Analysis of the Current Situation of Drug Clinical Trial Institutions in Shaanxi Province

To understand the current situation of institutional registration in Shaanxi Province after the implementation ofregistration system management in drug clinical trial institutions.Relevant information was collected on the“Announcement on the Accreditation of Drug Clinical Trial Institutions”issued by the National Medical Products Administration from 2005 to August 2022,the record management information system of drug and medical device clinical trial institutions,and the drug clinical trial registration and information publicity platform.A retrospective analysis was carried out in terms of institutional development,regional distribution,registered majors,principal investigators,and the number of drug clinical trials.After the implementation of institution registration,the number of drug clinical trial institutions in Shaanxi Province increased by 47.4%,884 principal investigators were registered,the number of registered majors expanded from 58 qualified to 117,and the professional scope increased by 50.4%.The policy of institution registration is conducive to promoting the rational use of medical resources and the development of drug clinical trial institutions and improving the healthy development of the pharmaceutical industry in Shaanxi Province.

Exploration of Eco-economic Development in Ecological Fragile Region——A Case Study on Wuqi County in Shaanxi Province

[Objective] The aim was to explore eco-economy in ecological fragile region with Wuqi County in Shaanxi Province as an example. [Method] Eco-economy development and major environmental problems in Wuqi County in Shaanxi Province were researched based on local social and economic conditions, population of impoverished people and environment vulnerability. [Result] The areas with vulnerable environment and backward economy should establish a virtuous circle between economy and environment and a sustainable model of economic development. [Conclusion] It is significant to change the severe situation of environment deterioration and to promote ecological civilization.

Changes in Ecosystem Service Values on the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi Province,China

The Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province of China covers Yulin, Yan＇an, and Tongchuan cities mainly. The kind of physiognomy is complicated and various, including the transitional region of the sand and wind, the hilly-gully fragile region, the pimple mound region from North to South. Large-scale land reclamation projects that are severely affecting these ecosystems have been implemented. In this paper, we reported an investigation to the changes in land use and ecosystem services on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province from 1978 to 2000. We used three LANDSAT TM and/or ETM data sets to estimate the changes in the size of five land-cover/land-use categories, and we also used previously published value coefficients to estimate the changes in the value of ecosystem services delivered by each land category. Finally, we ranked the contribution of various ecosystem functions to the overall value of the ecosystem services, we have estimated that the annual value of the ecosystem services is 56.95 billon RMB yuan in the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province in 2000. In the region, from 1978 to 2000, the economic value of the fixing carbon was higher, the economic value of water conservation was the lowest, but the economic value of the NPP, fixing carbon, and supplying oxygen accounted for above ninety percent of the total value, obviously the vegetation created the biggest ecosystem service value. We can conclude that future land-use policy formulation should give precedence to the conservation of these ecosystems over uncontrolled reclamation, and that further land reclamation should be based on rigorous environmental impact analyses.

Rural Tourism Development Strategies of Shaanxi Province in North China

Rural tourism development in Shaanxi Province is introduced:largely improved with a fast speed; large quantity of rural tourist sites covering a great range, a complete product system; more and more investment; new progress in the construction of management system and guarantee system; progress in the construction of new countryside. Development advantages and opportunities of rural tourism industry in Shaanxi Province are analyzed: rich humanistic, natural and agricultural resources are inborn advantages of its rural tourism development; excellent location and increasing GDP per capita provides more market opportunities for rural tourism development; prospering tourism industry provides an excellent exterior environment for rural tourism development; a complete traffic network facilitates rural tourism development. Then development strategies for the rural tourism industry of Shaanxi Province are given:government should be a guider, planning should be accelerated, layouts reasonably designed, rural tourism development concepts clarified; brands should be created to drive the overall development by using several prominent scenic spots and promote the scale-development of rural tourism industry; the core strategy is to launch concrete programs and promote rural tourism development; publicity should be enhanced to make the good reputation of rural tourism more popular; standard regulations should be made, special staff trained for rural tourism services and the system of "farm-stay" association improved.

