Extracting water body data based on SDWI and threshold segmentation:A case study in permafrost area surrounding Salt Lake in Hoh Xil,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

There are a large number of lakes,rivers,and other natural water bodies distributed in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The changes in water bodies will affect the distribution of water resources in sur-rounding areas and downstream areas,resulting in environmental impact and bringing potential flood disasters,which will induce more serious issues and problems in alpine and high-altitude areas with a fragile habitat(such as the QTP in China).Generally,effective,reasonable,and scientific monitoring of large-scale water bodies can not only document the changes in water bodies intuitively,but also provide important theoretical reference for subsequent environmental impact prediction,and disaster prevention and mitigation in due course of time.The large-scale water extraction technology derived from the optical remote sensing(RS)image is seriously affected by clouds,bringing about large differences among the extracted water result products.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)RS technology has the unique advantage characteristics of all-weather,all-day,strong penetration,and not being affected by clouds,which is hopeful in extracting water body data,especially for days with cloudy weather.The data extraction of large-scale water bodies based on SAR images can effectively avoid the errors caused by clouds that become prevalent at present.In this paper,the Hoh Xil Salt Lake on the QTP and its surrounding five lakes are taken as the research objects.The 2-scene Sentinel-1 SAR image data covering the whole area on 22 August 2022 was used to verify the feasibility of extracting water body data in permafrost zones.Furthermore,on 22 August 2022,the wealth here was cloudy,which made the optical RS images,e.g.,Sentinel-2 images full of clouds.The results show that:using the Sentinel-1 image and threshold segmentation method to extract water body data is efficient and effective with excellent results in permafrost areas.Concretely,the Sentinel-1 dual-polarized water index(SDWI),calculated by combining dual vertical–vertical(VV)polarized and verti-cal–horizontal(VH)polarized data is a useful index for water extraction and the result is better than each of the VV or VH polarized images.

青藏高原可可西里盆地晚白垩世—早中新世地层年代学新进展及其对地层和古环境的指示意义

青藏高原构造隆升是新生代重大地质事件之一,是东亚构造—气候演化的重要边界条件之一,也是研究全球气候变化绕不开的一个重要因素。目前,关于青藏高原的隆升历史和机制等存在较大的争议,其中,一个最重要的原因是地层年代学问题,可靠的地层沉积年龄是后续研究的基础。青藏高原中北部可可西里盆地保存有晚白垩世至中新世较连续的沉积,是研究青藏高原构造演化不可多得的研究材料。笔者等基于可可西里盆地最新的晚始新世至中新世地层年龄研究结果,同时,结合其他已发表的、有绝对年龄控制点的地层年龄,认为风火山群和沱沱河组是两套独立的地层单元,即在可可西里盆地,地层划分从老到新可划分为:风火山群、沱沱河组、雅西错组和五道梁组。在可可西里盆地地层沉积年龄最新进展基础之上,综合盆地的古高度、古纬度、古温度、古地磁、沉积相变化、地层接触关系、全球温度、大气二氧化碳以及亚洲季风和高原隆升之间关系的模拟等证据,指出:①青藏高原面上类似于现在向东、东南逃逸的GPS速度运动场方向可能在始新世就已经形成,沱沱河盆地以东的物质向东南逃逸,以西没有这种趋势,沱沱河盆地可能是一个重要的边界;②类似于现在的东亚季风—内陆干旱化格局形成于晚渐新世—早中新世;③青藏高原中北部晚始新世以来发生了明显的两阶段隆升,>38.5~26(24)Ma的隆升主要由印度与欧亚板块的碰撞挤压缩短所致,16 Ma—现在的隆升由岩石圈地幔对流拆沉引起,26(24)~16 Ma是隆升相对平静期;④青藏高原中北部主夷平面可能发育于26(24)~16 Ma期间;⑤角度不整合接触不是构造事件发生的可靠判别标志;⑥石膏等盐类矿物的出现不是干旱化的可靠指标,但似乎表明在盐类矿物沉淀析出之前,区域应该存在至少一期湿润的气候,按此结果,可能暗示了至少在古新世我国中东部可能已经存在季风气候。

