Natural Heritage Value of Xinjiang Tianshan and Global Comparative Analysis

Xinjiang Tianshan is a serial natural property that has been nominated for World Heritage status.This paper presents a systematically comprehensive and comparative analysis of the heritage resources of Xinjiang Tianshan according to the World Heritage criteria.Its biological,ecological and aesthetic values,which are of global importance, are documented.It is concluded that Xinjiang Tianshan meets the world heritage criteria(vii)and (ix).Xinjiang Tianshan is compared with other mountain world heritage sites,mountains in Central Asia,the Tianshan Mountains outside China,and with the protected areas of the Tianshan Mountains on the Tentative List for World Heritage Sites,so as to provide objective data for the world heritage application.

Xinjiang Tianshan Mountain

Xinjiang Tianshan Mountain comprises four components： Tomur, Kalajun-Kuerdening, Bayinbukuke and Bogda. Thev are part of the Tianshan mountain system of Central Asia, which is the largest mountain chain in the world＇s temperate arid region, and the largest isolated east-west mountain range globally.

Permo-Carboniferous Radiolarians from the Wupata'erkan Group,Western South Tianshan, Xinjiang, China

The Wupata'erkan Group, also called Wupata'erkan Formation, distributed in the South Tianshan, Xinjiang, China, mainly consists of gray and dark gray fine-grained clastic rocks, interlayered with volcanic rocks, carbonates and cherts. Some ultra-basic rocks (blocks) punctuate the formation. The formation was variously assigned to Silurian-Middle Devonian, Silurian-Lower Devonian, and pre-Devonian, mainly based on Atrypa bodini Mansuy, Hypothyridina parallelepipedia (Brour.) and Prismatophyllum hexagonum Yoh collected from the limestone interlayers, respectively. However, radiolarian fossils obtained from 24 chert specimens of the Wupata'erkan Group, mainly include Albaillella sp. cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon, Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto, Albaillella sp. and Latentifistulidae gen. et. sp. indet., are earliest Carboniferous and Late Permian. The earliest Carboniferous assemblage is characterized by Albaillella sp. cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon and Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, and the Late Permian assemblage by Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto. This new stratigraphic evidence indicates that the Wupata'erkan Group is possibly composed of rocks with different ages from Silurian to Permian, and therefore, it is probably an ophiolite melange. The discovery of Late Permian Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa provides more reliable evidence supporting the existence of a Permian relic ancient oceanic basin in the western part of Xinjiang South Tianshan.

Geochemical Features of the Two Early Paleozoic Ophiolitic Zones and Volcanic Rocks in the Central-Southern Tianshan Region, Xinjiang

This paper deals with the geochemical features of the two Early Paleozoic ophiolite zones in the central\|southern Tianshan region and the central Tianshan igneous rock belt between them. Study results suggest that the central Tianshan belt was an Ordovician volcanic arc with an affinity of continental crust, and the Kumux\|Hongliuhe ophiolitic zone that is located on the southern margin of central Tianshan has a crustal affinity to back\|arc marginal sea. The Aqqikkudug\|Weiya ophiolitic zone is an accretionary boundary between the Tuha continental block and the central Tianshan volcanic arc during Late Silurian to Devonian; Ordovician ophiolitic blocks, Silurian flysch sequence and HP metamorphic rock relics are distributed along the Aqqikkudug\|Weiya zone. Geochemically, ophiolitic rocks in the Aqqikkudug\|Weiya zone have an affinity to oceanic crust, reflecting a tectonic setting of paleo\|trench or subduction zone. The Early Carboniferous red molasses were deposited unconformably on the pre\|Carboniferous metamorphosed and ductile sheared volcanic and flysch rocks, providing an upper limit age of the central and southern Tianshan belts.

