BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the Shi-pi-xiao-ji(SPXJ)herbal decoction formula is effective in suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),but the underlying mechanisms are not known.Therefore,this study i...BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the Shi-pi-xiao-ji(SPXJ)herbal decoction formula is effective in suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),but the underlying mechanisms are not known.Therefore,this study investigated whether the antitumor effects of the SPXJ formula in treating HCC were mediated by acetyl-coA acetyltransferase 1(ACAT1)-regulated cellular stiffness.Through a series of experiments,we concluded that SPXJ inhibits the progression of HCC by upregulating the expression level of ACAT1,lowering the level of cholesterol in the cell membrane,and altering the cellular stiffness,which provides a new idea for the research of traditional Chinese medicine against HCC.AIM To investigate the anti-tumor effects of the SPXJ formula on the malignant progression of HCC.METHODS HCC cells were cultured in vitro with SPXJ-containing serum prepared by injecting SPXJ formula into wild-type mice.The apoptotic rate and proliferative,invasive,and migratory abilities of control and SPXJ-treated HCC cells were compared.Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the cell surface morphology and the Young’s modulus values of the control and SPXJ-treated HCC cells.Plasma membrane cholesterol levels in HCC cells were detected using the Amplex Red cholesterol detection kit.ACAT1 protein levels were estimated using western blotting.RESULTS Compared with the vehicle group,SPXJ serum considerably reduced proliferation of HCC cells,increased stiffness and apoptosis of HCC cells,inhibited migration and invasion of HCC cells,decreased plasma membrane cholesterol levels,and upregulated ACAT1 protein levels.However,treatment of HCC cells with the water-soluble cholesterol promoted proliferation,migration,and invasion of HCC cells as well as decreased cell stiffness and plasma membrane cholesterol levels,but did not alter the apoptotic rate and ACAT1 protein expression levels compared with the vehicle control.CONCLUSION SPXJ formula inhibited proliferation,invasion,and migration of HCC cells by decreasing plasma membrane cholesterol levels and altering cellular stiffness through upregulation of ACAT1 protein expression.展开更多
While the Bushen Yizhi Formula can treat Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the yet to be ascertained specific mechanism of action was explored in this work.Methods:Different concentrations of the Bushen Yizhi Formula and amylo...While the Bushen Yizhi Formula can treat Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the yet to be ascertained specific mechanism of action was explored in this work.Methods:Different concentrations of the Bushen Yizhi Formula and amyloid-beta peptide(Aβ)were used to treat rat pheochromocytoma cells(P12)and human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y).Cell morphological changes were observed to determine the in vitro cell damage.Cell Counting Kit(CCK)-8 assay and flow cytometry were employed to identify cell viability and apoptosis/cell cycle,respectively.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were employed to measure the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-related proteins(GRP78 and CHOP),p-IRE1α,IRE1α,ASK1,p-JNK,JNK,Bax,Bcl-2,XBP-1,and Bim.Fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester(Fura-2/AM)was used to determine the intracellular calcium(Ca^(2+))concentration.Also,an AD model was constructed by injecting Aβinto the CA1 area of the hippocampus in Sprague Dawley rats.AD model rats were gavaged with different concentrations of Bushen Yizhi Formula for 14 consecutive days.The Morris water maze experiment was conducted to test the learning and memory of rats.Hematoxylin&Eosin(H&E)and Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl Transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling(TUNEL)staining were done to determine histopathological changes in the brain.Results:Bushen Yizhi Formula relieved the Aβ-induced effects including cell injury,decreased viability,increased apoptosis,G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest,upregulation of GRP78,CHOP,p-IRE1α,p-JNK,Bax,XBP-1 and Bim,as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2.These results were also seen with IRE1αsilencing.While Aβsuppressed the learning and memory abilities of rats,the Bushen Yizhi Formula alleviated these effects of Aβ.Brain nerve cell injury induced by Aβcould also be treated with Bushen Yizhi Formula.Conclusion:Bushen Yizhi Formula could influence ERS through the IRE1αsignaling pathway to achieve its therapeutic effects on AD.展开更多