Quantitative analysis of the dynamic change and spatial differences of the ecological security: a case study of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province

Using the theory and method of the ecological footprint, and combining the changes of regional land use, resource environment, population, society and economy, this paper calculated the ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus/loss in 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province. What is more, this paper has put forward the concept of ecological pressure index, set up ecological pressure index models, and ecological security grading systems, and the prediction models of different ecological footprints, ecological carrying capacity, ecological surplus and ecological safety change, and also has assessed the ecological footprint demands of 10,000 yuan GDE The results of this study are as follows： （1） the ecological carrying capacity in northern Shaanxi shows a decreasing trend, the difference of reducing range is the fastest; （2） the ecological footprint appears an increasing trend; （3） ecological pressure index rose to 0.91 from 0.44 during 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi with an increase of 47%; and （4） the ecological security in the study area is in a critical state, and the ecological oressure index has been increasing rapidlv.

Factors Controlling Precipitation of Barite and Witherite and Genesis of the Ankang-Xunyang Barium Deposits,Shaanxi,China

The barium deposits in Ankang and Xunyang counties,Shaanxi Province,China,occur in the northernmost part of the world-class barium metallogenic belt in south Qinling.The deposits are hosted by the Lower Silurian carbonaceous siliceous rocks,with a unique combination of barite and witherite.The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in the barite are mainly concentrated between 135 and 155 ℃,whereas those from the witherite have two peaks of 165-175 ℃,and 215-225℃,respectively.Laser Raman analysis of fluid inclusions indicates that the vapor phase of fluid inclusions in barite is dominated by H_2O,although some contains N_2,H_2S,and CH_4.The compositions of the vapor and liquid phases of fluid inclusions in witherite can be divided into two end-members,one dominated by H_2O without other volatiles,and the other containing CH_4,C_2H_6,C_3H_8,C_2H_4,and C_6H_6 in addition to H_2O.CO_2,H_2S,and some CH_4 are interpreted as products of chemical reactions during mineralization.Organic gases（CH_4,C_2H_6,C_3H_8,C_2H_4,and C_6H_6） in the fluids were critical in the formation of barium sulfate versus carbonate.The δ^（34）S values of barite range from 38.26‰ to54.23‰（CDT）,the δ^（34）S values of sulfides coexisting with barium minerals vary from 22.44‰ to25.11‰（CDT）,and those in the wall rock from 11.60‰ to 19.06‰（CDT）.We propose that the SO_4^（2-）generally experienced bacterial sulfate reduction in seawater before mineralization,and some SO_4^（2-）also experienced thermochemical sulfate reduction in hydrothermal system during mineralization.The δ^（13）C values of witherite range from-27.30‰ to-11.80‰（PDB）,suggesting that carbon was sourced from organic substances（like CH_4,C_2H_4,and C_2H_6）.The formation of witherite was possibly associated with thermochemical sulfate reduction,which caused the consumption of the organic gases and SO_4^（2-） in the hydrothermal solutions,consequently inhibiting barite formation.The important conditions for forming witherite include high fluid temperatures,high Ba^（2＋） concentrations,CO_2 in the fluids,low HS^- concentrations,and the subsequent rapid diffusion of H_2S during thermochemical sulfate reduction of the fluids.

A New Ootype of Dinosaur Egg (Faveoloolithidae： Duovallumoolithus shangdanensis oogen, et oosp. nov.) from the Late Cretaceous in the Shangdan Basin, Shaanxi Province, China

A new ootype collected from the Upper Cretaceous Lijiacun Formation in the Shangdan Basin,Shaanxi Province is described in this paper. Based on general external shape, size, eggshell thickness and honeycomb-like eggshell microstructure, eggs are referable to the oofamily Faveoloolithidae. Compared with other members of Faveoloolithidae, specimens described in this paper show special characteristics:adjacent pores are usually separated by two eggshell units between which often develop interspaces;columnar eggshell units are relatively closely arranged in radial view. According to these characteristics,we erect a new oogenus and a new oospecies: Duovallumoolithus shangdanensis oogen. et oosp. nov. The new discovery expands the diversity of Faveoloolithidae.

EMERGY ANALYSIS OF GRAIN PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN JIANGSU AND SHAANXI PROVINCES

Efficiency and sustainability of grain production are now important in China. In this study, the grain production systems of Jiangsu and Shaanxi Provinces were compared, to analyze their efficiency and sustainability in terms of utilization of natural resources, inputs of purchased energy and materials, and outputs. Flows of energy and materials between environment and human society were identified, and the natural and human work involved in generating inputs as materials or energy were valued in terms of equivalent amount of solar energy required for their production using emergy method. The results showed environmental resources were continually playing a less important role in the systems, when inorganic subsidiary emergy inputs increased drastically while organic ones decreased or increased little. Deterioration of input emergy structure affected the systems′ efficiency and sustainability,resulting in emergy investment ratios and environmental loading ratios increasing while yield ratios and sustainability indices decreasing. In general, efficiency and sustainability of grain production in Jiangsu are worse than those in Shaanxi. This analysis also suggested that inorganic subsidiary emergy should be introduced properly, and peasants in Jiangsu should utilize natural conditions wisely while those in Shaanxi pay enough attention to soil and surface water conservation.