Climate Change and Its Effects on Runoff in the North of Tianshan,Xinjiang

[Objective] The aim was to study climate changes in northern Tianshan in Xinjiang and its influences on runoff. [Methed] Based on the runoff data for 54 years of Kenswatt station on Manas River and the climate date of 16 meteorological stations from 1957 to 2007 in the north of Tian- shan in Xinjiang, the climate change and temporal series of the annual runoff were studied by use of nonparametric test, wavelet analysis, R/S analysis and periodic trend superposition model. [ Result] The temperature, precipitation and annual runoff of Manas River increased significantly. The Hurst coefficients of both climate factors and the annual runoff were bigger than 0.5, which indicated that they would still keep an increasing trend. Temperature from 1957 to 1959 was low, precipitation was much, belonging to low temperature and more rain period. 1960s and 1970s were low temperature and less rain period. Temperature in 1980s was close to average value and precipitation was little. Since 1990s, it entered into high temperature and less rain period and was significant during 2000 and 2007. The temperature and precipitation changed in 1995 and 1996. Tempera- ture was＇significant in 11 and 22 years. Precipitation had 5, 8, 14 and 22 years of main cycle. The annual runoff and climate factors in Manasi River were increasing in different times. The annual runoff was related to climate factors, and temperature was closer to annual runoff than precipitation. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the reasonable configuration, ecological protection and agricultural production of water re- sources in north Tianshan in Xinjiang.

Study on the Source Parameters of Earthquakes in the Middle Eastern Area of North Tianshan in Xinjiang

By applying the empirical Green＇s function method, we first proved that the source spectra in the middle eastern area of North Tianshan follow the ω^-2 Brune model, and then, on this basis, obtained the source spectra for 105 earthquakes of ML 2.5 - 5.7 in the studied area upon removing the noise, instrument, propagation and site effects in the observational seismic S waveforms. Finally, we determined the source parameters such as the seismic moment, stress drop, source dimension, etc., based on the Brune model. The results show that there is a good linear correlation between scalar seismic moment, M0, and ML, which is Log10 M0 = 1.10 ML ＋ 17.20; The source radii range between 100- 1500m; the stress drop, 1-16MPa with a predominant range of 1 - 10MPa. The relationship of the seismic moment versus corner frequencies indicates that there may exist two source scaling, that is, when M0 〈 4×10^21 dyne. cm （equal to an ML4.0 event）, stress drop is weakly dependent on M0： whereas, when M0 〉 4×10^21 dyne·cm, stress drop is independent of M0.

Geochemical Characteristics of Granitoids in the Eastern Sector of the Northern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang

The granitioids in question are located in the geosynclinal fold belt of the Northern Tianshan Mountains.The magmas are intruded into a Carboniferous marine volcanic-sedimentary rock series. forming a contempo-raneous. intermediate-basic to acid. composite intrusion. With a whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age of 315.7 Ma. itis considered to be of middle Heicynian age. The granitoids have a SiO_2 content of 48-78%, a calc-alkali indexof 60 and silica-alkali indices ρ=2.2-2.4 and σ=1.5-2. From basic to acid compositions, the total REE con-tent increases from 38 to 143 ppm. δEu ranges from 0.47 to 0.86 and the Eu anomalies are negative. Thenormalized curves of REE of various rock types are very similar. These coupled with the characteristics of traceelement geochemistry show that the intrusion is an island arc-continental margin, calc-alkaline one. Theδ^(18)O values range from 5.8 to 8.9‰ and the ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr initial ratio is 0.705. The materials of the intrusion arecomposed of a mixture of the magmas at the top of the upper mantle and in the lower crust, This indicates thatthe rocks might be consanguineous. differentiated and evolved products and possess the characteristics of Ⅰtype granites.

Geochemistry and SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb Age of Post-Collisional Granites in the Southwest Tianshan Orogenic Belt of China:Examples from the Heiyingshan and Laohutai Plutons

The Heiyingshan granite and the Laohutai granite plutons exposed in the Southwest Tianshan resemble A-type granites geochemically. Analysis shows that the both are ferron calc-alkalic peraluminous or ferron alkali-calcic peraluminous with a relatively high concentration of SiO2 （〉70%）, high alkali contents （Na20 ＋ K20 = 7.14%-8.56%; K20〉N20; A/CNK = 0.99-1.20）, and pronounced negative anomales in Eu, Ba, St, P and Ti. A SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of 285±4 Ma was obtained for the Heiyingshan hornblende biotite granite intrusion. The geochemical and age dating data reported in this paper indicate that these granites were formed during the post-collisional crustal extension of the Southwest Tianshan orogenic belt, in agreement with the published data for the granites in the South Tianshan.

