Seismic design of Xiluodu ultra-high arch dam

The 285.5 m-high Xiluodu Arch Dam is located in a seismic region along the Jinsha River in China, where the horizontal components of peak ground accelerations for design and checking earthquakes have been estimated to be 0.355 g and 0.423 g, respectively( g is the gravitational acceleration). The ground motion parameters of design and checking earthquakes are defined by exceedance probabilities of 2% over 100 years and 1% over 100 years, respectively. The dam shape was first selected and optimized through static analysis of the basic load combinations, and then adjusted after taking into account the seismic loads. The dam should be operational during and after the design earthquake with or without minor repairs, and maintain local and global stabilities during an extreme earthquake. Both linear elastic dynamic analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis considering radiation damping, contraction joints, and material nonlinearity were conducted to assess the stress in the arch dam.The dynamic analysis shows that the maximum dynamic compressive stresses are less than the allowable levels, while the area with tensile stress over the limit is less than 15% of the dam surface and the maximum contraction openings range from 10 mm to 25 mm. The arch dam has sufficient earthquake-resistance capacity and meets the safety requirements. Nevertheless, steel reinforcement has been provided at the dam toe and in the zones of high tensile stress on the dam surface out of extra precaution.

A Novel Hybrid Intelligent Prediction Model for Valley Deformation: A Case Study in Xiluodu Reservoir Region, China

The narrowing deformation of reservoir valley during the initial operation period threatens the long-term safety of the dam,and an accurate prediction of valley deformation(VD)remains a challenging part of risk mitigation.In order to enhance the accuracy of VD prediction,a novel hybrid model combining Ensemble empirical mode decomposition based interval threshold denoising(EEMD-ITD),Differential evolutions—Shuffled frog leaping algorithm(DE-SFLA)and Least squares support vector machine(LSSVM)is proposed.The non-stationary VD series is firstly decomposed into several stationary subseries by EEMD;then,ITD is applied for redundant information denoising on special sub-series,and the denoised deformation is divided into the trend and periodic deformation components.Meanwhile,several relevant triggering factors affecting the VD are considered,from which the input features are extracted by Grey relational analysis(GRA).After that,DE-SFLA-LSSVM is separately performed to predict the trend and periodic deformation with the optimal inputs.Ultimately,the two individual forecast components are reconstructed to obtain the final predicted values.Two VD series monitored in Xiluodu reservoir region are utilized to verify the proposed model.The results demonstrate that:(1)Compared with Discrete wavelet transform(DWT),better denoising performance can be achieved by EEMD-ITD;(2)Using GRA to screen the optimal input features can effectively quantify the deformation response relationship to the triggering factors,and reduce the model complexity;(3)The proposed hybrid model in this study displays superior performance on some compared models(e.g.,LSSVM,Backward Propagation neural network(BPNN),and DE-SFLA-BPNN)in terms of forecast accuracy.

Seismic activities before and after the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs in the lower Jinsha River

The lower Jinsha River basin is located at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in Southwest China,a region with intense tectonic movements and frequent moderate to strong seismic activities.Cascade hydropower stations have been constructed along the lower Jinsha River since 2012.However,research on the effect of the impoundment of large-scale cascade reservoirs in a river basin on local seismic activities is currently lacking.Accurately identifying earthquake locations is essential for studying reservoir-induced earthquakes.Analyzing the spatiotemporal migration process of seismic activities based on complete and precise earthquake relocation is fundamental for determining the fluid diffusion coefficient,constructing fault models for reservoir areas,identifying earthquake types,exploring earthquake mechanisms,and evaluating seismic hazards.The seismicity pattern in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas,where seismic activities had been weak for a long time,has changed with the successive impoundment of the two reservoirs,showing microseismic events and seismic clusters.We investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of seismic activities in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas using the waveform cross-correlation-based double-difference relocation technique and the b-value analysis method.We discovered that seismic events after the impoundment of these two reservoirs exhibited different characteristics in different regions.The seismic activities at the Xiluodu dam quickly responded to the rising water level,with the seismic intensity decaying rapidly afterward.These events were concentrated in the limestone strata along both sides of the Jinsha River,with a shallow focal depth,generally within 5 km,and a high b-value of approximately 1.2.Such features are close to those of karst-type earthquakes.Microseismic activities frequent occur on the eastern bank of the Yongshan reservoir section downstream of the Xiluodu dam,with two parallel NW-trending earthquake strips visible after precise earthquake relocation.The M_(S)5.2 earthquake near Wuji town on August 17,2014,had prominent foreshocks and aftershocks distributed in a clear NW-trending 20-km-long strip,perpendicular to the riverbank.These seismic events had a low b-value of approximately 0.7.The orientation of the node plane revealed by the strike-slip focal mechanism of the mainshock is consistent with that of the strip formed by the foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence,indicating the existence of a NW-striking concealed fault.Seismic activities near the Yanjin-Mabian fault upstream of the Xiangjiaba reservoir area since 2013 were concentrated in a NW-trending strip,with several near EW-trending seismic clusters on its western side,and with the largest event having a magnitude of M_(L)3.7.So far,the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs has not triggered seismic activities on the large Jinyang-Ebian and Yanjin-Mabian faults nearby.