可可西里地区北部湖泊水体中铷和铯分布特征及其形成机制

可可西里盐湖中富集的铷和铯在保障我国资源安全中具有极其重要的战略地位。为了解可可西里湖泊水体中铷和铯资源元素的分布规律及其富集机制,本研究测试了湖水、地下水、河水以及降水的水化学、稳定同位素(δD和δ18O)以及元素含量,研究结果表明:(1)可可西里北部湖泊水的总溶解固体(TDS)值变化范围较大,介于0.42~31.99 g/L之间。铷和铯的含量范围分别为2.32~2467.7μg/L(均值:210.85μg/L)和0.65~945.53μg/L(均值:98.23μg/L)。在空间分布上,铷和铯的含量与TDS呈现中部最低、西部高于东部的趋势。其中,勒斜武担湖的铷和铯含量及其TDS值最高。然而,湖水存在明显的淡化现象,这将对未来盐湖铷和铯资源的开发利用带来挑战。(2)氢氧同位素组成显示可可西里北部湖水受大气降水、岩浆水以及河流和地下水共同补给,泉在上升过程中受到降水的混合作用与河水汇集补给湖区。除了饮马湖、盐湖以及库赛湖东部,其他湖泊中铷含量均高于铯含量,即Rb/Cs>1,物源和迁移过程共同控制了可可西里北部湖泊水体中铷和铯含量的差异。湖水中铷和铯的富集主要受高铷铯含量的热泉补给、水体蒸发浓缩作用和水岩作用影响。本研究一方面丰富了对可可西里盐湖铷和铯稀有金属富集机制的理论认识,另一方面为提升盐湖铷和铯资源持续保障能力提供了科学依据和基础支撑。

基于Modelica的飞行器多专业统一模型研究

结合以飞行器系统为代表的现代航天产品在研制过程中面临的的挑战,针对在总体设计阶段的验证与分析需求,采用多专业统一建模语言Modelica构建了飞行器各主要系统的模型,通过模型的集成仿真,实现了飞行器系统在总体设计阶段的验证。再基于所构建的飞行器模型,进行实时代码生成,进而实现了信号级实时仿真系统,并开展了快速控制原型系统仿真。以上工作为MBSE方法在飞行器系统设计过程中进行了探索与铺垫。

1∶20万区域重力调查成果分析——以可可西里湖地区为例

可可西里湖地区位于青藏高原北部,地质工作程度较低,为认识测区主要地层展布、断裂构造、岩浆岩及沉积盆地分布,在可可西里湖地区开展1∶20万区域重力调查,进行数据处理和综合研究,结果表明:本区地壳趋于均衡补偿,莫霍面与地势大致呈“镜像”关系;共推断断裂21条,东昆仑南断裂是西域板块和华南板块的边界,其以北地区莫霍面快速抬升,东昆仑中断裂位置较以往偏北约12 km;圈定侵入岩10处,主要在东昆仑中缝合带发育;识别中新生代沉积盆地9处,并反演底界面埋深变化,楚玛尔河盆地新生界厚度在2000 m以上;在速度结构和电性结构约束下,通过重力2.5维定量反演建立了地质地球物理剖面模型,分析了主要构造单元的地质特征,同时初步划分金属矿找矿远景区4处。

可可西里盐湖时空演化规律及漫溢成因分析

可可西里盐湖漫溢水流给下游工程设施带来了较大的安全隐患。通过对盐湖遥感影像、所在区域气温、降雨、地温,冻土上限变化,漫溢河流水位和流速的监测数据分析,研究了盐湖时空演化规律、漫溢成因及对下游潜在的安全风险。研究表明:在空间上可可西里盐湖呈“K-C-O”三阶段变化特征,2022年盐湖面积较2011年增加了3.73倍;时间上表现为明显的“快-慢”两阶段增长期,快速期增长率为慢速期增长率的2.78倍,盐湖向下游工程走廊漫溢速率为0.31 km/a;随着季节性潮涨潮落及流速“峰谷”值变化,给下游桥梁桩基造成了一定的冲刷和热侵蚀作用;盐湖漫溢与多年冻土区气温、降雨、地温等因素呈正相关,近30 a气温升温速率为0.052℃/a,年均降雨量线性增速为3.09 mm/a,地温线性升温速率为0.036℃/a,气候暖湿化特征是造成盐湖漫溢的主要成因。研究成果可为可可西里盐湖下游工程防护措施制定提供理论与技术指导。