Zircon SHRIMP Dating for the Weiya Pluton, Eastern Tianshan: Its Geological Implications

The timing of the emplacement of the Weiya pluton remains controversial due to the absence of systematic and precise dating. This paper reports zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of different lithologic phases in the Weiya pluton, and discusses the genesis and tectonic environment. The ages of gabbro, quartz syenite, diorite porphyrite and fine-grained granite are 236±6 Ma, 246±6 Ma, 233±8 Ma and 237±8 Ma, respectively. All these phases were formed in early-middle Indosinian （Triassic） in a post-orogenic environment. In addition to underplating, intraplating of mantle-derived magmas is also a substantial mechanism for magma generation and vertical accretion of the continental crust. Granitoid rocks are important products of vertical continental accretion as underplating evolves gradually to intraplating. The existence of post-orogenic Indosinian granites shows that the middle Tianshan orogenic belt underwent an important tectonic conversion from the Paleo-Asian ocean subduction-collision system to the Paleo-Tethys ocean regime.

Late Permian to Triassic intraplate orogeny of the southern Tianshan and adjacent regions, NW China

The South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions of Central Asia are located in the southwestern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The formation of South Tianshan Orogen was a diachronous, scissors-like process, which took place during the Palaeozoic, and its western segment was accepted as a site of the final collision between the Tarim Craton and the North Asian continent, which occurred in the late Palaeozoic. However, the post-collisional tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions remains debatable. Based on previous studies and recent geochronogical data, we suggest that the final collision between the Tarim Craton and the North Asian continent occurred during the late Carboniferous. Therefore, the Permian was a period of intracontinental environment in the southern Tianshan and adjacent regions. We propose that an earlier, small-scale intraplate orogenic stage occurred in late Permian to Triassic time, which was the first intraplate process in the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions. The later large- scale and well-known Neogene to Quaternary intraplate orogeny was induced by the collision between the India subcontinent and the Eurasian plate. The paper presents a new evolutionary model for the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions, which includes seven stages： （I） late Ordovician-early Silurian opening of the South Tianshan Ocean; （11） middle Silurian-middle Devonian subduction of the South Tianshan Ocean beneath an active margin of the North Asian continent; （111） late Devonian-late Carboniferous closure of the South Tianshan Ocean and collision between the Kazakhstan-Yili and Tarirn continental blocks; （IV） early Permian post-collisional magmatism and rifting; （V） late Permian-Triassic the first intraplate orogeny; （Vt） Jurassic-Palaeogene tectonic stagnation and （VII） Neocene-Quaternary intraplate orogeny.

Altitudinal patterns of stand structure and herb layer diversity of Picea schrenkiana forests in the central Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

Altitude is a useful indicator to examine patterns of forest structure and species diversity in relation to environmental factors.In this study,the altitude patterns of forest stand structure and species diversity were analyzed across 20 plots in the Tianchi Nature Reserve,Northwest China.The results showed that mean stem height（Hm）,maximum stem height（Hmax） and mean stem diameter at breast height（Dm） of Picea schrenkiana trees all decreased significantly with increasing altitude.Potential tree height（H＊） decreased while stem taper increased significantly as altitude increased,suggesting remarkable altitudinal changes in biomass allocation between the diameter and height growth of Picea schrenkiana.Understory herbaceous richness increased significantly with increasing altitude,or with decreasing total basal area（TBA）,Hm and stand volume（Volume）.High light availability for understory herbs might account for the higher species richness at high altitude.Sorensen Index decreased significantly with the increase in altitude intervals,while the Cody Index demonstrated a converse pattern,suggesting greater differences in species composition with larger distances.

Trace Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from the Fe(-Cu) Deposits in the Hami Region, Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, NW China

Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry（LA–ICP–MS） was used to determine the trace element concentrations of magnetite from the Heifengshan, Shuangfengshan, and Shaquanzi Fe（–Cu） deposits in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt. The magnetite from these deposits typically contains detectable Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Ga. The trace element contents in magnetite generally vary less than one order of magnitude. The subtle variations of trace element concentrations within a magnetite grain and between the magnetite grains in the same sample probably indicate local inhomogeneity of ore–forming fluids. The variations of Co in magnetite between samples are probably due to the mineral proportion of magnetite and pyrite. Factor analysis has discriminated three types of magnetite： Ni–Mn–V–Ti（Factor 1）, Mg–Al–Zn（Factor 2）, and Ga– Co（Factor 3） magnetite. Magnetite from the Heifengshan and Shuangfengshan Fe deposits has similar normalized trace element spider patterns and cannot be discriminated according to these factors. However, magnetite from the Shaquanzi Fe–Cu deposit has affinity to Factor 2 with lower Mg and Al but higher Zn concentrations, indicating that the ore–forming fluids responsible for the Fe–Cu deposit are different from those for Fe deposits. Chemical composition of magnetite indicates that magnetite from these Fe（–Cu） deposits was formed by hydrothermal processes rather than magmatic differentiation. The formation of these Fe（–Cu） deposits may be related to felsic magmatism.