On the Genesis of the Super-large Baguamiao Gold Deposit in Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province

The Baguamiao gold deposit in Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province, is a recentlyexplored super-large gold ore deposit. A comprehensive and deep-going study has revealedthat it is a polygenetic deposit: early-stage mineralization due to shearing, middle-stagemineralization due to hydrothermal alteration, and late-stage mineralization due toweathering, leaching and concentration at shallow depths. Shearing played a dominant role inthe formation of gold orebodies.

Current situation and human health risk assessment of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau:A case study of Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China

This study aims to investigate the mechanisms and health risks of fluoride enrichment in groundwater in the Loess Plateau,China.By taking Dali County,Shaanxi Province,China as an example,this study obtains the following results through field investigation and the analyses of water,soil,and crop samples.(1)The groundwater can be divided into two major types,namely the Quaternary pore-fissure water and Karst water.The Karst area and sandy area have high-quality groundwater and serve as the target areas for optional water supply.The groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline and highly saline.Meanwhile,high-fluoride groundwater is mainly distributed in the loess and river alluvial plains in the depression area of the Guanzhong Basin and the discharge areas of the groundwater,with the highest fluoride concentration exceeding seven times the national standard.(2)Fluoride in groundwater mainly originates from a natural source and human activities.The natural source refers to the fluoride-bearing minerals in rocks and soil,and the fluoride from this source is mainly controlled by natural factors such as climate,geologic setting,pH,specific hydrochemical environment,ion exchange,and mineral saturation.Human activities in modern life can be further divided into industrial and agricultural sources primarily.(3)The health risks of fluoride contamination are very high in the Loess Plateau,especially for children compared to adults.Meanwhile,the risks of fluoride exposure through food intake are higher than those through drinking water intake.The authors suggest selecting target areas to improve water supply and ensure the safety of drinking water in the study area.Besides,it is necessary to plant crops with low fluoride content or cash crops and to conduct groundwater treatment to reduce the fluoride concentration in drinking water.These results will provide a theoretical basis for safe water supply in the faulted basin areas in the Loess Plateau.

Change Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Summer Precipitation Anomaly in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province

[ Objective] The research aimed to study change characteristics and formation cause of summer precipitation abnormality in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province. [ Method] Based on summer precipitation data at 15 observation stations in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province and NCEP/NCAR dataset from 1961 to 2008, change characteristics of summer precipitation in the region were investigated by using linear trend estimation and composite analysis. [Result] Summer rainfall had decrease trend in most parts of northem Shaanxi Province, but had increase trend in western and southern regions. The interannual and interdecadal variations were obvious. It had a large amount of precipitation from the mid- 1970s to the mid-1990s, while summer rainfall had decrease trend after the mid-1990s and increase trend in recent years. In wet years, it was a large positive anomaly zone from western Ural Mountains to northem Lake Baikal at middle and high latitudes, indicating that there was a blocking high over the Ural Mountains, while it was negative anomaly zone from northern Okhotsk Sea to Lake Baikal. From Northwest Pacific Ocean to Bo- hal Sea Bay and North China, it was a wide range of significant positive anomaly zone, which was favorable for Westem Pacific subtropical high ex- tending westward and northward. The analysis in dry years showed opposite circulation configuration. It was ＂ -, ＋, -＂ wave train distribution in middle and high latitudes and positive anomaly zone along the Sea of Okhotsk. Western Pacific subtropical high was also by south and east. Major water vapor was from southeast direction in wet years, and abundant water vapor caused more summer rainfall in northern Shaanxi. In dry years, water vapor was from westerly tuming southerly flow. It was weaker and by east. [ Conclusion] The research provided reference for reasonable utilization of summer precipitation in the zone.

The Taxonomic Status of Spermophilus in the Plague Area of Dingbian County,Shaanxi Province,China

This study was conducted to define the taxonomic status of Spermophilus in the plague area of Dingbian County in Shaanxi Province,China,through the two-factor variance analysis of morphological characteristics,DNA barcoding,and chromosome karyotype analysis.

