Effects of Transgenic Bt+CpTI Cotton on Field Abundance of Non-Target Pests and Predators in Xinjiang, China

Transgenic insect-resistant cotton is being increasingly planted in Xinjiang cotton-planting regions, where geographical climate conditions and species composition of pests and natural enemies are greatly unique in China. Limited studies have been conducted on the ecological impacts of transgenic insect-resistant cotton, especially for transgenic double genes （Bt＋CpTI） cotton, in this region. In this study, the potential effects of transgenic Bt＋CpTI cotton on the seasonal abundance of non-target pests and predators were assessed from 2009 to 2011 in Korla, Xinjiang. The results showed that species composition and seasonal abundance of 5 groups of pests and 5 groups of predators were not significantly different between transgenic Bt＋CpTI cotton and non-transgenic cotton every year. It suggests that transgenic Bt＋CpTI cotton per se does not affect the population dynamics of non-target pests and predators on this crop in Xinjiang.

Cotton Breeding in Xinjiang and Its Intellectual Property Protection

In 2021,Xinjiang's cotton output was 5.129 million t,accounting for 89.50%of China's total.The autonomous region produces high-quality long-staple cotton,natural colored cotton,fine-staple cotton(upland cotton),organic cotton,etc.The southern Xinjiang cotton area is one of the three major long-staple cotton(island cotton)producing regions in the world.This paper introduced the history of cotton planting and breeding in Xinjiang from the aspects of cultural relics records,history of entering Xinjiang,historical achievements of breeding and breeding leaders.We studied the intellectual property protection of cotton breeding in the autonomous region from the aspects of biological genetic resources,invention patents,utility model patents and new plant varieties,analyzed the six main problems existing in cotton breeding and its intellectual property protection,and discussed the tactics for cotton breeding and its intellectual property protection in Xinjiang under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property.Eight suggestions in response to the Xinjiang cotton incident were also put forward,including establishing a Xinjiang national cotton germplasm nursery,protecting biological genetic resources,and strengthening the protection of creative intellectual property rights in the field of breeding to escort technological innovation in the cotton seed industry.

Intellectual Property Protection and High-quality Development of Cotton Industry in Xinjiang

This paper firstly introduces the general situation of cotton planting areas in China and cotton industry in Xinjiang,and the current situation of intellectual property protection of Xinjiang's cotton industry.Then,it analyzes the main problems in its intellectual property protection and high-quality development.On this basis,it comes up with the recommendations for high-quality development of cotton industry in Xinjiang under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property.The recommendations include improving the level of creation of creative intellectual property rights,building an intellectual property rule system in the entire cotton industry chain in Xinjiang,building protected zones for production of major high quality agricultural product cotton,establishing a demonstration zone to undertake the transfer of the domestic cotton textile and garment industry,undertaking education on the sense of community for the Chinese nation in response to the Xinjiang cotton incident,and developing the"Belt and Road"blue market for Xinjiang cotton and its products.

Analysis on Green Development Strategy of Xinjiang Cotton

Through on-the-spot investigation and survey in Xinjiang cotton region and relevant data( containing statistical data,online information and government documents,etc.),the characteristics of water resource,wind-sand disaster,soil salinization,cotton diseases,insect pests and weeds in Xinjiang are studied. It is proposed reasons and specific programmes of green development strategy of Xinjiang cotton,and specific strategies contain ecological water supply,land desertification control,soil improvement,and ecological control of diseases,insect pests and weeds,thereby providing the support for sustainable development of Xinjiang cotton.

An Intelligence Decision Support System for Diagnosis and Management of Grain and Cotton Crop Pests in Xinjiang

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is a scarcely populated area in China and technicians for plant protection are extremely deficient.The occurrence areas of insect pests in grain and cotton crops have been increasing year by year, causing serious economic losses. Aiming for several main grain and economic crops of Xinjiang(cotton, corn and wheat), an intelligence decision support system for diagnosis and management of grain and cotton crop pests in Xinjiang was designed and developed, which was based on android platform and windows system architecture. APP application program of smart phones was used as an implementation form. The intelligence decision support system will help plant protection personnel and farmers to solve local pest recognition and prevention control problem at the grassroots level in Xinjiang remote regions.