[Objectives]To observe the effects of Cigu Xiaozhi Formula on miR-378a-3p expression and Hh signaling pathway in TGF-β1 induced and activated LX2 cells.[Methods]Cells were divided into control group,induction group,d...[Objectives]To observe the effects of Cigu Xiaozhi Formula on miR-378a-3p expression and Hh signaling pathway in TGF-β1 induced and activated LX2 cells.[Methods]Cells were divided into control group,induction group,drug-containing serum group,miR-378a-3p inhibitor group,and miR inhibitor NC group.CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell viability of each group,and flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of each group.RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-378a-3p in each group s cells,and RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,andα-SMA in each group s cells.[Results]Compared with the control group,the cell viability and expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,andα-SMA mRNA and protein in induction group increased(P<0.01),while the expression of miR-378a-3p decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the induction group,the cell viability and expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,α-SMA mRNA andα-SMA and Gli2 protein decreased in drug-containing serum group(P<0.05),while cell apoptosis rate and miR-378a-3p expression increased(P<0.01).In miR-378a-3p inhibitor group,cell viability and the expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,α-SMA mRNA and Gli1,Gli2,α-SMA protein increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),while the apoptosis rate and miR-378a-3p expression decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).[Conclusions]Cigu Xiaozhi Formula containing serum can upregulate miR-378a-3p expression and downregulate the expression of Gli2 andα-SMA in TGF-β1 induced LX2 cells,thereby inhibiting the activation of LX2 cells and exerting the effects of anti liver fibrosis.展开更多
Objective Diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)represents a substantial risk factor for heart failure and increased mortality in individuals afflicted with diabetes mellitus(DM).DCM typically manifests as myocardial fibrosis,m...Objective Diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)represents a substantial risk factor for heart failure and increased mortality in individuals afflicted with diabetes mellitus(DM).DCM typically manifests as myocardial fibrosis,myocardial hypertrophy,and impaired left ventricular diastolic function.While the clinical utility of the Jianpi Qinghua(JPQH)formula has been established in treating diabetes and insulin resistance,its potential efficacy in alleviating diabetic cardiomyopathy remains uncertain.This study aims to investigate the impact and underlying molecular mechanisms of the JPQH formula(JPQHF)in ameliorating myocardial injury in nonobese diabetic rats,specifically focusing on apoptosis and inflammation.Methods Wistar rats were assigned as the normal control group(CON),while Goto-Kakizaki(GK)rats were randomly divided into three groups:DM,DM treated with the JPQHF,and DM treated with metformin(MET).Following a 4-week treatment regimen,various biochemical markers related to glucose metabolism,cardiac function,cardiac morphology,and myocardial ultrastructure in GK rats were assessed.RNA sequencing was utilized to analyze differential gene expression and identify potential therapeutic targets.In vitro experiments involved high glucose to induce apoptosis and inflammation in H9c2 cells.Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8 assay,apoptosis was monitored via flow cytometry,and the production of inflammatory cytokines was measured using quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)and ELISA.Protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting analysis.The investigation also incorporated the use of MAPK inhibitors to further elucidate the mechanism at both the transcriptional and protein levels.Results The JPQHF group exhibited significant reductions in interventricular septal thickness at end-systole(IVSs)and left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole and end-diastole(LVIDs and LVIDd).JPQHF effectively suppressed high glucose-induced activation of IL-1βand caspase 3 in cardiomyocytes.Furthermore,JPQHF downregulated the expression of myocardial JunB/c-Fos,which was upregulated in both diabetic rats and high glucose-treated H9c2 cells.Conclusion The JPQH formula holds promise in mitigating diabetic myocardial apoptosis and inflammation in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting JunB/c-Fos expression through suppressing the MAPK(p38 and ERK1/2)pathway.展开更多
With the help of the asymptotic expansion for the classic Li formula and based on the L1-type compact difference scheme,we propose a temporal Richardson extrapolation method for the fractional sub-diffusion equation.T...With the help of the asymptotic expansion for the classic Li formula and based on the L1-type compact difference scheme,we propose a temporal Richardson extrapolation method for the fractional sub-diffusion equation.Three extrapolation formulas are presented,whose temporal convergence orders in L_(∞)-norm are proved to be 2,3-α,and 4-2α,respectively,where 0<α<1.Similarly,by the method of order reduction,an extrapola-tion method is constructed for the fractional wave equation including two extrapolation formulas,which achieve temporal 4-γ and 6-2γ order in L_(∞)-norm,respectively,where1<γ<2.Combining the derived extrapolation methods with the fast algorithm for Caputo fractional derivative based on the sum-of-exponential approximation,the fast extrapolation methods are obtained which reduce the computational complexity significantly while keep-ing the accuracy.Several numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82074425Hunan Science and Technology Planning Project,No.2016SK2051 and No.2023SK2057the Hunan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project,No.B2023089.