Comprehensive Effects of Eco-tourism Development on Tourism Destinations in South Shaanxi Province

Eco-tourism theories were taken as the instruction in this study,qualitative and quantitative research methods were also combined to investigate and conduct questionnaire processing to nearby residents of 10 eco-tourism scenic areas in south Shaanxi Province,so as to quantify and evaluate the various effects at different levels of eco-tourism development on tourism destinations in this region.Particularly,the quantitative value and weight value of economic,social and environmental effects were utilized to quantify,analyze and evaluate the comprehensive effects generated by eco-tourism development in south Shaanxi Province.It was found that the comprehensive effects were 'good',however,these 3 kinds of effects have not been coordinated well,thus the characteristics and requirements of eco-tourism have not been well demonstrated.

Geochemical Behavior of Rare Earth Elements in Jianchaling Ore Depositin Shaanxi Province

Studies on rocks and ores of Jianchaling ore deposit, southern Shaanxi, show that REE patterns in the ores clearly differ from that in ultrabasic and acidic rocks. The REE pattern in Ni ore is similar to that in Au ore and is characterized by typical enrichment in LREE and sharp negative Eu and Ce anomalies, indicating that Ni ore and Au ore were formed from the same hydrothermal solution. δ Eu and δ Ce variations reflect that Ni ore is formed at higher temperature and relative reduction environment, and Au ore at lower temperature and relative oxidation environment. The characteristics imply that the ore forming materials were derived from the ultrabasic rock and the hydrothermal solution is a post magmatic acidic solution.

Preliminary prediction of the control reproduction number of COVID-19 in Shaanxi Province,China

Objectives Firstly,according to the characteristics of COVID-19 epidemic and the control measures of the government of Shaanxi Province,a general population epidemic model is es-tablished.Then,the control reproduction number of general population epidemic model is obtained.Based on the epidemic model of general population,the epidemic model of general population and college population is further established,and the control reproduction number is also obtained.Methods For the established epidemic model,firstly,the expression of the control reproduc-tion number is obtained by using the next generation matrix.Secondly,the real-time reported data of COVID-19 in Shaanxi Province is used to fit the epidemic model,and the parameters in the model are estimated by least square method and MCMC.Thirdly,the Latin hypercube sampling method and partial rank correlation coefficient(PRCC)are adopted to analyze the sensitivity of the model.Conclusions The control reproduction number remained at 3 from January 23 to January 31,then gradually decreased from 3 to slightly greater than 0.2 by using the real-time reports on the number of COVID-19 infected cases from Health Committee of Shaanxi Province in China.In order to further control the spread of the epidemic,the following measures can be taken:(i)reducing infection by wearing masks,paying attention to personal hygiene and limiting travel;(i)improving isolation of suspected patients and treatment of symptomatic individuals.In particular,the epidemic model of the collge population and the general population is estab-lished,and the control reproduction number is given,which will provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic in the colleges.

Geological Features and Genesis of the Jinduicheng Porphyry Molybdenum Deposit, Shaanxi Province, China

Situated in the Henan-Shaanxi fault-uplift area on the southern margin of the Sino-Korean Paraplatform,the jinduicheng porphyry molybdenum deposit is the most important molybdenum producer in China.During Yenshanian the Jinduicheng granite porphyry was emplaced in metaspilite of the Proterozoic XiongerGroup,controlled by a NW trending fault Mineral compositions are mainly quartz （25-40％）,microclineand microcline perthite（27-40％）and plagioclase（An8-14-,14-32％）,associated with minor biotite andmuscovite,and phenocrysts are made up of K-feldspar,quartz and phagioclase.Accessory minerals includemagmatite,apatite and zircon,The porphyry contains SiO2 73.83％ and K2O+Na2O 8.06％（withK2O/Na2O ratio being 1.82）,beloning to the calc-alkaline series Mineralization occurs in the porphyry body and biotitized and hornfelsized spilite Within the exocontactzone.The maximum depth of mineralization reaches 1000 meters below the surface.According to mineralassemblage,ore veins are classified into five types:（l） Pyrite-quartz;（2） Pyrite-K-feldspar-quartz; （3）pyrite-molybdenite-quartz:（4） pyrite-molybdenite-K-feldspar-quartz;and（5） Muscovitefluorite-pyrite-molybdenite-quartz. As the most important economic molybdenum mineral,molybdenite occurs in various forms.Wall-rockalterations show a gross zonation of K-feldspathization-greisenization→silicification→propylitization fromthe porphyry outwards,of which silicification is most intense and has close genetic relationship with Momineralization. Fluid inclusion studies yield homogeneous temperatures ranging from 240to240℃,with the main stagebetween 400 and 300℃.Gas inclusions frequently coexist with multiphase inclusions containing suchdaughter minerals as halite,sylvite,molybdenite and K-feldspar.Under moderate-high temperatures,lowerfo2,high fs2 and weak。acidity conditions,boiling of ore-forming fluids is prerequisite for the Precipitation ofmolybdenite. Sulfur,oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions suggest that at the high temperature stage（450℃）magmatic water is dominant and at the main ore-forming stage a mixture of mixture of magmatic water and meteoricwater is expected.At the late stage,the mixture is predominated by meteoric water.Sulfur and molybdenumare mostly of magmatic origin.

