), annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation and annual carbon emissions of soil heterotrophic respiration of five typical forested wetland types (alder swamp, white birch swamp, larch swamp, larch fen, and larch bog) distributed along a moisture gradient in this area in order to reveal the spatial variations of their carbon storage and quantitatively evaluate their position as carbon sink or source according to the net carbon balance of the ecosystems. The results show that the larch fen had high carbon storage (448.8 t ha^(−1)) (6.8% higher than the larch bog and 10.5–30.1% significantly higher than other three wetlands (P < 0.05), the white birch swamp and larch bog were medium carbon storage ecosystems (406.3 and 420.1 t ha^(−1)) (12.4–21.8% significantly higher than the other two types (P < 0.0 5), while the alder swamp and larch swamp were low in carbon storage (345.0 and 361.5 t ha^(−1), respectively). The carbon pools of the five wetlands were dominated by their soil carbon pools (88.5–94.5%), and the vegetation carbon pool was secondary (5.5–11.5%). At the same time, their ecosystem net carbon balances were positive (0.1–0.6 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) because the annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation (4.0–4.5 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) were higher than the annual carbon emissions of soil heterotrophic respiration (CO_(2) and CH_(4)) (3.8–4.4 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) in four wetlands, (the alder swamp being the exception), so all four were carbon sinks while only the alder swamp was a source of carbon emissions (− 2.1 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) due to a degraded tree layer. Our results demonstrate that these forested wetlands were generally carbon sinks in the Xiaoxing’anling, and there was obvious spatial variation in carbon storage of ecosystems along the moisture gradient.

Wild fruit resources and exploitation in Xiaoxing'an Mountains

The ornamental characters, nutritious composition, edible value and medical value of thirteen kinds of major wild fruit resources in Xiaoxing’an Mountains Region were synthetically analyzed such as Rosa spp,, Actinidia spp. and so on. The results showed that the wild fruit resources in this region had important garden ornamental value, edible value and medical value. A lot of good germplasm resources and honey plant resources hadnt been effectvely protected and enough utilized. The right way of appropriate arrangement and reasonable exploitation of wild fruit resources in this region should be benefit to got rid of economic crisis early in this region.

Study of seasonal snow cover influencing the ground thermal regime on western flank of Da Xing'anling Mountains,northeastern China

Although many studies relevant to snow cover and permafrost have focused on alpine, arctic, and subarctic areas, there is still a lack of understanding of the influences of seasonal snow cover on the thermal regime of the soils in permafrost regions in the mid-latitudes and boreal regions, such as that on the westem flank of the Da Xing＇anling （Hinggan） Mountains, northeastern China. This paper gives a detailed analysis on meteorological data series from 2001 to 2010 provided by the Gen＇he Weather Station, which is located in a talik of discontinuous permafrost zone and with sparse meadow on the observation field. It is inferred that snow cover is important for the ground thermal regime in the middle Da Xing＇anling Mountains. Snow cover of 10-cm in thickness and five to six months in duration （generally November to next March） can reduce the heat loss from the ground to the atmosphere by 28%, and by 71% if the snow depth increases to 36 cm. Moreover, the occurrence of snow cover resulted in mean annual ground surface temperatures 4.7-8.2℃ higher than the mean annual air temperatures recorded at the Gen＇he Weather Station, The beginning date for stable snow cover establishment （SE date） and the initial snow depth （SDi） also had a great influences on the ground freezing process. Heavy snowfall before ground surface freeze-up could postpone and retard the freezing process in Gen＇he. As a result, the duration of ground freezing was shortened by at least 20 days and the maximum depth of frost penetration was as much as 90 cm shallower.

Short-term effects of fire disturbance on CH4 emission from forested wetlands in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains, Northeast China

Using static chamber gas chromatography, we determined the seasonal dynamics, controlling factors, and distribution patterns of forest swamp CH4 levels and related environmental factors (temperature, water level) after fire disturbance in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains. The results showed the following: during the growing season, the annual CH4 emission distribution ranged from - 0.001 ± 0.012 to 22.373 ± 3.650 mg m^-2 h^-1;mild fire caused the swamp CH4 emission flux of tussock, shrub, Alnus sibirica and birch swamp to increase by 56.0–524.7%;at low water levels, temperature had a significant influence on the swamp type, and the correlation between the methane emission flux and temperature was significantly strengthened;after a fire disturbance, methane emissions from all types of marsh were highest in summer and second highest in autumn, with a weak absorption in spring;and along the water environment gradient of the transition zone, the CH4 emission flux presented a decreasing trend in its spatial distribution pattern.