Sedimentary Record of the Planation Surface in the Hoh Xil Region of the Northern Tibet Plateau

Miocene marl is the most widespread Tertiary stratigraphic record in the northern Tibet Plateau, termed the Wudaoliang Group in the Hoh Xil region and the correlative Suonahu Formation in the Qiangtang region. The uniform marl overlies red beds of the Eocene-Oligocene Fenghuoshan Group. The Wudaoliang Group is generally 100-400 m thick, but the thickest strata are 700-1300 m, located in the Haidinghu (Maiding Lake) and Tuotuohe (Tuotuo River) regions respectively. Based on observations from eight measured sections and outcrops, the thin-bedded marl, which varies in colour from grey-white to light brown-grey, is explained as a large-scale or serial lacustrine deposit stretching throughout northern Tibet.The Wudaoliang Group commonly crops out on geographic lowland at an average elevation of 4600 m above sea level within the mountain chains, showing concordant summit levels, e.g. the Fenghuoshan and Bairizhajia Mountains. These mountains with a flat ridge are considered to be remains of the palaeo-planation surface. However, the spatial distribution of the Wudaoliang Group is not confined by the current mountain-basin landform configuration. We have observed the Miocene Wudaoliang Group marl exposed on a 5233 m-high mountain peak. The largest difference in height between the current lake level and the mesa crest is 600 m; the maximum dip angle is 25°, but usually below 10°, which is obviously different from the Fenghuoshan Group red beds with moderate to strong structural deformation. The horizon of the Wudaoliang Group thin-bedded marl and its widespread occurrence throughout the northern Tibetan Plateau can only be reasonably inferred to a sedimentary record relevant to the palaeo-planation. Its deposition occurred on primary land floor by erosion at 20 Ma and its bed surface is a typical sign of geomorphic rise and collapse after the erosion.

Paleoclimate Changes during the Early Oligocene in the Hoh Xil Region, Northern Tibetan Plateau

Sedimentological, cyclic-stratigraphic, paleomagnetic, and clay-mineralogical studies on the early Oligocene Yaxicuo Group in the Hoh Xil Basin, the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, provide abundant information of paleoclimate changes. A 350-m thick section in the middle-lower Yaxicuo Group was analyzed to reveal the climatic history that occurred in the Hoh Xil region during the early Oligocene interval 31.30-30.35 Ma, dated with the paleomagnetic chronostratigraphy. The results indicate that arid and cold climate dominated the Hoh Xil region during the early Oligocene in general, being related to the global cooling and drying events that occurred in the earliest Oligocene. Within this period, relatively warm and wet climate accompanied by strong tectonic activity occurred in the 31.05-30.75 Ma interval; while arid and cold climate and relatively inactive tectonics occurred in the 31.30-31.05 and 30.75-30.35 Ma intervals. Furthermore, spectral analyses of high-temporal resolution paleoclimatic records show orbital periods including eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. It is concluded that paleoclimate changes during the early Oligocene in the Hoh Xil region were forced by both tectonic activity and orbital periods.

NEW MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND SEDIMENTOLOGIC RESULTS FROM TERTIARY SEDIMENTS OF THE HOH XIL BASIN, NORTHERN QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CENOZOIC TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE TIBET PLATEAU