Protective and treatment measures against major harmful organisms in cotton-growing belt of Xinjiang

Xinjiang is known as the oasis irrigation agricultural area, characterized by plenty of sunshine favorable for cotton growth. However, the oases, dotted in the gobi deserts, are distributed at the foot of the enclosed mountains and a steppe in the centre of the Turpan Basin, and thus has a rathe vulnerable eco-environment. Since the 1980s, the cotton-growing industry has developed very quickly. The area of cotton-growing belt has increased from 181,000 hectares in 1980 to 866,600 hectares in 1997, which accounted for 34.7% of the total cultivated area in Xinjiang. The cotton output has correspondingly increased from 79,200 tons to 1.05 million tons and per hectare output has also increased from 438 kg to 1211 kg[1]. In recent decades, changes have taken place in agricultural products, such as the ratio of cotton and grain, total output and per hectare output with the expansion of cotton-growing belt. Before 1982, per hectare cotton output remained below 450 kg. Since 1982, thanks to the adoption of plastic film technique and such a planation mode as 'short, dense and early', namely, to select short-stalked, close planting and early maturing varieties, the per hectare cotton output has undergone a steady increase. After 1984, per hectare output reached more than 900 kg, and since 1995 it has reached 1435 kg per hectare, 9 folds more than that in the 1950s[1,2]. However the harmful organisms have accompanied the repaid expansion of the cotton-growing belt and the degree of deterioration has also kept increasing. Harmful organisms present a bottleneck for the further development of cotton production. To effectively control and protect against harmful organisms is the key to guaranteeing the steady development of Xinjiang cotton industry.

Area reduced but output increased!Secret of Xinjiang cotton’s harvest

According to the national cotton output data released by the National Bureau of Statistics recently,the total cotton output in 2022 was 5.977 million tons,an increase of 246,000 tons or 4.3%over 2021.Among them,Xinjiang's cotton output is 5.391 million tons,an increase of 262,000 tons or 5.1% over 2021,accounting for 90.2%of the national total.In 2022,the sown area of cotton in China was 45.004 million mu,a decrease of 418,000 mu or 0.9%compared with 2021.Among them,the sown area of cotton in Xinjiang is 37.454 million mu,139,000 mu less than that in 2021,accounting for 83.2%of the national cotton planting area.

'One for One' Package to Support Xinjiang Cotton

In August, a new policy for cotton quotas called ’one for one’ was issued. It associated the enterprise’squalification of getting imported cotton quotas with purchasing Xinjiang cotton. The package is going to help solving the slow-selling problem of Xinjiang cottons, and it also tries to meet the needs of in- creasing cotton quotas raised by textile enterprises.

China International Cotton Conference Concluded in Xinjiang

The 2007 China International Cotton Conference was held on June 27-29 in Urumqi,Xinjiang Municipality, China.With the theme"China’s Cotton Industry on WTO and It’s Implications The Global Market".the Conference proceeded with three main sessions,one focusing on

THE ISSUES & RESEARCH TOPICS ON COTTON PLANTING IN XINJIANG, CHINA

In this article , the present state of cotton production in Xinjiang is introduced. The strong points and problems in cotton production are discussed in detail. In addition, cotton research advances are reviewed in a comprehensive manner. In consideration of all this, the authors expound some monographic topics and disciplinary projects regarding Xinjiang cotton research which are to be implemented in the years to come.

新疆棉花和纺织服装产业集群高质量发展战略选择

新发展格局下,为了更好推动新疆棉花和纺织服装产业集群化发展,提升其在全球产业分工中的地位以及核心竞争力,基于SWOT分析的视角,分析了新疆棉花和纺织服装产业集群在优势、劣势、机会、挑战4个方面的发展态势,针对集群的劣势和集群面临的挑战,以“抓两端、促中间、搭平台、创生态”为主线,从6个方面提出加快构建新疆棉花和纺织服装产业集群高质量发展的对策建议。

内地棉区优势棉花资源评价及其在新疆棉花育种中的应用

为了综合利用内地棉区棉花资源,破解新疆棉花遗传基础狭窄、同质化严重等育种瓶颈难题,更好地培育适合新疆全程机械化的高产稳产棉花新品种,以160份内地棉区棉花资源为材料,在新疆库尔勒进行生物学性状鉴定,采用相关分析、聚类分析等指导新疆棉花育种亲本选配、系统选育,并应用GGE双标图对后代品系的丰产性、稳产性进行综合评价。结果表明,内地棉区棉花资源在新疆种植表现有地域性差异,来源地与新疆试点维度相近的生态区棉花资源有较好的适应性,其灰色聚类评估分也相应偏高。其中,78份优势棉花资源遗传变异丰富,在欧氏距离11.486处可划分为四大类群,以黄河流域棉区资源为主的第Ⅲ类群整体表现最好,可以作为新疆利用内地棉花资源的特征类群。主成分分析表明,第1主成分的特征值和方差贡献率最大,是与丰产性相关的综合因子,是综合衡量棉花资源优劣的依据。依据GGE双标图对以内地优势棉花资源为亲本的16个后代品系的丰产性、稳产性进行评价,优选出既高产又稳产的目标棉花品系M5。