Effect of thinning intensity on the carbon sequestration of natural mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests in Xiaoxing'an Mountains, China

To study the effect of thinning intensity on the carbon sequestration by natural mixed coniferous and broad-leaf forests in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,China,we established six 100 m×100 m experimental plots in Dongfanghong For-est that varied in thinning intensity:plot A(10%),B(15%),C(20%),D(25%),E(30%),F(35%),and the control sample area(0%).A principal component analysis was performed using 50 different variables,including species diversity,soil fertility,litter characteristics,canopy structure param-eters,and seedling regeneration parameters.The effects of thinning intensity on carbon sequestration were strongest in plot E(0.75),followed by D(0.63),F(0.50),C(0.48),B(0.22),A(0.11),and the control(0.06).The composite score of plot E was the highest,indicating that the carbon sequestration effect was strongest at a thinning intensity of 30%.These findings provide useful insights that could aid the management of natural mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,China.This information has implications for future studies of these forests,and the methods used could aid future ecological assessments of the natural forests in Xiaoxing’an Mountains,China.

Meteorological Tower Observed CO_(2)Flux and Footprint in the Forest of Xiaoxing’an Mountains,Northeast China

The Xiaoxing’an Mountains,located in the temperate monsoon climate zone in Northeast China,have the largest and most complete virgin Korean pine forest in Asia,which has great potential for carbon sequestration.Based on the observational data of the eddy-covariance system at Wuying National Climate Observatory in January 2015–November 2017,the CO_(2)flux in the forest ecosystem around the observatory was quantitatively studied and the distribution characteristics of the flux source area were analyzed by the Kljun model and the Agroscope Reckenholz–Tänikon footprint tool,providing references for assessing the carbon source/sink potential of the unique forest area.The results showed that the annual total carbon flux around the observatory in 2015,2016,and 2017 was−756.84,−834.73,and−629.37 gC m−2,respectively,higher than that of other forest ecosystems.The forest of the study area in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains was a strong carbon sink,with the strongest carbon fixation capacity in June and weakest in October,and the carbon flux of each month was less than zero.The flux source area under stable atmospheric conditions was larger than that under unstable conditions,and the source area was larger in the nongrowing season than in the growing season.The size of the source area was largest in winter,followed by spring,autumn,and summer.The maximum length of the source area was 1614.12 m(5639.33 m)under unstable(stable)conditions when the flux contribution rate was 90%.The peak flux contribution was located near the sensor(i.e.,within 200 m)in all seasons.The contribution of the source area from the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest on the west side of the observatory was greater than(3.4 times)that from the Korean pine forest on the east side.

大兴安岭沿麓黑土区翻耕农田微立垡覆盖阻风减蚀技术创新与应用

大兴安岭沿麓是我国重要的农畜产品生产基地,由于长期过度耕作和单一翻耕等不合理的耕作方式,加速了该地区农田风蚀退化、质量下降和产能降低,因此,减少土壤风蚀、提升农田地力和作物产量是农业可持续发展亟待解决的问题。文章综述了不同类型生态区传统翻耕、长期免耕、合理轮耕技术及其应用效果,论述了翻耕地微立垡覆盖阻风减蚀核心技术的内容及其对土壤风蚀、蓄水保墒、作物生长与产量等方面的影响,明确了微立垡覆盖是大兴安岭沿麓黑土区翻耕地冬春季风蚀防控的关键技术和途径。翻耕地微立垡覆盖阻风减蚀技术大面积应用效果显著,破解了长期以来翻耕农田裸露风蚀重、水土流失损失大导致农田逐步退化的科技难题,为大兴安岭沿麓及其生态类型相似区翻耕农田风蚀防控研究提供了重要支撑。

基于碳储量分布状态分析黑龙江省典型林型碳汇结构

基于碳储量分布状态分析黑龙江省典型林型,对黑龙江省小兴安岭地区典型树种进行碳汇测定分析。结果表明,不同树种间不同组分(根、干、冠)碳比例存在显著的差异,但同一树种不同组分的碳密度比例不存在显著差异。不同林型不同样地针阔混交林垂直空间上不同组分(根、干、冠)的碳密度比例存在一定的差异,垂直空间碳比例平均值差异不明显,树根、树冠、树干的平均垂直碳密度比例平均值分别为:25.05±1.14%、16.35±0.96%、58.59±1.62%。