Key technologies for the construction of the Xiluodu high arch dam on the Jinsha River in the development of hydropower in western China

Hydropower development in China is concentrated in the country's western regions.Among all the rivers in China,the lower course of the Jinsha River contains the richest hydro-energy resource,and therefore,4 mammoth hydropower plants are under construction on this particular section of the river at Wudongde,Baihetan,Xiluodu,and Xiangjiaba.The water-blocking structures of the hydropower facilities at Wudongde,Baihetan and Xiluodu are all arch dams of around 300 m high.In view of changes in the geological conditions at the foundation of the Xiluodu dam on the riverbed after excavation started,the designs of expanding foundation surface excavation and dovetailing the dam body and foundation rock on both upstream and downstream sides were introduced,allowing the arch dam and foundation to fit each other and improving the stress conditions of the dam body and foundation.By dividing the dam body into various concrete sections,the dynamic properties of concrete were adequately adjusted to the distribution of stress in the dam body.In addition,the use of the most optimal concrete material and mixture ratio allowed thermodynamics of concrete to satisfy the requirements of the strength,durability,temperature control and crack prevention of the concrete.Moreover,rigorous temperature control measures were introduced to prevent harmful cracking,thus enhancing the integrity of the arch dam.Furthermore,sophisticated construction machinery,scientific testing methods,and sound construction techniques were employed to ensure the uniformity and reliability of concrete placement.The "Digital Dam" for the Xiluodu project,which is based on the theory of total life cycle,has supplied strong support for construction process control and decision-making.

Seismic analysis of the Xiluodu reservoir area and insights into the geometry of seismogenic faults

The Xiluodu(XLD)reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and the largest in the Jinsha River basin.The occurrence of two M>5 earthquakes after reservoir impoundment has aroused great interest among seismologists and plant operators.We comprehensively analyzed the seismicity of the XLD reservoir area using precise earthquake relocation results and focal mechanism solutions and found that the seismicity of this area was weak before impoundment.Following impoundment,earthquake activity increased significantly.The occurrence of M≥3.5 earthquakes within five years of impoundment also appear to be closely related to rapid rises and falls in water level,though this correlation weakened after five years because earthquake activity was far from the reservoir area.Earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area are clustered;near the dam(Area A),small faults are intermittently distributed along the river,while Area B is composed of multiple NW-trending left-lateral strikeslip faults and a thrust fault and Area C is composed of a NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip main fault and a nearly EWtrending right-lateral strike-slip minor fault.The geometries of the deep and the shallow parts of the NW-trending fault differ.Under the action of the NW-trending background stress field,a series of NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and NE-trending thrust faults in critical stress states were dislocated due to the stress caused by reservoir impoundment.The two largest earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area were tectonic earthquakes that were directly triggered by impoundment.

