Phytotherapic Potentials of Xylopia aethiopica Dried Fruits （Grains of Selim） as Additive in Broiler Production

Xylopia aethiopica dried fruits （gains of selim） as an additive in starter broilers production was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 195-day old broiler chicks （Arbor acres） were randomly allocated into five treatments groups with 39 chicks and three replicates of 13 chicks in each. Blended grains of selim was given through drinking water on treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 at concentrations of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1,0 g/L, while chicks on treatment T1 （control） received antibiotics （Doxy-gen 20/20 WSP： Doxycycline hyclate 200 mg and Gentamicine sulfate 200 mg） at 0.3 g/L of water. All the experimental chicks were fed ad libitum with diet containing 23% crude protein and 2,851.55 kcal/kg metabolizable energy for 28 d. The results revealed that there were similarities （P 〉 0.05） in final body weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio among the treatments. There were significant （P 〈 0.05） differences in the microbial count of faeces before the birds received antibiotics and grains of selim, but count were similar （P 〉 0.05） after grains of selim and antibiotics were administered. Cost of total feed consumed, cost of per kg feed and cost of per kg weight were significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in treatment T1, but cost differential and relative cost benefit were similar （P 〉 0.05）. Results indicate that grains of selim have antimicrobial and anthelminthic properties, and promote growth in broiler chickens.

木瓣树枝叶甲醇提取物的化学成分(Ⅱ)

运用多种方法对木瓣树(Xylopia vielana Pierre)枝叶甲醇提取物的化学成分进行分离和鉴定。结果显示:共分离鉴定出12个化合物,分别为vielaninor N(1)、xylopidimer D(2)、(-)-4β,10β-香木兰烷二醇(3)、(-)-4α,10α-香木兰烷二醇(4)、4β,10α-香木兰烷二醇(5)、(+)-松脂素(6)、原儿茶酸(7)、尿嘧啶(8)、(3 S,5 R,6 S,7 E,9 R)-3,6-二羟基-5,6-二氢-β-紫罗兰醇(9)、(1 R,4 S,10 R)-10,11-二甲基-二环己烷-5(6)-烯-1,4-二醇-7-酮(10)、3-羟基-1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(11)、2,4-二羰基六氢-1,3-二氮杂(12)。其中,化合物10和11首次从番荔枝科(Annonaceae)分离获得,化合物6、9和12首次从木瓣树属(Xylopia Linn.)分离获得。

Fibrinolytic Activity of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants

The first line drugs in the management of thromboernbolic diseases in Nigeria include Urokinase and Streptokinase. These drugs come with their attendant shortcomings. The need to source for cheap and accessible alternative therapy forms the basis of this study. The fibrinolytic potentials of 10 Nigerian medicinal plants： Anona senegalensis, Buchholzia coriaceae, Citrullus colocynthis, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Curculigo pilosa, Nicotiana tabaccum, Parinari curatellifolia, Pepperomia pellucida, Sida acuta and Xylopia aethiopica extracts were evaluated using water and streptokinase as negative and positive controls respectively. Trace metal （Cu, Fe, Ca and Zn） analysis of the plant extracts was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Methodology involved in vitro clot lysis method, the crude methanolic extract ofParinari curatellifolia （56.122%）, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius （48.385%）, Anona senegalensis （46.360%）, Xylopia aethiopica （43.205%） and Buchholzia coriaceae （27.062%） were found to have significant （P 〉 0.001） fibrinolytic activity. Maximum effect was exhibited by the positive standard： Streptokinase （60.20 ± 4.30%）, followed by Parinari curatellifolia （56.122 ± 3.86%）, our findings reveal that fibrinolytic activity is independent of elemental Copper or Iron content of the extracts. This study indicated that methanolic extracts of Parinari curatellifolia, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Anona senegalensis, Xylopia aethiopica and Buchholzia coriaceae could serve as cheap and accessible alternative.

木瓣树枝叶甲醇提取物的化学成分

木瓣树(Xylopia vielana Pierre)为木瓣树属(Xylopia Linn.)高大乔木,分布于热带和亚热带地区[1]。在中国民间,木瓣树树皮可用于制作通经剂,叶可用于治疗风湿病和疼痛;在越南南部,木瓣树还可用于治疗疟疾[2]。从木瓣树根及叶中已发现64个化合物,包括倍半萜二聚体类、生物碱类及苯环衍生物,其中,倍半萜二聚体类及生物碱类化合物具有一定的抗炎和抗肿瘤活性[3-4]。为深入了解木瓣树化学成分,丰富该属植物化合物库,本研究首次对木瓣树枝叶进行了化学成分分离和鉴定,以期为该植物后续活性研究提供物质基础。

Jatonik polyherbal mixture induced rat liver MMPT pore opening in normal Wistar rat:In vitro and in vivo studies

Objective:To assess acute toxicity,the in vitro and in vivo effects of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts(JME and JEE)of Jatonik polyherbal mixture on some mitochondria-related parameters and their effect on the activity of some liver enzymes.Methods:Acute toxicity of JME and JEE was determined using Lorke’s method.In vitro and in vivo opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore(MMPT pore)was spectrophotometrically assayed.Production of malondialdehyde(MDA)as an index of lipid peroxidation and the activity of mitochondrial ATPase was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and the effect of JME and JEE on the activity of liver enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase(ALP),aspartate and alanine aminotransferase(AST and ALT)and gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT)was also investigated.Results:JME had an LD_(50) of 3808 mg/kg b.w whereas JEE had an LD_(50) greater than 5000 mg/kg b.w.of rats.After the rats have been fed with both extracts,a photomicrograph of a piece of liver tissue showed no apparent symptoms of toxicity.From the in vitro and in vivo studies,both extracts prompted intact mitochondria to open their MMPT pores.When compared to the control,lipid peroxide product release and ATPase activity were significantly increased(P<0.05)in vitro and in vivo.The activities of AST,ALT,and GGT were all reduced at 50 mg/kg when treated with JME,but the activity of AST was considerably enhanced when treated with JEE(P<0.05).The results revealed that both JME and JEE of the Jatonik polyherbal mixture had low toxicity,profound MMPTpore induction,and enhanced ATPase activity,but an increased MDA production.Conclusion:Jatonik extracts may be a promising target for drug development in diseases where there is dysregulation of apoptosis,however,further studies are needed to better clarify the molecular mechanism involved in these phenomena.

木瓣树中3个新的倍半萜类化合物及其法尼醇X受体激活作用研究

采用硅胶、ODS和半制备HPLC等多种色谱学技术从木瓣树枝叶中分离得到了11个化合物。化学结构经高分辨质谱、核磁共振谱、ECD等多种波谱分析方法,鉴定为:vielana A (1)、vielana B (2)、vielana C (3)、10-oxoisodauc-3-en-15-al (4)、1α-hydroxyisodauc-4-en-15-al (5)、mokko lactone (6)、11β,13-dihydrocostunolide (7)、eurylosesquiterpenol E (8)、epi-α-cadinol (9)、mustakone (10)、7-epi-amiteo (11)。化合物1~3为新化合物,其余化合物均首次从木瓣树中分离得到。化合物1和2增加了法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)下游靶基因BSEP启动子的转录活性,表明其具有潜在的FXR激活作用。