To contribute to the understanding of the ages of large sedimentary basins in northern Tibet, and the Cenozoic tectonic history of Asia in general, we conducted an integrated paleomagnetic and stratigraphic study on the sedimentary sequences of the Hoh Xil basin, north of the Qinghai\|Tibet Plateau. Red sedimentary sections from the Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo Groups have recorded a pattern of magnetic polarity reversals that correlates well with the known magnetic polarity time scale for the past 56Ma. Reliable magnetostratigraphy for the Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo Groups suggests that the sediment ages for these two groups are about 56～29Ma and 29～25Ma, respectively.We collected more than 1000 paleomagnetic samples from 335 sites distributed in 3 sections of the Hoh Xil basin. Detailed litholostratigraphic, petrologic, and sedimentologic studies have also been carried out on these sections during the past three field sessions. Magnetic directions in these sites were obtained by progressive alternating\|field and thermal demagnetization experiments. Most samples exhibit two components of magnetization. The lower unblocking temperature component is an overprint resembling the geocentric axial dipole field direction at the sampling locality. The most stable, characteristic remanence (ChRM) appears to be an early chemical remanent magnetization residing mainly in hematite. Curie temperature determinations, acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and backfield demagnetization of saturation IRM, hysteresis loop parameters, and low\|temperature demagnetization on representative samples all corroborate demagnetization behavior. The positive results of fold and reversal tests indicate that the ChRM is a record of the paleomagnetic field close to the time of formation of these sediments. Further evidence that the magnetization of these sediments was acquired close to their time of deposition is the fact that patterns of magnetic reversals have been identified, which can be matched with the established polarity time scale.

MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC DATING:IMPLICATIONS FOR TERTIARY EVOLUTION OF THE HOH XIL BASIN, NORTHERN TIBET

The Hoh Xil basin, with an area of 101000km\+2 and an average elevation of over 5000m, is a largest Tertiary sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan plateau. It is situated in the western part of the Baya Har terrain (BT) and the northern part of the Qiangtang terrain (QT), and covers the Jinsha River Suture Zone (JRSZ), one of the five continental suture zones on the Tibetan plateau. Strong deformation and crustal shortening of about 40% at the Fenghuoshan area (Coward,et al.1990) or 42.8% at the Wudaoliang—Fenghuoshan area (Wang,et al.1999) happened at the northern Tibet before the Neogene. Therefore, sediments deposited the Hoh Xil basin may contain significant information of crustal shortening and early uplift of the Tibetan plateau. However, anterior researchers met a same painful problem to date the sedimentary sequences in the basin. By using a few fossils, they assessed doubt ages for main strata in the Hoh Xil basin, as the Paleogene / Eocene (Yi,et al.1990) or the Cretaceous (BGMRQ 1991; Zhang & Zheng 1994), since other datable materials like volcanic rocks are absent. Therefore, the precise stratigraphic dating becomes a precondition of more scientific research in the northern Tibet.

MASS ACCUMULATION IN THE CENOZOIC HOH XIL BASIN,NORTHERN TIBET

Sedimentary basins are where the products or erosion of the related reliefs accumulate.The sedimentary records preserved in the basins offer the possibility of quantifying the paleotopography z(x,y,t) at each point( x,y )of a given region at any time t in the past by using methods of mass balanced reconstruction(Hay et al.,1989,Métivier and Gaudemer,1997),The importance of paleotopography is on that atmospheric circulation models and the ocean circulation models which depend on them require knowledge of the topography of the land as an important input boundary condition which strongly affects the model output(Barron and Washington,1984,Ruddiman et al.,1997).Thus,a first step towards establishing paleoelevations is to reconstitute the history of sedimentary basins in terms of mass accumulation(Hay et al.,1989).This work reconstructs the space\|time depositional history and estimates the mass stored in the Hoh Xil basin,northern Tibet.The Hoh Xil basin,with an area of 101000km\+2 and an average elevation of over 5000m,is the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan plateau.From the Early Eocene to the Early Miocene,a sediment pile of approximately 5 4km thick of fluvial mudstone,sandstone,and conglomerate and 0 3km thick of limestone was formed in the basin (Liu and Wang,2000;Liu et al.,2000).the mass estimate is derived from 21 measured field cross\|sections,with total thickness of 13479 3m.The results show that the Hoh Xil basin has undergone 7 stages of evolution from the Early Eocene to the Early Oligocene,with a period of no sedimentation during the Late Oligocene.The Fenghuoshan Group was formed from the first four stages as 56 0～52 0,52 0～46 7,46 7～39 7,and 39 7～33 2Ma ago,with the depocenter moving eastward and northward.The Yaxicuo Group was formed from the two next stages as 33 2～32 2 and 33 2～30 2Ma ago.The Wudaoliang Group spread the entire basin during the last stage of ca.23 0～16 0Ma ago,with its depocenter in the northern part.The strata of the Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo Groups have undergone strong deformation mainly during 30 0 to ca.23 0Ma,whereas only minor tilting has occurred in the Wudaoliang Group later.The space\|time evolution indicates that the Hoh Xil basin could be formed by the collision between Indi and Asia during the Early Eocene,and that its filling processes were controlled by early uplift and crustal shortening of the Tibetan plateau.The sedimentation budget is estimated as 297 15×10 12 t for the Cenozoic sediments deposited in the Hoh Xil basin.The accumulation rate curve shows that the value rises suddenly to around 800t/(m\+2 Ma -1 )during 32 2～30 0Ma ago from around 400t/(m\+2·Ma -1 )during 56～32 2Ma ago.The sudden increase of accumulation rate could be produced by early uplift of the Tibetan plateau.