Zircon U-Pb Dating of Yushugou Terrain of High-Pressure Granulite Facies in Southern Tianshan Mountain and Its Geological Significance

The Yushugou terrain of high\|pressure granulite facies in southern Tianshan Mountain is composed mainly of an ophiolite suite. Most selected zircons are round or elliptical in shape, and some are of tetragonal prism with round edges. The granulometric analyses show that they are well sorted in sedimentation. ZrO\-2/HfO\-2 ratios in zircons range from 45 to 57. These characters, together with the petrologic and geochemical characters of plagioclase\|garnet\|orthopyroxenite bearing zircons, indicate that the protolith of plagioclase\|garnet\|orthopyroxenite may be derived mainly from volcanic base surge sedimentary debris in oceanic islands and from clays formed by seafloor weathering. Zircons are simply of pyroclastic debris. The ophiolite formation age of (440±18) Ma and the first\|stage metamorphic age (amphibolite or granulite facies) of (364±5) Ma were obtained with a method of multiple grains in different groups and a method of concordia plot. These ages provide important information on the temporal and spatial occurrence of southern Paleozoic Tianshan Ocean, the subduction rate of the oceanic crust and the formation mechanism of ophiolite of granulite facies.

天山北坡前山带12种植物对干旱胁迫和复水的生理响应及抗旱性评价

【目的】前山带是天山北坡山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统的重要组成部分,探讨植物对干旱胁迫的动态生理适应性和抗旱性评价方法,筛选植被恢复的适宜树种,对该区域植被生态恢复具有重要意义。【方法】以新疆天山北坡前山带种植的12种植物为研究对象,观测灌水后土壤水分时空变化,分析干旱和复水对植物光合和抗逆生理指标的影响,采用主成分分析评价12种植物的抗旱能力。【结果】(1)干旱胁迫后,土壤水分散失在0-20 cm层最快,20-40 cm层次之,40-60 cm层最慢,不同植物采用不同策略改变生长情况来适应干旱;(2)干旱胁迫后,叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_(v)/F_(o))、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、电子传递速率(ETR)和叶绿素含量降低,而抗逆生理指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及非光化学淬灭系数(qN)升高,复水后各指标都有一定程度的恢复,但均未达到初始水平;(3)主成分分析结果显示,Pn、叶绿素含量、ETR和MDA含量等指标贡献率较大,梭梭、柽柳、刺蔷薇和柠条锦鸡儿抗旱性较强,‘中亚沙棘’、‘新棘5号’、‘新棘1号’和山杏次之,而‘新棘4号’、‘新棘3号’、文冠果和‘新棘2号’较弱。【结论】Pn、叶绿素含量、ETR和MDA含量可作为评价植物适应干旱的重要指标;新疆天山北坡前山带植被生态恢复应优先选择梭梭、柽柳、刺蔷薇及柠条锦鸡儿进行建植。

新疆东天山康古尔一带金矿地质特征及成矿机制

新疆康古尔一带的金矿床位于塔里木板块北缘的东天山秋格明塔什—黄山韧性剪切带南缘,是新疆的重要金成矿区。二叠纪早中期,在SN向推覆韧性剪切和右行走滑韧-脆性剪切基础上,地壳快速抬升在韧性变形构造上叠加脆性破裂,一系列张性断裂成为主要容矿构造;同构造期侵位的中酸性浅成斑岩体(如石英斑岩)提供了充足的成矿热源和部分水源及成矿物质来源;康古尔一带金矿矿化型式各不相同,既有产于构造破碎带中的蚀变岩型金矿、石英脉金矿,也有产于火山角砾岩筒中的脉状金矿,还有产于斑岩体边缘或产于岩体内部的斑岩型金矿;但成矿流体的物理化学特征均具中低温、低盐度、中低压力的特点;金矿的形成分为2个热液成矿阶段,其中晚期阶段是金的主要形成阶段。本文对该区金的成矿物理化学环境进行了讨论,并总结了成矿机制,认为康古尔一带金矿形成于统一的岩浆热液成矿系统,成矿作用与区域构造的脆性构造活动同步发生,金矿成矿时段大致在二叠纪晚期(263 Ma—243 Ma);下一步找矿工作应在有利的物化探异常中预测和寻找不同地质产状的中低温浅成热液型金矿。