文摘BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the Shi-pi-xiao-ji(SPXJ)herbal decoction formula is effective in suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),but the underlying mechanisms are not known.Therefore,this study investigated whether the antitumor effects of the SPXJ formula in treating HCC were mediated by acetyl-coA acetyltransferase 1(ACAT1)-regulated cellular stiffness.Through a series of experiments,we concluded that SPXJ inhibits the progression of HCC by upregulating the expression level of ACAT1,lowering the level of cholesterol in the cell membrane,and altering the cellular stiffness,which provides a new idea for the research of traditional Chinese medicine against HCC.AIM To investigate the anti-tumor effects of the SPXJ formula on the malignant progression of HCC.METHODS HCC cells were cultured in vitro with SPXJ-containing serum prepared by injecting SPXJ formula into wild-type mice.The apoptotic rate and proliferative,invasive,and migratory abilities of control and SPXJ-treated HCC cells were compared.Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the cell surface morphology and the Young’s modulus values of the control and SPXJ-treated HCC cells.Plasma membrane cholesterol levels in HCC cells were detected using the Amplex Red cholesterol detection kit.ACAT1 protein levels were estimated using western blotting.RESULTS Compared with the vehicle group,SPXJ serum considerably reduced proliferation of HCC cells,increased stiffness and apoptosis of HCC cells,inhibited migration and invasion of HCC cells,decreased plasma membrane cholesterol levels,and upregulated ACAT1 protein levels.However,treatment of HCC cells with the water-soluble cholesterol promoted proliferation,migration,and invasion of HCC cells as well as decreased cell stiffness and plasma membrane cholesterol levels,but did not alter the apoptotic rate and ACAT1 protein expression levels compared with the vehicle control.CONCLUSION SPXJ formula inhibited proliferation,invasion,and migration of HCC cells by decreasing plasma membrane cholesterol levels and altering cellular stiffness through upregulation of ACAT1 protein expression.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[81904266,82004309].
文摘While the Bushen Yizhi Formula can treat Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the yet to be ascertained specific mechanism of action was explored in this work.Methods:Different concentrations of the Bushen Yizhi Formula and amyloid-beta peptide(Aβ)were used to treat rat pheochromocytoma cells(P12)and human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y).Cell morphological changes were observed to determine the in vitro cell damage.Cell Counting Kit(CCK)-8 assay and flow cytometry were employed to identify cell viability and apoptosis/cell cycle,respectively.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were employed to measure the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-related proteins(GRP78 and CHOP),p-IRE1α,IRE1α,ASK1,p-JNK,JNK,Bax,Bcl-2,XBP-1,and Bim.Fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester(Fura-2/AM)was used to determine the intracellular calcium(Ca^(2+))concentration.Also,an AD model was constructed by injecting Aβinto the CA1 area of the hippocampus in Sprague Dawley rats.AD model rats were gavaged with different concentrations of Bushen Yizhi Formula for 14 consecutive days.The Morris water maze experiment was conducted to test the learning and memory of rats.Hematoxylin&Eosin(H&E)and Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl Transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling(TUNEL)staining were done to determine histopathological changes in the brain.Results:Bushen Yizhi Formula relieved the Aβ-induced effects including cell injury,decreased viability,increased apoptosis,G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest,upregulation of GRP78,CHOP,p-IRE1α,p-JNK,Bax,XBP-1 and Bim,as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2.These results were also seen with IRE1αsilencing.While Aβsuppressed the learning and memory abilities of rats,the Bushen Yizhi Formula alleviated these effects of Aβ.Brain nerve cell injury induced by Aβcould also be treated with Bushen Yizhi Formula.Conclusion:Bushen Yizhi Formula could influence ERS through the IRE1αsignaling pathway to achieve its therapeutic effects on AD.
基金Supported by Regional Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81860821)Gansu Province Higher Education Innovation Ability Enhancement Project in 2019(2019B-104)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Fund for Graduate Students of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine(2022CX64).