新疆棉花病虫害防治药剂剂型研发策略

棉花是我国重要的经济作物,也是受病虫害危害最严重的农作物之一。目前化学防治仍是棉田病虫害防治的重要技术。新疆棉区是我国最大的棉花主产区,气候类型属于典型的温带大陆性气候,具有光照充足、夏季高温干旱、多风、昼夜温差大等特殊气候特点,农药药液喷施过程中容易发生蒸发、飘移、降解等损失,严重影响药剂的防治效果。本文综述了温湿度、风、光照等环境因子对药剂防治效果的影响,以及国内外对提升药剂防治效果采取的调控措施,并结合新疆棉田的特殊气候条件提出了剂型研发的新策略。在提升产品理化稳定性的前提下,还需综合考虑有效成分的理化性质、棉花叶片的结构及润湿特性、施药器械等多种因素。结合农药学、植物保护学、界面化学、有机化学等多学科交叉理论知识指导,利用先进的技术和载体材料研发环境响应型、靶向高效的农药剂型,结合配套使用技术及措施,探索农药高效利用及减量调控途径,为实现农药减量增效、引领棉花产业绿色发展提供科技支撑。

作物轮作对多年连作棉田土壤细菌群落结构的影响

新疆棉田连作问题突出,作物轮作是缓解棉田连作障碍的有效措施。通过对长年连作棉田轮作苜蓿、大豆、花生等六种作物后土壤进行细菌群落结构分析,评价六种作物对棉田土壤微生态的影响程度,筛选能够显著改善提升连作棉田土壤微生态的作物。结果表明:大豆、花生、苜蓿三种豆科作物根际的土壤细菌群落结构与棉花相似性较高,对棉田土壤细菌ACE指数、Chao1指数虽有提升但无显著差异。而番茄、玉米、甜菜三种作物对棉田土壤细菌群落结构影响较大,显著降低了棉田土壤细菌Alpha多样性及不同分类水平细菌种群的数量。在物种组成方面,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为土壤中优势细菌门,变形菌门在番茄根际土壤的丰度最高(58.4%),在苜蓿根际最低(40.5%);放线菌门在苜蓿根际丰度最高(15.8%),在番茄根际最低(6.5%);酸杆菌门在大豆根际丰度最高(10.2%),在番茄根际最低(5.5%)。土壤中显著差异细菌种群主要富集在苜蓿、大豆根际,但是不同作物单季轮作未对土壤中主要有益细菌种群的相对丰度产生显著影响。综合看,大豆、花生、苜蓿三种豆科作物单季轮作对棉田土壤细菌群落结构的影响较小;番茄、玉米和甜菜能够显著降低棉田土壤细菌多样性和种群数量,其中甜菜的影响作用最显著。

1988-2020年新疆棉花生产格局与贡献因素

为摸清新疆棉花生产变化与增产格局,本研究基于1988—2020年新疆棉花生产相关数据,运用数理统计和重心模型等方法对新疆棉花生产时空格局进行分析,探讨了棉花增产格局与贡献因素。结果表明,1988年以来新疆棉花生产变化呈现两个阶段:波动增长时期(1988—2014年),棉花产量由17.12万t增至337.85万t,种植面积由22.13万hm^(2)增至197.00万hm^(2);波动下降时期(2015—2020年),棉花产量波动降至302.70万t,种植面积减至163.67万hm^(2)。1988—2020年,新疆大部分地市棉花产量、种植面积和单产显著增加,但各地差异明显,南疆在新疆棉花生产中地位突出,阿克苏、喀什和巴音郭楞三地对新疆棉花增产贡献为65.43%。北疆和东疆哈密棉花产量增速快于南疆地区,致使棉花生产重心向东北方向迁移300.96 km,由喀什迁移至阿克苏。从贡献因素看,新疆棉花增产主要为种植面积主导(74.61%),未来新疆应将提高棉花单产作为保障棉花产量的主要途径。

新疆棉田废弃物资源化利用技术浅析

为实现新疆棉田机械化回收的残膜秸秆废弃物综合再利用,通过分析目前新疆棉田残膜及棉田废弃物污染现状,阐述了国内现有的膜秆混合物应用技术及特点,进一步分析了新疆棉田残膜废弃物资源化利用存在的问题,并提出改进建议,以期为新疆棉田废弃物综合治理提供参考。