Urban-Rural Comparison of Nutrient Intake by Adult Women in Shaanxi Province, China

Triplet surveys were conducted in the city of Xi'an and two villages (one in the vicinity and the other at a distance) in Shaanxi fuvince in China in October-November (when agricultural activitis were low), 1997, to elucidate nutrient intakes with a focus on possible urban-rural differences. Total food duplicate samples were collected from non-smoking and non-habitually dhnking adult healthy women (ahout 50 subjects per site and 149 in total). The nutrient intakes were estimated from the weight of food items in reference to national food composition tables. On average, the women took 1873 kcal energy, 54 g protein and 37 g lipid per day, with a lipid eneny ratio of 18.4%. Both excess and insufficient energy intake was observed as a result of food intake analysis and body mass index determination. With regard to minor nutrient intakes, insufficiency was serious in the case of calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B2, but not with iron. Whereas dependency on plant foods for sources of energy and protein was common to the three regions, Xi' an people consumed more animal foods than those in the villages. Intake of fish and shellfish was quite low throughout the three regions. Among the four types of cereals, wheat was consumed most substantially in the three regions and in three meals (except for the village where people essentially did not take lunch in reflection of low agricultural activities), whereas rice was consumed more in Xi'an than in the two villages. Maize consumption was higher in the two villages (especially for breakfast) than in the city.In contrast, foxtail millet (although in small amounts) was taken primarily in Xi'an and ouly at the time of breakfast.

AN INTRODUCTION TO SHAANXI PROVINCE

Shaanxi is situated in China’s hinterland,with a total area of 205,600 squarekilometers and a population of 34.8million. The province is composed of 10cities and prefectures (including the sixprovincial cities of Xi’an, Baoji, Xianyang,Tongchuan, Weinan and Jiangzhong, andfour prefectures of Ankang, Shanluo, Yan’anand Yulin), 107 county-level cities, countiesand districts, with Xi’an as the provincialcapital. The average temperature of theprovince is 8 - 16 ℃, average rainfall 674mm, and frost-free period 150 - 270 days. Inthe north lies the Huangtu Plateau, in thesouth is Mount Qingba, and in the centre isthe Guanzhong Plain. Shaanxi is abundant with

Analysis on the Changing Trends of Surface Water Quality and Their Causes of Weihe River in Shaanxi Province during Recent Ten Years

[ Objective] The study aimed to analyze the changing trends of surface water quality and their causes of Weihe River in Shaanxi Province over past ten years. [ Method] Based on the available monitoring data of water quality of Weihe River in Shaanxi Province from 2001 to 2010, the changing trends of surface water quality of Weihe River in Shaanxi Province during recent ten years were assessed by using the assessment method of surface water quality according to the Assessment Method of Surface Water Quality and Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water （GB 3838-2002）. Moreover, the possible reasons for the trends were also proposed. [ Result] From 2001 to 2010, there was a relatively decrea- sing trend of water pollution in Weihe River due to the considerable decline in the content of the main environmental pollutants like permanganate in- dex, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand （ BOD5 ）, ammonia nitrogen, oil and volatile phenol. Meanwhile, the comprehensive pollution index fell by 62.7%, eliminating Weihe River＇s black and stink on schedule. However, the overall surface water quality of Weihe River was still polluted heavily in each year, and the pollution control of Xi＇an section should be paid more attention to. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific refer- ences for the comprehensive environmental control of Weihe River in Shaanxi Province.