Chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province

The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper.（1）The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering.It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering.（2）The major elements such as Si,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Mn and P were migrated and leached,while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched.The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na,and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K.Except the elements Sr and Ga,other trace elements such as Th,Ba,Cu,Zn,Co,Ni,Cr and V were enriched.It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials.（3）The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene.At the end of the middle Pleistocene,it became dry and cool.At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene,the paleoclimate became warm and wet again.As a whole,the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene.

Mineral Composition and Weathering of Soils Derived from Xiashu Loess

Mineralogical, physical and chemical analyses of the soils derived from Xiashu loess were carried out. The primary minerals of these soils were found to be mainly composed of light minerals, such as quartz, feldspar and mica, with traces of heavy minerals. Clay minerals, more complicate in composition, were dominated by hydromica, accompanied by smectite, vermiculite, chlorite, kaolinite, 2:1/1:1 randomly interstratified minerals and small amounts of quartz, goethite, lepidocrocite and hematite, Clay minerals were characterized by low crystallinity and fine particle size. In light of the quartz/ feldspars ratio of the 0.01-0.05mm silt fraction, and the clay mineral composition, the freeness of iron oxide, and the silica/ sesquioxide and silica/ alumina ratios in < 0.002mm clay fraction, it is concluded that the weathering intensity of these soils was lower than those of red soil and yellow earth, but higher than that of brown earth, and that the soil allitization, depotassication and hydroxylation of clay minerals increased from west to east and from north to south geographically. However, this general tendency did not coincide exactly with the gradual alteration of the geographic coordinates, and in some places, a reverse tendency also appeared, which could be attributed to the influence of some soil forming factors such as parent material and microtopography.

Numerical experimental study on optimum design of anchorage system for Xiashu loess slope

In FLAC ^(3D),cable element or modified pile element can be used to build slope anchoring model.However,the difference between the two structural elements and their influence on the calculation results have not been studied in depth.In order to solve this problem,the Xiashu loess slope anchoring models based on cable element and modified pile element were constructed respectively.A variety of anchoring schemes were designed by orthogonal experiment method,and then they were brought into the model for calculation and the calculation results were analyzed by range analysis and variance analysis.The results show that the modified pile element can bear the bending moment and reflect the strain softening property of the grout.From the perspective of slope safety factor,the anchorage length and anchor bolt spacing are the main factors affecting the stability of the slope,and the anchorage angle is the secondary factor.The grout in cable element is assumed to be an elastic-perfectly plastic material,so the safety factor of the slope can be significantly increased by increasing the length of the anchor bolts.This will bring potential risks to the slope treatment project.Therefore,in the calculation of the slope anchoring model,the modified pile element is more suitable for simulating the anchor bolt.

Cyclic Variability in Chemical Composition and Swelling-Shrinkage Properties of the Xiashu Loess Stratum near Nanjing,China

Xiashu loess strata are widely distributed along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China with the stratum near Nanjing,Jiangsu Province being typical.The cyclic variability of the stratum was investigated through comparison of geological features,chemical composition,and swelling-shrinkage properties between the loess and the paleosol layers.Based on the investigation of such a cyclic variability,soil behavior associated with the unsaturated state of the Xiashu loess stratum and its usefulness for geotechnical design and construction in the Nanjing area was analyzed. The stratum consisted of two types of cyclically alternating soil layers,namely the loess and the paleosol layers,which was the major cause for its cyclic variability.The loess and the paleosol layers were formed in different sedimentary environments.In order to avoid detrimental results from the differential engineering properties between them,this study suggested for the practitioners the importance of inspecting the variation of water content and controlling the downward net fluxes during geotechnical construction in the Nanjing area.

下蜀土降雨入渗光纤感测及渗透系数估算研究

下蜀土中裂隙较为发育,在降雨时入渗能力强,因此容易诱发浅层滑坡等灾害。为了研究下蜀土的降雨入渗特征,本文采用主动加热光纤光栅(AH-FBG)法开展了地基土水分分布及其动态变化的原位监测研究。基于监测数据,掌握了冬季和夏季土体体积含水率的时空分布特征,并计算得到降雨事件的降雨入渗量及入渗补给系数。在此基础上,通过稳态法计算获取了原位下蜀土的非饱和渗透系数,并与间接法估算值进行比较。结果表明:将AH-FBG法应用于下蜀土含水率的原位监测具有可行性,其中5 cm深度的均方根误差较大,为0.0252 m^(3)·m^(-3),主要受到浅层土体和空气的热量交换作用以及土体裂隙的影响,其余深度均不超过0.01 m^(3)·m^(-3)。原位监测系统对降雨入渗和蒸发作用引起的含水率变化均具有良好的响应。无论是冬季还是夏季,由稳态法计算得到的原位非饱和渗透系数均大于间接法估算值,表明下蜀土中的裂隙为降雨入渗提供了优先渗流通道。