两种覆盖方式下灌水定额对土壤温度变化、棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探究不同覆盖方式和灌水定额对棉花生产的影响。【方法】于2017―2019年在新疆阿拉尔市开展大田试验,其中,2017―2018年膜下滴灌试验以新陆中46号为供试材料,设置24 mm(M1)、30 mm(M2)和36 mm(M3)3个灌水定额;2018―2019年无膜滴灌试验以中棉619为供试材料,设置36 mm(W1)、45 mm(W2)和54 mm(W3)3个灌水定额;分析不同处理对10 cm、20 cm、40 cm土层土壤温度和土壤含水量、籽棉产量以及灌溉水利用效率的影响。【结果】2种模式下棉田10 cm、20 cm和40 cm土层土壤含水量和籽棉产量均随灌水定额的增大呈增加趋势。M2、M3处理的籽棉产量分别较M1处理显著增加8.82%~11.47%和14.24%~18.96%;W2、W3处理的籽棉产量分别较W1处理显著增加15.18%~22.61%和32.53%~46.29%。土壤温度和灌溉水利用效率均随灌水定额的增大呈降低趋势。M2、M3处理的灌溉水利用效率分别较M1处理显著降低10.82%~12.94%和20.70%~23.84%;W2、W3处理的灌溉水利用效率分别较W1处理降低1.91%~7.85%和2.47%~11.65%。2018年灌水定额相同时,M3处理的土壤含水量、0~40 cm土层土壤温度、籽棉产量和灌溉水利用效率均高于W1处理。基于逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, TOPSIS)的综合评价表明,膜下滴灌处理配套30 mm灌水定额,无膜滴灌处理配套54 mm灌水定额可取得较好的效果。【结论】提高灌水定额可以在一定程度上弥补无膜种植模式引起的籽棉产量降低,但会降低灌溉水利用效率。研究结果可为无膜滴灌植棉技术在当地的推广提供参考。

1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花物候期的动态变化

物候是气候变化的感应器,能客观反映气候变化对棉花生长周期的影响。为探究气候暖湿化背景下南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花物候期的动态变化,选取1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花物候期数据,运用距平、累积距平、Mann-Kendall非参数检验和滑动t检验等统计学方法,分析南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花物候期动态变化及其突变情况。结果表明,1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花平均播种期、出苗期、现蕾期、开花期、吐絮期和停止生长期分别出现在4月14日、4月29日、6月3日、7月2日、9月17日和10月20日,极差分别为25、23、20、22、44和24 d。1990—2020年垦区棉花播种期和出苗期均呈现极显著提前趋势,表现为“显著提前-稍微提前”的过程变化;开花期和停止生长期均呈现显著提前趋势,表现为“显著提前-稍微提前”的过程变化;吐絮期提前和现蕾期延迟均不显著。1990—2020年垦区棉花现蕾期、开花期和吐絮期阶段性变化特征明显,主要表现在现蕾期的阶段性推迟、吐絮期的阶段性提前、开花期的阶段性推迟与提前上,棉花播种期、出苗期和停止生长期阶段性变化特征不明显。研究结果为更好地评估气候暖湿化背景下垦区棉花生长和科学管理棉田提供理论依据。

南疆膜下滴灌棉花咸淡水轮灌模式研究

[目的]探究不同咸淡水轮灌方式对南疆膜下滴灌棉田水盐、棉花生长及产量的影响,寻求安全、高效、高产的咸淡水轮灌制度。[方法]以棉花为研究对象,在新疆阿拉尔现代农业综合试验站开展大田试验,试验共设置9个咸淡水轮灌处理,探究不同的咸淡水轮灌处理对土壤水盐、棉花生长及产量的影响。[结果]棉花生育期内,随着灌溉微咸水比例的增大,土壤水盐量呈增加趋势,相同微咸水占比条件下,棉花生育前期连续灌溉淡水有利于降低根区土壤盐分水平。微咸水灌溉占比越大对棉花的生长抑制作用越大,花铃期适量的微咸水灌溉有利于促进棉花的生殖生长,但微咸水灌溉频率过高会显著降低棉花的单铃质量。适宜的咸淡水轮灌方式既要保证棉花生育前期的营养生长也要在花铃期适时适量灌溉微咸水以促进棉花生殖生长。[结论]南疆棉花种植中,灌溉微咸水占比不宜过高,建议在苗期、蕾期及花铃前期减少微咸水灌溉频率,在花铃期适当提高微咸水灌溉频率。本研究中最优的咸淡水轮灌处理为“淡淡咸”处理。