TWO TYPES OF XENOLITH—MANTLE XENOLITH AND CRUSTAL XENOLITH FOUND IN THE CENOZOIC VOLCANIC ROCKS FROM HOH XIL, NORTHERN TIBET PLATEAU

It is known that large amounts of Cenozoic high potassium volcanic rocks occur on the Tibetan plateau. The question is where do those high potassium magmas come from? Since the plateau is being compressed by subduction and collision from the surrounding continents,it is a puzzle for us what is the formational environment and tectonic setting of these volcanic rocks? In particular,what is the relationship between these special rocks and formation and uplift of the plateau? We recently carried out an investigation on these Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Hoh Xil,northern Tibetan plateau,including volcanic rocks in the Jingyuhu,Xiongyingtai and Shuangquanzi areas. In the region,some older lava flows occur as thick sheets with a flat surface and weathering crust; while some relatively younger lavas remain a relict volcanic cone or vent. Most of the relict cones are small (<100m in diameter) and some are over hundred meters,distributed along faults,particular strike\|slip fault,e.g.,East Kunlun strike slip fault. Relatively,intermediate\|acid volcanic rocks are prominent,and basic\|intermediate and acid are subordinate. Petrological and geochemical results show that these volcanic rocks have many common affinities,characterized by high contents of w (K 2O)+ w (Na 2O) (about 8%),and w (K\-2O)/ w (Na\-2O)>1 or close to 1,and mostly belonged to shoshonite\|trachyte association and some to ultra\|potassic rocks. The K\|Ar dating of whole rock and mica shows that the volcanism lasts from middle Miocene (15 47Ma) to Pleistocene (0 69Ma); they are 0 69Ma,13 77Ma and 15 47Ma in Jingyuhu; 11 05Ma,12 22Ma and 12 83Ma in Xiongyingai,; 1 58Ma,2 24Ma,5 23Ma,5 85Ma,8 20Ma,8 41Ma and 10 67Ma in Shuangquanzi.Two types of xenolith and xenocryst were found in Jingyuhu and Xiongyingtai,i.e..,crustal xenolith and mantle xenocryst.

HOH XIL PIGGYBACK BASINS:IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOGENE SHORTENING OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

Strong deformed sediments investigated in the Hoh Xil basin may contain detailed records for early Tertiary crustal shortening in northern Tibet (Fig.1A). Sedimentary sequences in the basin consist of the Fenghuoshan Group, the Yaxicuo Group, and the early Miocene Wudaoliang Group from lower to upper. Magnetostratigraphic research has indicated the Eocene to early Oligocene ages for the Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo Groups (Liu, et al., 2000). Total 29 lithological sections with 20487 7m thick were measured spread all over the 101000km\+2 Hoh Xil basin, the largest Tertiary sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan plateau, to reveal the prototype basin and its evolution processes. They include 17 sections with 14925 3m thick of the Fenghuoshan Group, 8 sections with 4273 5m thick of the Yaxicuo Group, and 4 sections with 1284 9m thick of the Wudaoliang Group.