Onset of Xiashu loess deposition in southern China by 0.9 Ma and its implications for regional aridification

The Xiashu loess is a typical Quaternary eolian deposit in southem China and represents an important terrestrial paleoclimate archive in this low-latitude monsoon region. However, the chronological framework of Xiashu loess deposition has yet to be established. Determining the timing of the onset of Xiashu loess deposition will allow researchers to better understand late Quaternary aridification across the Asian continent, the evolution of the East Asian monsoon and regional environmental changes in subtropical regions. Therefore, in this study, a systematic chronological study of the Xiashu loess is conducted to answer this question. For the first time, magnetostratigraphic classification reveals that the Matuyama/Bnmhes （M/B） reversal is present in the Xiashu loess at two sites in Jiangsu Province, the Qingshan profile at Yizheng and the Dagang core in Zhenjiang. Based on the results of magnetostratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） dating, the age of the lower boundary of the Xiashu loess is estimated to be approximately 0.9 Ma. Consequently, this Xiashu loess deposit is the oldest reported to date and is comparable in age to the red soil deposit in Xuancheng, Anhui Province. The onset of Xiashu loess deposition by 0.9 Ma represents the further expansion of arid range in Asia in the late Quaternary in response to significant aridification and winter monsoon strengthening in this subtropical region. We suggest that these climate changes were primarily driven by global cooling and an increase in high-latitude ice volume in the Northern Hemisphere and that the initiation of Xiashu loess accumulation was a regional response of southern China to the 0.9 Ma global cooling event.

含山—无为地区下蜀黄土地球化学特征及物源探讨

第四纪中—晚更新世以来,长江下游广泛发育黄土沉积,下蜀黄土是其中的典型代表。文章研究含山—无为地区下蜀黄土的地球化学特征,并与北方西峰黄土、东秦岭黄土和南方镇江、九江、合肥、宣城等地下蜀黄土进行对比分析。结果表明:含山—无为地区下蜀黄土经历了中等化学风化;主、微量元素特征表现出与北方西峰黄土的相对一致性,因此北方黄土高原黄土可能是含山—无为地区下蜀黄土主要物源之一。研究结果可为研究长江中下游地区下蜀黄土的物源及物源区古环境信息提供参考。

长江下游地区中更新世下蜀黄土沉积的古气候意义

广布于长江中下游地区的下蜀黄土,是反映中国南方第四纪气候与环境变化的重要载体。下蜀黄土地层记录的多个古土壤条带与亚热带季风型湿润气候密切相关,然而古土壤形成的气候动力学机制尚不明确。文章对长江中下游位于老山山麓的2处下蜀土剖面的239个样品的磁化率进行分析,并充分结合已有的下蜀黄土年代地层学和磁性地层学研究,将2个新剖面与长江中下游广泛分布的下蜀黄土进行地层学比对,揭示了中更新世以来古土壤层的气候学意义。2个新剖面与已有研究的泰山新村剖面,在最近30万年发生的3个古土壤发生层(S1、S2和S3)上相对应,与镇江大港剖和江南老虎山剖面也十分相似,说明S1、S2和S3可作为下蜀土的标志层。基于地层磁化率与镇江大港剖面的比较,确立了地层年代控制点,进而分析古土壤层的厚度。结果显示,古土壤层厚接近甚至超过了下伏黄土。古土壤的沉积速率(6.2 cm/ka,n=19)大于黄土层(5.1 cm/ka,n=17)。这与中国北方黄土高原明显不同。结合已有对下蜀土的物源研究,古土壤的形成很可能与长江搬运作用以及河漫滩堆积过程有关。通过Sadler沉积动力模型检验,古土壤与黄土层在冰期和间冰期尺度上沉积连续,物源贡献并未间断。经过沉积速率校正,近50万年以来磁化率校正值曲线清晰显示了地球轨道偏心率10万年周期。全球冰量在轨道尺度上的变化很可能是古土壤形成的关键控制因素。

南京市某下蜀土边坡稳定性分析及加固措施

南京地区广泛发育下蜀土边坡,在强降雨条件下极易发生滑坡,对人民生命财产安全产生巨大威胁。本文选取南京典型下蜀土边坡为研究对象,对该边坡进行现场勘查,探明边坡基本特征,分析滑坡影响因素,采用数值模拟的方法对边坡稳定性进行分析,结果表明下蜀土边坡在降雨工况下处于欠稳定状态,天然和地震工况下处于基本稳定状态。针对下蜀土边坡特点进行支护设计和分析,结果表明,削坡减载和设置截排水沟等措施能显著提升下蜀土边坡的稳定性,边坡在各种工况下都能够保持稳定状态,治理措施切实有效。

镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征

对镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度及元素迁移特征进行了研究,结合与黄土高原第四纪黄土、古土壤、晚第三纪红粘土以及安徽宣城风成红土等典型风成堆积剖面的对比分析,得出如下结论:(1)镇江下蜀土剖面经历了中等强度的化学风化,明显强于洛川黄土以及古土壤,显著弱于宣城风成红土,而与西峰晚第三纪红粘土非常接近。下蜀土的化学风化过程及其与其他风成堆积剖面风化强度的差异主要受气候条件的控制,气候条件通过年平均温度和年降水量对化学风化的地球化学环境起重要的影响,其中降水因素在化学风化过程中可能起着更为重要的制约作用。(2)镇江下蜀土剖面风化过程中,绝大部分常量元素的地球化学行为表现为迁移淋失,仅Fe和Ti轻微富集,元素的活动性由强至弱依次为:P>Na>Ca>Mg>K>Fe2+>Si>Mn>Al>Ti>Fe3+;常量元素的迁移特征揭示下蜀土的化学风化已经完成初级阶段的去Ca、Na过程,并初步进入到去K风化的中级阶段;微量元素除Sr、Ga迁移淋失外,Th、Ba、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、V等均表现出富集特征,这可能与下蜀土风化成壤过程中的生物地球化学过程以及粘粒、有机质对微量元素的吸附作用有关。(3)元素迁移在剖面中的变化特征揭示,在0.24Ma之前的中更新世早、中期,该区气候较为暖湿,兼有干湿交替的特征;中更新世晚期气候偏干凉,风化淋溶最弱;至晚更新世早期则又出现一段明显暖湿的成壤时期,形成下蜀土剖面中的S1古土壤层。总之,中更新世以来本区气候整体上向干凉的方向发展。

长江下游下蜀黄土化学风化的地球化学研究

根据元素含量、K2O/Na2O、K2O/CaO、Al2O3/Na2O、CIA及ACNK图解等指标对长江下游地区下蜀土的化学风化作用进行了研究。下蜀土比西北黄土经历了较强的化学风化过程,Ca、Sr、Na和Mg大量迁移淋失,不仅表现为碳酸盐矿物的迅速风化,而且硅酸盐矿物如斜长石也明显风化,脱Ca、Na过程显著,而钾长石的风化很弱,脱K不明显。下蜀土与西北黄土的原始沉积物具有相似的化学组成。下蜀土较强的化学风化过程可能受长江下游地区较强的季风性气候控制。

镇江下蜀黄土粒度特征及其成因初探

根据具有代表性的镇江大港剖面的粒度分析结果探讨了下蜀黄土的成因。结果表明 :镇江下蜀黄土主要由 <5 0μm细颗粒物质组成 ,>5 0μm的砂粒贫乏 ,平均含量仅占 4.18% ;5 0～ 10μm的粗粉砂含量为 49.36 % ,为众数粒组 ;10～ 5μm的细粉砂平均含量为 18.0 2 % ;<5μm的粘粒含量为 2 8.44 %。粒度概率累积曲线呈标准的二段式 ,频率分布曲线为单峰 ,粒度参数具有高度的一致性特征。粒度分析证实 ,镇江下蜀黄土与北方黄土一样同是大气粉尘堆积物。我国自西北向东南沿主风方向呈带状排列的砂黄土带 (柴达木黄土 )、典型黄土带 (黄土高原黄土 )、粘黄土带 (山东黄土 )、细粘黄土带 (宁镇下蜀黄土 )共同构成了我国独特的第四纪风尘堆积空间分布延伸序列 ,它们是在第四纪冰期干冷气候条件下气

南京地区下蜀土元素地球化学特征及物源判别

从南京地区燕子矶与泰山新村下蜀土的 18个微量元素中 ,选取在表生环境下较稳定的 15种元素 ,运用图解和物源判别指数方法分析下蜀土的物质来源 ,揭示了下蜀土与西北黄土在元素组成上的相似性 ,而与长江漫滩沉积物的元素组成明显不同 .结合下蜀土的宏观和微观特征可以推断下蜀土的物源与西北黄土沉积物一致 。

不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳各库大小及分解动态

依据三库一级动力学理论，以下蜀黄土为对象，研究了天然林地、新早地和老早地土壤不同土层有机碳各库大小和分解动态，探讨了土地利用变更对土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明：下蜀黄土上发育的黄棕壤表层、中层和下层土壤总有机碳库大小分别为7818．34～9242．30mg／kg，3093．66～3338．59mg／kg，2337．27～3188．40mg／kg。各碳库占总有机碳比例及平均驻留时间为：活性碳库0．41％～3．81％，平均驻留时间3～40天；缓效性碳库23．23％～79．11％，平均驻留时间5～24年；惰性碳库18．11％～74．80％。土地利用类型从天然林地-新旱地-老早地转变导致各层土壤缓效性碳库减小，中层惰性碳库增大，随着早地耕作时间增长这种趋势越明显。根据呼吸培养结果发现土壤有机碳分解具有前期快速分解和后期稳定分解两个阶段，快速分解期为活性碳平均驻留时间。研究表明，早地土壤较之天然林地具有更大的固碳能力，只要合理管理与耕作，早地将是一个巨大的碳汇。