大兴安岭呼中林业局森林景观格局变化及其驱动力

以大兴安岭呼中林业局为研究区,利用TM数据、森林资源清查数据和采伐统计资料,结合野外调查,以GIS为技术手段,剖析研究区1989～2000年景观变化,结果表明该区主要景观类型为针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林,这3种类型面积总比例达90%以上,其他景观类型面积比例小于10%,主要有荒草地、火烧迹地、采伐迹地、沼泽、居民点和道路.10a间景观由原有的大面积连续的针叶林为基质、小面积的阔叶林和针阔混交林斑块散布其中的格局,转变成大面积针阔混交林为基质的格局.研究区1989年是成过熟林、高公顷蓄积量、高郁闭度占优势的景观,2000年中幼龄林、低公顷蓄积量和低郁闭度森林面积增大,并趋于连续,形成低质量的相对均质化的景观.最后,结合历史资料,通过比较分析火烧、人工更新、土地利用和人为采伐活动这几种主要驱动力的特征,论证了采伐活动在该地区景观变化中所发挥的主导作用.

小兴安岭红松径向生长对未来气候变化的响应

基于SRES A1B温室气体排放情景,由全球气候模式(MPI_ECHAM5)产生的逐日气候模拟数据驱动TREE-RING树轮生态机理模型,模拟了小兴安岭红松(Pinus koraiensis)树木径向生长变化。结果表明:在A1B情景下,随着大气CO2浓度的不断增加以及局地气温的不断升高,红松树木生长开始和结束时间显著提前,2011—2060年比1961—2010年径向生长开始时间平均提前约5d左右,生长结束时间平均提前约3d左右。红松树木的径向生长量不断增加,2011—2060年比1961—2010年径向生长量平均增加约35%,径向生长量的增加主要是CO2施肥作用的结果,在不考虑CO2施肥效应下,只考虑降水量变化使树木径向生长量增加约2%,而未来50a的气温变化使树木径向生长量相对于1961—2010年减少约23%。

1987年特大火灾后不同树种种植比例对大兴安岭森林景观的长期影响

应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了1987年大兴安岭北坡图强林业局特大森林火灾后在目前种植强度下,不同落叶松和樟子松种植比例(100%落叶松(P1)、70%落叶松和30%樟子松(P2)、50%落叶松和50%樟子松(P3)、30%落叶松和70%樟子松(P4)、100%樟子松(P5))以及完全依靠天然更新(P0)条件下森林景观的长期动态变化.结果表明,在演替的前期、中期和后期,不同种植比例均对落叶松、樟子松和白桦有显著影响;落叶松所占的面积百分比随时间的推移均呈上升趋势,而樟子松则相反;在各种植预案下,落叶松和樟子松的面积百分比均高于天然更新预案的比例,随着落叶松种植比例的增加,落叶松的多度也相应增加;樟子松在该区所占的面积百分比也随其种植比例的增大而增加.白桦在天然更新预案下所占的面积百分比明显高于种植预案下所占的比例;而不同落叶松和樟子松种植比例也对白桦面积有较大影响,樟子松种植的比例越大,白桦所占的面积百分比越高,说明落叶松比樟子松有更强的竞争能力.但P2、P3和P4预案下,落叶松和樟子松的面积所占比例相差不大,但要高于完全种植落叶松(P1)或樟子松(P)所占的比例.

火干扰对小兴安岭白桦沼泽和落叶松-苔草沼泽凋落物和土壤碳储量的影响

火干扰在湿地生态系统中起着重要的作用,尽管湿地占全球陆地生态系统很小一部分,却是陆地生态系统一个重要的碳汇。然而关于火干扰对我国小兴安岭森林沼泽生态系统土壤碳库影响的研究鲜有报道。因此选取两种森林沼泽典型地段进行土壤取样,研究火干扰对小兴安岭白桦(Betula platyphylla)沼泽和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)-苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽地表凋落物和土壤碳储量(0—50 cm)的影响。研究结果表明:①重度火烧使得白桦沼泽地表凋落物量和碳储量降低了36.36%(0.50 kg/m2)和35.52%(0.23 kg C/m2),而轻度火烧无显著影响;轻度火烧和重度火烧落叶松-苔草沼泽地表凋落物量和碳储量分别减少了45.32%(0.99 kg/m2)和44.66%(0.42 kg C/m2)、50.42%(1.10 kg/m2)和49.71%(0.47 kg C/m2);②白桦沼泽和落叶松-苔草沼泽两者对照样地、轻度火烧样地、重度火烧样地的土壤碳储量(0—50 cm)分别为(23.55±6.34)kg C/m2、(18.50±8.16)kg C/m2、(32.50±7.22)kg C/m2和(20.89±2.59)kg C/m2、(23.52±16.03)kg C/m2、(21.75±6.60)kg C/m2,然而火干扰对两种森林沼泽土壤碳储量(0—50 cm)影响不显著。研究结果可为我国东北开展森林湿地计划火烧和碳管理提供理论依据。