Influence of regional background stress fields on the spontaneous rupture of the major faults around Xiluodu dam,China

Simulations of the spontaneous rupture of potential earthquakes in the vicinity of reservoir dams can provide accurate parameters for seismic resilience assessment,which is essential for improving the seismic performance of reservoir dams.In simulations of potential spontaneous ruptures,fault geometry,regional stress fields,constitutive parameters of the fault friction law,and many other factors control the slip rate,morphology,and dislocation of the rupture,thereby affecting the simulated ground motion parameters.The focus of this study was to elucidate the effects of the background stress field on the nucleation and propagation of spontaneous ruptures based on the factors influencing potential M>7 earthquake events on the Leibo Middle Fault(LBMF)and the Mabian-Yanjing Fault(MB-YJF)in the Xiluodu dam(XLD)region.Our simulation results show that the magnitude of the regional background stress field plays a decisive role in whether a destructive earthquake exceeding the critical magnitude will occur.We found that the direction and magnitude of the regional stress significantly affect the range of rupture propagation on the fault plane,and fault geometry affects the spatial distribution of the rupture range.Under the same regional stress field magnitude and orientation,a more destructive,high-magnitude earthquake is more likely to occur on the LBMF than on the MB-YJF.

Numerical simulation of landslide-generated tsunamis in lakes:A case study of the Xiluodu Reservoir

China has planned and built several world-class cascade high dams in Jinsha River,Dadu River,Lancang River,and Yarlung Zangbo River.The complex geological conditions in the reservoir area and numerous large-scale landslide bodies make the potential disaster risk of overflowing and cascade dam failure caused by landslide-generated tsunami under increasing severe situations.However,the study on describing and predicting the complex dynamic processes of generation,propagation,overflowing,wave setup,and the interaction between tsunami and lakeshore has not been systematically carried out.Based on the high-order Boussinesq-type equations,the development of the dynamic system of tsunamis in lakes coupled with the landslide process is realized using the finite volume method in this paper.To verify the accuracy and reliability of the study,the Xiluodu Reservoir is selected as the object to simulate the potential landslide-generated tsunamis.The factors such as the generation and propagation of tsunamis,dam overflowing,and wave setup in the downstream river are quantitatively evaluated and analyzed.The constructed landslide with a total volume of 24×10^(6)m^(3)generates a near-field wave amplitude of about 28 m.The maximum wave run-up height is about 95 m,the volume of the dam overflowing water up to 2.13×10^(6)m^(3),and the maximum wave height above the dam crest presents an M-shaped distribution.This LGWs event raises the downstream water level by nearly 40 m.The results show that the risk of landslide-generated tsunamis in the reservoir area in China cannot be ignored.The developed Boussinesq-type equations coupled with the landslide dynamics can simulate the whole process of generation,propagation,runup,and estimating the overflowing water volume of the tsunamis in the lake,laying a foundation for the quantitative risk assessment of tsunamis in lakes of high cascade dams in China.

基于Vine Copula的梯级水库短期发电调度风险估计

基于能准确描述高维变量相关关系的Vine Copula,考虑短期径流预报误差的空间相关性,构建了梯级水库短期发电调度风险估计模型,并将模型应用于长江上游溪洛渡、向家坝和三峡水库,分析了径流预报误差带来的单一水库、梯级水库短期发电调度风险。结果表明:基于C-vine Copula构建的联合分布能较好地描述屏山站、朱沱站、寸滩站和武隆站的日径流预报误差特性;随着水库可调节安全区间范围增大,单一水库发电量不足风险率、弃水风险率均越来越小,梯级水库发电量不足、弃水联合风险率和同现风险率越来越小,即水库调节库容越大,其承担的风险也就越小。

基于InSAR技术溪洛渡库区活动滑坡形变特征研究

水电站建设会在一定程度上改变当地自然环境,特别是库区蓄水影响着库区岸坡稳定性,造成库区古滑坡的复活及(或)潜在活动滑坡的失稳,为库区带来了新的地质环境问题。本文以溪洛渡水电站库区为例,采用时序SBAS-InSAR技术对库区活动滑坡隐患的变形特点和发生模式进行了识别研究。结果表明:结合升降轨数据共发现库区存在16处活动滑坡隐患,滑坡不同位置表现出不同的形变速率,均呈现整体向下蠕滑的趋势,发生模式以牵引式滑坡居多。受到库区蓄水、流水浸蚀及汛期降雨的影响,溪洛渡库区地质灾害诱发条件将发生变化,需进一步加强地质灾害监测工作。

材料参数对高拱坝动力响应影响研究

高坝系统运行环境复杂,与设计状态往往有比较大的差异。以溪洛渡拱坝为例,首先采用三维有限元模型基于现场实测资料反演坝体与地基材料参数,然后对比设计参数和反演参数条件下坝体的动力响应。研究结果表明,材料参数的选取对坝体-地基系统动力响应影响明显,与采用反演参数的拱坝动力响应相比,采用设计参数时坝体的动相对位移明显增加,坝肩位置横缝开度增加但中部横缝开度减小,建基面、孔口及坝踵位置损伤增加。建议对拱坝进行抗震安全性分析时采用设计参数。