THE PALEOCURRENT PATTERN OF EARLY TERTIARY REDBEDS IN THE HOH XIL BASIN,NORTHERN TIBET PLATEAU:IMPLICATIONS FOR AN EARLY UPLIFT AND UNROOFING

We focus on early Cenozoic uplift, erosion and growth of northern Tibet plateau by reconstructing paleo\|drainage pattern in the Hoh Xil basin. Stratigraphical infilling sequences and lithic type orogenic basins are determined largely by contemporaneous tectonic activity. It is therefore reasonable to infer that paleoflow variability record give useful information about regional tectonic events. We now report paleocurrent data from outcrop measurement of 4 expedition profiles across the basin during 1997—1998.The west\|east trending Hoh Xil basin is the largest redbeds basin in northern Tibet plateau. It is 400km in axial length and has maximum width of 200km, which extends along Jin zone, separated the Qiangtang from the Bayankara block. It accommodates more than 5000m of terrestrial sediments during the Eocene to Oligocene dated by preliminary magnetostratigraphy and minor fossils.Detailed sedimentological observation and lithic facies associations analysis of the Eocene Fenghuoshan Group show to have evolved vertically from alluvial fan system in the lowest part, into stacked megasequences of coarsening\|upward fan\|delta system in the middle and upper part. The braided fluvial conglomeratic deposits occur at intervals along the basin margin and grade basin ward interbedded sandstone and mudstone. The Oligocene Yaxicuo Group is locally present and forms as laterally elongate sub\|basins, which is of a maximum thickness of 2000m, as seen in the Wudaoliang and the Hantaishan area. Alluvial fan associations in this sub\|basin in the proximal part adjacent to the southern faulted border and prograded northward to floodplain in distal part.

PROVENANCE OF LOWER TERTIARY REDBEDS IN HOH XIL BASIN AND UPLIFT OF NORTHERN TIBET PLATEAU

Eocene Fenghuoshan Group and lower Oligocene Yaxicuo Group are represented by mainly fluvial, lacustrine and fan\|deltaic redbeds cropping out in Hoh Xil basin, the largest redbed basin in northern Tibet plateau. Lithic sandstone, lithic quartzose sandstone, conglomerate, as well as siltstone, consist of the major rock composition of the redbeds. The petrography of sandstone and conglomerate reveals the relationship between regional tectonic uplift events and the provenance of lower Tertiary redbeds.The outcrop rock data show that the detritus were derived from sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, and metamorphic rocks. Phyllite and quartzite rock fragments are most common in the metamorphic rock fragments .The sedimentary rock fragments are composed of chert, limestone, siltstone, and mudstone fragments. But volcanic rock fragments are minor and occasionally occur. In Hantaishan area, the northwestern part of Hoh Xil basin, clastic composition of sandstones and conglomerates testify to mainly southward and northeastward provenances. The metamorphic rock fragments, which are more common than volcanic and sedimentary rock fragments, can be directly correlated with metamorphic rock of Triassic metasedimentary Bayankara Group around the basin. In Fenghuoshan area, the southwestern part of the basin, there are less metamorphic rock fragment composition and more limestone fragments than in Hantaishan area.The limestone fragments were obviously derived from Carboniferous—Permian or Jurassic limestone beds. These limestone strata can not be found in the Bayankara block mass at which Hoh Xil basin locates, thus it is deduced that the limestone detritus were derived from the south, that is, Qiangtang blockmass.

Enclosed Extent of the Saline Water and its Constraints on the Sedimentary and Salt Forming Characteristics:A Case Study of the Paleogene Playas in Hoh Xil Basin

1 Introduction There is a long period of hot,arid climates in the Jurassic-Neogene,in the eastern of the Neo-Tethys where is been called Western Yunnan—Qiangtang tectonic belt(Zheng et al.,2010).Especially in the Paleogene,under the control of the planetary winds and the north subtropical high pressure belts,a ribbon arid,semi-arid