云冷杉林风倒区林隙和掘根微立地微气候变化

2013年7月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区云冷杉林风倒区1.5 hm2的样地内,选取由掘根倒木形成且包含坑和丘微立地的大、中、小3个代表性林隙。在每个林隙中心安装HOBO自动气象站,测定了7—9月林隙中心以及林隙内丘顶和坑底的总辐射、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和相对湿度,并在郁闭林分和空旷地设置对照。分析了不同大小林隙之间以及林隙内丘顶和坑底之间小气候在生长季的动态变化及其差异。结果表明:林隙总辐射、PAR以及空气温度依照大林隙、中林隙和小林隙的次序依次降低;同一林隙内,丘顶的总辐射、PAR和空气温度大于坑底,丘顶空气相对湿度小于坑底;月均气温和月均PAR均为7月>8月>9月,绝大多数按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序递减,仅9月份小林隙的气温大于中林隙。同一林隙的平均气温日较差均为7月>9月>8月,相同微立地(林隙中心、丘顶、坑底)气温日较差均为大林隙>中林隙>小林隙。相同月份丘顶的气温日较差均大于坑底。各林隙空气相对湿度均为8月>9月>7月,并按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序依次递增。7月份大林隙的总辐射、PAR与8、9月份相比均差异显著。9月不同大小林隙之间的总辐射、PAR差异均不显著。7—9月,大林隙和小林隙中心的空气湿度均差异显著。同一林隙相同月份丘顶和坑底的PAR、空气相对湿度差异均显著,空气温度差异不显著;无论是在林隙内还是林隙内的丘顶和坑底,同一林隙不同月份的温度差异均显著。

基于修正的Gash模型模拟小兴安岭原始红松林降雨截留过程

原始红松林是我国小兴安岭地区的顶级植物群落,理解它的降雨截留过程,对区域生态、水文环境具有重要意义。采用定位研究法,于2010—2011年21场降雨数据对原始红松林的降雨截留和分配效应进行系统研究,并结合当地的气象和林分资料,利用修正的Gash模型对小兴安岭原始红松林进行林冠截留模拟。该模型对穿透雨、树干茎流、截留量的模拟值分别为:370.91、16.14、130.07 mm。穿透雨模拟值比实测值低2.28 mm,相对误差1.75%,树干茎流模拟值高于实测值8.12 mm,相对误差50.3%,林冠截留量模拟值比实测值低2.35 mm,相对误差为1.81%。穿透雨和林冠截留量的模拟值和实测值有较好的一致性,树干茎流的模拟值和实测值相差较大。综合结果表明:修正的Gash模型对小兴安岭地区原始红松林降雨截留拟合具有很好的适用性。

大兴安岭东部林区植被蓄水潜力与价值的评估

以中国植被1∶100万植被图为基础,收集了各种植被类型冠层降水截留量、枯落物现存量和土壤非毛管孔隙度的数据和资料,将大兴安岭东部林区主要植被类型归并为9类,对这些主要植被类型对降水的分配和贮存进行了综合评价,并研究了大兴安岭地区植被蓄水潜力及其价值的空间分布特征。结果表明:大兴安岭原生植被中,以蒙古栎为优势种的落叶阔叶林、云冷杉林和兴安落叶松林具有较强的持水能力。兴安落叶松林分布面积广,蓄水潜力占全区水源涵养价值的58.4%。从区域分布来看,水源涵养能力强的植被主要分布在该区的东南部。为了防止本区植被水源涵养能力的衰退,需要控制采伐,加强天然林保护,同时要加强护林防火工作,防止森林向山地杨桦林、疏林和低效林退化。

沼泽湿地与多年冻土的共生模式——以中国大兴安岭和小兴安岭为例

以中国大、小兴安岭为例,在前期沼泽湿地与多年冻土共生机制研究基础上,构建了沼泽湿地与多年冻土的共生模式,并发现在不同尺度空间上,共生模式的主导特性并不相同:在大尺度空间上为"结构型共生模式";在中尺度空间上为"功能型共生模式";在小(微)尺度空间上为"过程型共生模式"。三者间,后者依次是前者的基础。微观过程型共生模式又分为3类:第一类为厚泥炭沼泽与稳定多年冻土的强共生模式,第二类为中厚泥炭沼泽与亚稳定多年冻土的中强度共生模式,第三类为薄(或无)泥炭沼泽与不稳定多年冻土的弱共生模式。沼泽湿地与多年冻土共生模式的构建,对揭示该共生体的形成演化规律具有理论价值,对冻土保护提供了新思路。