基于谱元法的溪洛渡拱坝近场地震动模拟

水利枢纽多建在西部等强震地带,高坝的抗震安全性是无法回避的问题,为反映特定地震特性和场地影响,模拟地震波从震源激发到介质传播再到场址的过程,构建了震源-传播介质-场址的谱元法数值模型,进而生成工程所需的地震动参数。震源模型采用运动学震源,采用有限断层的方法离散成若干子源,利用数据融合的方法构建溪洛渡地区的非均匀介质波速结构;利用高精度的地形数据以考虑复杂局部场地峡谷地形,并选取永善县的实际地震将实测值与模拟结果进行了对比,验证了模型的合理性和精度。最后根据溪洛渡区域的实际地质断层信息,确定潜在震源位置,考虑最不利的情况来确定震源深度、滑移量分布、起始破裂点位置,对溪洛渡近场潜在地震进行模拟,比较场址的地震动特征,最终确定对溪洛渡拱坝影响最大的震源为雷波断裂中支所在的潜源。

溪洛渡水电站坝下游河道非恒定流传播规律研究

受电站下泄非恒定流影响,溪洛渡下游30 km区域通航水流条件复杂,威胁船舶通航安全。通过原型观测,对非恒定流传播规律及其主要影响因素进行研究。结果表明,各码头的水位变化与泄流变化趋势一致,传播过程中沿程坦化现象明显,传播速度快,大河湾—顺河段的平均波速为11.2 m s,汛期大河湾码头水位变幅及变率高达4.38 m、1.21 m h。溪洛渡坝下河道非恒定流特性与下泄流量变幅、变化时长及向家坝库水位有关,其中对流量变幅的响应最大。泄流增加(减少)时,电站下泄流量变幅越大,变化时长越短,向家坝库水位越高(低),非恒定流传播速度就越快,码头水位变幅及水位变化率就越大。

Technology improvements and management innovations in construction of Xiluodu hydropower station on Jinsha River

Developer and owner:China Three Gorges Corporation(CTG)Engineering management:China Three Gorges Projects Development Corporation(CTGPC)Designer:Chengdu Engineering Corporation Co.,Ltd.,Power

金沙江下游水温变化规律探讨

采用长江上游的攀枝花、华弹、屏山、朱沱、寸滩5个水文站以及溪洛渡、向家坝坝前实测水温数据,分析了水温年内、年际变化特征以及沿程变化规律,并探讨了梯级水库运行对水温的影响。结果表明:5站月均水温最高值一般出现在7—8月份,最低值一般出现在1月份;受溪洛渡、向家坝水库的调蓄下泄低温水影响,坝后年平均水温、最高水温、最低水温均比坝前水温降低;溪洛渡坝后年平均水温较坝前平均低0.6℃,最高水温平均降低约3.5℃,最低水温平均降低约0.1℃。向家坝坝后年平均水温较坝前低0.6℃,最高水温平均降低约1.6℃,最低水温平均降低约0.2℃;坝下游屏山、朱沱、寸滩3个水文站建库后冬季水温上升,夏季水温降低,年平均水温比建库前升高,越靠近下游升高幅度越大;年最高水温比建库前降低,越靠近下游降低幅度越小;年最低水温总体呈现建库后比建库前水温升高的规律。

溪洛渡水库地震活动特征研究

溪洛渡水库是中国第二大水库,也是金沙江流域最大的一座水库。水库库首区位于雷波—永善三角形块体之内,即高烈度区构造环绕的“安全岛”内。蓄水前库区地震活动微弱,蓄水后地震活动显著增强,2014年5月4日发生的M_(S)5.1地震和同年8月17日发生的M_(S)5.2地震引起了地震学者及有关人员的关注。