文摘[Objectives]To observe the effects of Cigu Xiaozhi Formula on miR-378a-3p expression and Hh signaling pathway in TGF-β1 induced and activated LX2 cells.[Methods]Cells were divided into control group,induction group,drug-containing serum group,miR-378a-3p inhibitor group,and miR inhibitor NC group.CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell viability of each group,and flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of each group.RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-378a-3p in each group s cells,and RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,andα-SMA in each group s cells.[Results]Compared with the control group,the cell viability and expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,andα-SMA mRNA and protein in induction group increased(P<0.01),while the expression of miR-378a-3p decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the induction group,the cell viability and expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,α-SMA mRNA andα-SMA and Gli2 protein decreased in drug-containing serum group(P<0.05),while cell apoptosis rate and miR-378a-3p expression increased(P<0.01).In miR-378a-3p inhibitor group,cell viability and the expression of Shh,Gli1,Gli2,Col-I,α-SMA mRNA and Gli1,Gli2,α-SMA protein increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),while the apoptosis rate and miR-378a-3p expression decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).[Conclusions]Cigu Xiaozhi Formula containing serum can upregulate miR-378a-3p expression and downregulate the expression of Gli2 andα-SMA in TGF-β1 induced LX2 cells,thereby inhibiting the activation of LX2 cells and exerting the effects of anti liver fibrosis.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81874434 and No.81804053)Yangtze River Delta Traditional Chinese Medicine Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Specialist Alliance(No.ZY2021-2023-0302).
文摘Objective Diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)represents a substantial risk factor for heart failure and increased mortality in individuals afflicted with diabetes mellitus(DM).DCM typically manifests as myocardial fibrosis,myocardial hypertrophy,and impaired left ventricular diastolic function.While the clinical utility of the Jianpi Qinghua(JPQH)formula has been established in treating diabetes and insulin resistance,its potential efficacy in alleviating diabetic cardiomyopathy remains uncertain.This study aims to investigate the impact and underlying molecular mechanisms of the JPQH formula(JPQHF)in ameliorating myocardial injury in nonobese diabetic rats,specifically focusing on apoptosis and inflammation.Methods Wistar rats were assigned as the normal control group(CON),while Goto-Kakizaki(GK)rats were randomly divided into three groups:DM,DM treated with the JPQHF,and DM treated with metformin(MET).Following a 4-week treatment regimen,various biochemical markers related to glucose metabolism,cardiac function,cardiac morphology,and myocardial ultrastructure in GK rats were assessed.RNA sequencing was utilized to analyze differential gene expression and identify potential therapeutic targets.In vitro experiments involved high glucose to induce apoptosis and inflammation in H9c2 cells.Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8 assay,apoptosis was monitored via flow cytometry,and the production of inflammatory cytokines was measured using quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)and ELISA.Protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting analysis.The investigation also incorporated the use of MAPK inhibitors to further elucidate the mechanism at both the transcriptional and protein levels.Results The JPQHF group exhibited significant reductions in interventricular septal thickness at end-systole(IVSs)and left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole and end-diastole(LVIDs and LVIDd).JPQHF effectively suppressed high glucose-induced activation of IL-1βand caspase 3 in cardiomyocytes.Furthermore,JPQHF downregulated the expression of myocardial JunB/c-Fos,which was upregulated in both diabetic rats and high glucose-treated H9c2 cells.Conclusion The JPQH formula holds promise in mitigating diabetic myocardial apoptosis and inflammation in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting JunB/c-Fos expression through suppressing the MAPK(p38 and ERK1/2)pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 11671081).
文摘With the help of the asymptotic expansion for the classic Li formula and based on the L1-type compact difference scheme,we propose a temporal Richardson extrapolation method for the fractional sub-diffusion equation.Three extrapolation formulas are presented,whose temporal convergence orders in L_(∞)-norm are proved to be 2,3-α,and 4-2α,respectively,where 0<α<1.Similarly,by the method of order reduction,an extrapola-tion method is constructed for the fractional wave equation including two extrapolation formulas,which achieve temporal 4-γ and 6-2γ order in L_(∞)-norm,respectively,where1<γ<2.Combining the derived extrapolation methods with the fast algorithm for Caputo fractional derivative based on the sum-of-exponential approximation,the fast extrapolation methods are obtained which reduce the computational complexity significantly while keep-ing the accuracy.Several numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results.