火干扰对小兴安岭落叶松-苔草沼泽温室气体排放的影响

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究火烧干扰(轻度、重度)对小兴安岭落叶松-苔草沼泽生长季CO2、CH4、N2O排放的影响.结果表明:火烧干扰使CO2排放通量提高24.0%—45.9%,CH4提高135.1%(轻度)或下降31.3%(重度),N2O由吸收转化为排放.重度火烧改变了CO2的季节排放规律,火干扰改变了CH4与N2O的季节排放规律.火烧与未火烧样地CO2排放与水位呈显著负相关,与空气温度、土壤温度呈显著正相关;未火烧样地CH4排放与水位呈显著负相关,与地表温度呈显著正相关,轻度火烧样地CH4排放与气温和个别土壤温度呈显著正相关,而重度火烧样地CH4排放、各样地的N2O排放与水位和温度相关性均不显著.火干扰使CO2排放源强度较未火烧提高,轻度火烧样地CH4排放源强度较未火烧提高、重度样地则下降;N2O则由吸收汇转化为排放源.火烧样地温室效应贡献潜力较未火烧样地提高了1/4—1/2,且呈现出随火干扰强度增大而递增的变化规律。

小兴安岭沼泽甲烷通量日变化分析

利用静态暗箱—气相色谱法,研究了小兴安岭7种沼泽类型生长季初期、中期、末期甲烷(CH4)通量的日变化规律,结果表明:小兴安岭沼泽甲烷通量无统一的日变化规律,且与温度和水位两个环境因子的相关性较弱。7个沼泽类型中,仅毛赤杨(Alnus sibirica)沼泽和白桦(Betula platyphylla)沼泽甲烷通量峰值在生长季初期、中期、末期出现的时间大致相同,且都为单峰曲线;苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽、灌丛沼泽和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)—泥炭藓(Sphagnumspp.)沼泽甲烷通量的峰值在不同时期出现的时间不同,多数为单峰曲线;落叶松—苔草沼泽和落叶松—藓类沼泽甲烷通量速率较小,多数时间吸收甲烷,没有明显的日变化规律。不同类型沼泽和生长期之间甲烷通量没有统一的日变化规律,说明在进行区域甲烷排放总量的估测时,增加每天的观测频率,或者长期、大量的观测数据可能会对提高估测精度有很大帮助。

小兴安岭草本泥炭沼泽土壤有机碳、氮和磷分布特征

对小兴安岭草本泥炭沼泽湿地土壤有机碳、氮和磷含量分布特征进行研究。结果表明:漂筏苔草湿地土壤有机碳含量最高,有机碳平均含量为438.40g/kg,平均碳密度为88.99kg/m3,碳储量为35.40kt/km2,且10～20cm碳含量高于其他土层。修氏苔草湿地土壤有机碳含量随土层加深而逐渐减少,平均碳含量为98.74g/kg,碳密度为56.27kg/m3,碳储量为20.03kt/km2。2类湿地土壤全氮、水解氮和速效磷垂直变化均表现为随土层加深而逐渐减少,漂筏苔草湿地土壤全氮、水解氮、全磷和速效磷含量均高于修氏苔草湿地,分别是修氏苔草湿地的271%、548%、132%和216%。漂筏苔草湿地40cm土层氮、磷储量分别是修氏苔草湿地的4.40和1.33倍。土壤有机碳与全氮、水解氮、全磷和速效磷呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),土壤有机碳、氮、磷均与土壤密度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。

小兴安岭用材林土壤肥力综合评价及评价方法比较

以小兴安岭带岭林业局用材林为研究对象,在天然林内设置6块间伐强度不同的样地（强度依次为10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%）,每块样地设置4种间伐带（6、10、14、18 m）。在各间伐带内采集土壤样本,测定土壤化学性质,分析不同间伐强度、不同间伐带宽对土壤肥力的影响;运用基于熵权法的灰色关联模型,综合评价小兴安岭用材林土壤肥力。结果表明：改造的样地中,最有利于土壤养分积累的是间伐强度25%~30%、间伐带宽为10 m。与灰色关联法、主成分分析法、熵权理想解法比较表明：基于熵权法的灰色关联模型用于土壤肥力评价,合理可行。