溪洛渡库区支流拦门沙形成机理

水库蓄水后,水深增加使得河道干支流水动力条件发生改变,干流泥沙倒灌造成支流淤积,影响水库有效库容和航运安全。以溪洛渡水库为例,基于实测资料和三维水沙数学模型,研究库区干流和支流的水沙输移规律,分析支流河口段泥沙淤积特性及拦门沙形成机理。结果表明:①库区支流河道淤积泥沙来自支流上游和干流倒灌,其中,支流上游来沙是库区支流河道淤积的主要来源。②干流倒灌库区支流河口形成对流和环流区,泥沙易于淤积,西溪河和牛栏江坡度较缓,存在形成拦门沙的风险较大;美姑河坡度较大,存在形成拦门沙的风险较小。③对于西溪河、牛栏江和美姑河,干流倒灌的距离随着流量的增加而增加,高水位运行时,水位对干流倒灌的距离影响不明显;而对于金阳河和西苏角河,干流倒灌的距离随着流量的增加基本不变,干流倒灌的距离随着水位的增加而增加。研究成果为新水沙情势下库区支流拦门沙风险防控提供依据。

溪洛渡、向家坝水库建设运行对下游鱼类栖息地的影响研究

为科学评估水库建设运行对鱼类栖息地的影响,以向家坝、溪洛渡水库下游的长江朱沱段为研究区域、“四大家鱼”为目标鱼类,耦合二维水动力数学模型与鱼类栖息地适宜性指数方法,模拟水库建设运行前后“四大家鱼”产卵期4~7月长江朱沱段流速、水深空间分布,对比分析水库建设运行对栖息地流速、水深适宜性以及栖息地适宜性、可利用面积的影响。结果表明:溪洛渡、向家坝水库建设运行后的“调峰补枯”,有助于增加长江朱沱段“四大家鱼”产卵期4~7月的栖息地可利用面积;栖息地可利用面积随着流量增加而先增加、后减少,栖息地存在一个最适宜流量,该流量下栖息地可利用面积最大。研究成果为科学评估水电开发的环境影响、优化水库调度提供技术支撑。

向家坝、溪洛渡库区地震尾波Q_(c)值估计

基于向家坝、溪洛渡水库地震监测台网35个台站记录到的99次M_(L)2.1~4.1地震观测资料,利用Aki单次散射模型研究库区地震尾波衰减特征。结果表明,库区Q_(c)值与频率有较强的依赖关系:Q(f)=(120.8±3.6)f^((0.7712±0.0103)),为后续震源参数计算和定标关系研究提供了良好基础。相较于Koyna、Aswan和新丰江水库,向家坝、溪洛渡水库具有高Q_(0)值和低n值特征,与水库库区地震活动性相符。

溪洛渡拱坝设定地震及场地相关反应谱研究

合理确定地震动参数是高坝抗震安全评价的先决条件。基于《水电工程水工建筑物抗震设计规范》(NB 35047—2015)关于抗震设防类别为甲类的工程设计反应谱规定,本文开展了溪洛渡水电站设定地震及其场地相关反应谱研究。首先采用没有经过不确定校正的工程场地峰值加速度,确定了对场址地震动贡献最大的永善潜源,并在该区域内进一步确定设定地震;然后将发生概率最大的情景地震作为给定设防水准的设定地震;最后选用美国西部AS08反应谱预测方程,生成与设计地震和校核地震对应的场地相关反应谱。研究成果可为进一步开展基于真实动力工作性态的溪洛渡拱坝抗震研究提供基础,并可为同类工程抗震安全评价提供借鉴参考。

来流变化条件下溪洛渡水库生态调度期水温分层特性研究

为探明来流变化条件下溪洛渡水库生态调度时的水温垂向分布特性,运用水温现场监测和CE-QUAL-W2模型对水温进行数值模拟的研究方法,基于实测地形和水文等数据建立溪洛渡库区的立面二维水温模型,模拟了水库在2021年1月15日—4月30日的水温动态变化过程,重点分析了生态调度期(3—4月)库区的立面二维水温分布规律及不同泄水口高程对下泄水水温的影响。结果表明:溪洛渡水库坝前水温于3月中旬开始出现温差,3月下旬表底最大垂向温差为2.02℃,垂向温度梯度在0.10℃/m以内。4月上旬、下旬水库表底最大垂向温差分别为2.41和2.81℃,垂向温度梯度在0.15℃/m以内。通过比较无叠梁门、1层叠梁门两种泄水运行工况得出,当设置1层叠梁门稳定运行时水库的平均下泄水水温提高了0.13℃。本研究可为溪洛渡水库后续的水温生态调度试验提供科学依据。