近30年青藏高原可可西里盐湖面积动态变化及其影响因素分析

青藏高原湖泊是全球气候变化的敏感指标,对全球气候变化具有很强的反馈作用。由于卓乃湖的溃堤,地处于青藏高原腹地的可可西里盐湖迅速扩张,这不仅对周边草地植被及流经的冻土造成危害,对青藏铁路和青藏公路的正常运行也产生了干扰。本文利用多源遥感监测手段对可可西里盐湖近30年面积进行监测,从时空变化趋势上提取盐湖面积的动态变化并进行成因分析。结果表明:(1)2011年9月卓乃湖溃决,导致可可西里盐湖面积1990—2020年增大了178.535 km^(2);(2)自2020年可可西里盐湖的引流工程完工,盐湖面积得到有效遏制,并在2021年缩小至191.145 km^(2);(3)盐湖湖岸线自1990—2020年主要在东南部和西南部有显著扩张,而最大的变化是盐湖东部由以前伸入湖中央的半岛变为孤岛;(4)面积与降水、气温呈显著相关关系,与日照时长、冰川融水呈弱相关关系。

青藏高原中部可可西里热融滑塌发育特征及灾害效应

受青藏高原暖湿化气候的影响,高原中部的可可西里多年冻土呈现快速的退化状态,并由此诱发大量的热喀斯特地貌发育。热融滑塌作为多年冻土区最为典型的热喀斯特地貌,其快速发育是多年冻土响应气候及环境变化的指示器。考察发现热融滑塌的快速发育对区域环境及重大基础设施均具有显著的灾害效应,但由于缺乏高精度的空间数据,对这一区域热融滑塌的分布特征缺乏细致的研究。本研究基于高分系列卫星产品影像资料解译,并结合2021年野外调查验证,开展了可可西里地区热融滑塌分布特征及灾害效应研究。研究结果表明:全区共发育热融滑塌1734个,总面积约30.82 km^(2),主要分布在海拔4700~4800 m的丘陵山区缓坡地带,其中4°~6°的坡面热融滑塌分布最多,约占总数量的32%,总面积的38%。由于坡向对地表热量分布及地下冰赋存条件的影响,对热融滑塌分布影响较大,北坡(N)及东北坡(NE)分布较多,约占59%。广泛发育的热融滑塌不仅对寒区生态环境、水环境、气候环境有重要的影响,也对重大基础设施及藏区居民生命财产具有灾害效应。本研究对可可西里地区未来工程规划及国家公园建设具有重要的指导意义。

可可西里盆地新生代沉积演化历史重建

青藏高原北部可可西里盆地是高原腹地最大的第三纪沉积盆地,分布着厚度达5737.5m的新生代沉积。本文根据遍布整个盆地的野外实测剖面和地质观察点资料,采用典型剖面精确古地磁测年为基础的时间框架,开展沉积层序、岩性特征、沉积环境和古水流变化综合对比研究,将可可西里盆地新生代(约56Ma至约16Ma)划分为7个演化阶段,其中在30Ma至约23Ma期间盆地经历抬升变形,没有沉积作用发生。结果显示,前6个阶段(约56Ma至30Ma),盆地沉积中心逐渐向北、向东迁移,盆地南缘和西缘的构造逆冲作用逐步加强,而且在晚渐新世发生强烈南北向地壳缩短,反映青藏高原腹地早期隆升过程是依靠南北向地壳缩短和北东向逆冲扩展作用来实现的。在早中新世(约23Ma至约16Ma),盆地沉积物遭受低度变形,表明此期间高原以差异隆升为主。

青海可可西里地区蛇绿岩的时代及形成环境

青海可可西里地区发现两条蛇绿混杂岩带,它们沿逆冲带分布。古生物、地层和同位素定年资料表明其时代为早石炭世-早二叠世。其岩石组合代表大洋岩石圈残迹。镁铁质岩主要形成于洋岛环境。硅质岩形成于深海、半深海环境,部分生成于洋岛或洋脊附近热水活动区。这是一套弧前蛇绿混杂岩,是古特提斯洋壳俯冲过程中形成的增生楔。这些资料表明,可可西里地区至少在早石炭世就已存在古特提斯洋,洋盆中有一些洋岛,洋盆在早二叠世末期基本闭合。