西天山小哈拉军金铜矿床地质特征及找矿勘查模型

小哈拉军金铜矿床位于天山山脉西段的那拉提山北坡,地处伊什基里克裂谷与伊宁地块的结合部,其上叠加石炭纪岛弧,成矿位置较为特殊,且矿床蚀变类型复杂,具有一定的典型性。本文基于该金铜矿床最新工作成果,对成矿地质条件、物化探异常特征、矿化蚀变特征等进行了阐述,对其形成时代及矿床成因进行了探讨,初步建立了地质-地球化学-地球物理综合信息找矿勘查模型,其对该区外围寻找同类型矿床具有一定的参考意义。

新疆南天山乌宗布拉克铅锌矿床地质特征及矿床成因探讨

新疆南天山乌宗布拉克铅锌矿床地处艾尔宾山(残余海盆)成矿带的东段,经过多年来地质探矿,矿床规模在不断扩大,铅锌矿体产于中泥盆统萨阿尔明组大理岩与绢云千枚岩的岩性界面附近,其含矿性与地层层位、特定的岩性关系密切,成矿作用与石炭二叠纪岩浆岩关系密切,该铅锌矿体显示出明显的热液交代充填成矿作用的特征。本文从矿区地质特征入手,结合前人资料,对乌宗布拉克铅锌矿床成矿条件、矿石特征等进行研究,认为乌宗布拉克铅锌矿床为产于泥盆系碳酸盐岩地层中的中低温热液铅锌矿床,属于沉积热液改造型复成因矿床。

新疆塔乌尔别克金矿矿床地质及稳定同位素地球化学特征

新疆塔乌尔别克金矿位于西天山吐拉苏断陷盆地,与阿希金矿相邻。金矿体主要赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组第五岩性段的火山岩类中,受4个环形构造及伴生的线性构造控制。本文在阐述塔乌尔别克金矿床地质特征的基础上,论述了金矿石的碳、氢、氧、硫、铅等稳定同位素地球化学特征。认为成矿流体中的碳的主要为岩浆来源,但是较为复杂,部分受到深部碳酸盐岩同位素交换的影响;成矿流体中的水源来自岩浆热液和大气降水的混合;矿石中的硫来自于深部岩浆;铅则显示造山带的特征,主要来自上地壳。分析稳定同位素特征,结合矿床地质特征,塔乌尔别克金矿的矿床类型确定为低硫型浅成低温热液斑岩型金矿。矿床稳定同位素的研究不仅能深化矿床地质的研究,还可对进一步的找矿工作提供珍贵信息。

东天山晚古生代内生金属矿床类型和成矿作用的动力学演化规律

新疆东天山是我国重要的矿产集中区之一,并且具有良好的进一步找矿潜力。本文在对东天山成矿地质背景和古生代大量内生金属矿床系统分析的基础之上,划分出7种内生金属矿床的主要成矿类型,阐明了该区晚古生代地壳经历了拉张、挤压、碰撞、碰撞后弛张、剪切走滑和局部伸展的发展阶段,金、铜等内生金属矿床属于不同地球动力学背景下的产物。

东天山中酸性侵入岩浆作用及其地球动力学意义

东天山地区华里西中 -晚期中酸性侵入岩浆活动强烈 ,加里东期、华里西早期及印支期花岗岩类分布零星 ,初步可分为南、北两个岛弧花岗岩带。除哈尔里克有少量碱性花岗岩外 ,花岗岩类均属钙碱性岩石系列。从早期到晚期 ,中酸性侵入岩浆作用经历了板块碰撞前、火山弧、碰撞同期、板内伸展、陆内叠覆造山和非造山 6个演化阶段 ,岩石成因类型可分为 M、CM、C、A4种类型。南、北岛弧的碰撞与缝合从北东向南西呈现出递进演化的特点。土屋 -赤湖、石英滩、维权、白山等铜、钼、金矿床与华里西中期岛弧环境产出的过铝质钙碱性系列 CM型花岗岩类关系密切。