南京下蜀黄土红外释光地层年代学

下蜀黄土地层年代学对于理解季风环流时空格局演化及其与青藏高原阶段性隆升的关系十分重要。作者基于下蜀黄土红外释光测年和下蜀黄土及黄土高原洛川；剖面磁化率序列的对比分析，认为下蜀黄土第一层黄土层形成于末次冰期，最底部的黄土层与洛川的 Ｌ５相当。因而下蜀黄土应相当于黄土高原ＬＳ以来的风成堆积，其底界年代约为 ５００ ｋａ。也就是说，在 ５００ ｋａ左右黄土堆积的南界已达长江下游地区。这可能是因为其时青藏高原的隆升已到达一特殊高度，对东亚季风演化的影响成为一个转折点，加强了东亚季风的强度。

长江中下游地区下蜀黄土成因研究的回顾

为了进一步认识下蜀黄土的成因及其在我国东部环境演变研究中的意义 ,回顾了 2 0世纪 30年代以来下蜀黄土研究的主要成果 ,系统地评述了下蜀黄土的风成说、水成说和多成因说。下蜀黄土的成因 ,从营力的先后及主次看 ,风成应是第一位的。因此 ,在利用下蜀黄土保存的古环境信息研究我国东部环境变化时 ,应慎重选择剖面 。

三轴压缩下南京下蜀土的宏、微观性状试验

为探讨南京下蜀土在三轴压缩下的宏观力学性质及微观演化机理,分别通过三轴试验仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了下蜀土的宏观变形、强度特性及微结构变化规律。结果表明:下蜀土的结构强度与围压的比值基本上为常数,土体的结构强度与内部颗粒的排列、胶结性能,以及外部应力状态有关。三轴压缩下,随着应变增大,下蜀土中较大颗粒集聚体受剪破坏,而较小颗粒通过聚集增大,使得土体颗粒面积比例增大,但颗粒集团化程度降低,平面分布分散,颗粒排列逐渐朝无序发展,并在无序程度最高部位形成了剪切破坏带。

南京周家山下蜀黄土色度特征及其意义

对南京周家山下蜀黄土-古土壤的研究发现,色度参数与其他参数对应关系良好,如亮度(L*)值与有机质含量明显正相关;红度(a*)值与氧化铁含量也有着显著相关性。与西北黄土相比,下蜀黄土经历了较强的风化作用。在其他指标不能很好地记录气候变化和土壤发育的情况下,色度参数可以发展成为一种可靠且简便的古环境研究的潜在替代性指标。在周家山地区,L*值受到土壤中有机质含量的影响较大,碳酸盐由于发生了较强的淋溶而对L*值影响不大。a*值受土壤中Fe元素含量的直接影响,对环境变化的响应更为敏感。黄度(b*)值在本区域对气候响应程度有限。

镇江下蜀土中的黏土矿物及其古环境意义

镇江大港砖瓦厂下蜀黄土剖面30个样品的X衍射分析和半定量结果表明,该剖面黏土矿物组合为伊利石-蛭石-高岭石型,其中以伊利石(52.8%～70%)和蛭石(20.6%～38.5%)为主;古土壤层的伊利石相对含量高于黄土层,蛭石的变化与之相反,二者互为消长.高岭石含量为6.0%～11.1%,在古土壤中的含量略高于黄土层.从剖面底部(S4)至顶部(S1), 伊利石相对含量略呈增加趋势,蛭石和高岭石则略呈减少趋势.镇江下蜀黄土中的黏土矿物组合类型与北方黄土明显不同,伊利石的结晶度总体上也较北方黄土差,反映下蜀黄土堆积区相对温暖、湿润,风化淋滤作用相对较强.从黏土矿物组合和含量来看,下蜀黄土经历了中等强度的风化作用.

长江中下游地区下蜀黄土磁化率曲线与环境变迁

通过对镇江大港剖面地层结构和磁化率曲线特征的分析研究 ,以及与相邻地区风尘堆积研究成果的比较 ,认为长江中下游地区磁化率曲线的波动旋回很好的对应了黄土 -古土壤风尘堆积序列 ,记录着该区中更新世以来七次大的古气候冷暖旋回。古气候的旋回变化幅度较北方黄土区要小得多 ,冷期和暖期都存在着频繁的小尺度的气候冷暖波动 ,可与深海氧同位素曲线相比较 ;