Repair welding process of friction stir welding groove defect

The groove defect formed in the friction stir welding dramatically deteriorates weld appearances and mechanical properties of the joints owing to its larger size and penetration. Therefore, the friction stir repair welding was utilized to remove such a groove defect, and the focus was placed on the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of the repair joints so as to obtain an optimum repair welding process. The experimental results indicate that the groove defect can be removed by friction stir repair welding, and the offset repair welding process is superior to the symmetrical repair welding process. In the symmetrical repair welding process, a large number of fine cavity defects and an obvious aggregation of hard-brittle phase Al2Cu occur, accordingly the mechanical properties of the repair joint are weakened, and the fracture feature of repair joint is partially brittle and partially plastic. A good-quality repair joint can be obtained by the offset repair welding process, and the repair joint is fractured near the interface between the weld nugget zone and thermal-mechanically affected zone.

基于Simufact Welding的等高齿弧锥齿轮铣刀盘焊接数值模拟

利用Simufact Welding焊接仿真软件对等高齿弧锥齿轮铣刀盘的焊接进行模拟仿真。通过改变焊接坡口间隙进行变量控制,使用激光填丝多层单道焊接方法在其他焊接参数相同条件下进行焊接,得到坡口间隙为2mm时焊接变形量与残余应力最小的结论。

基于SYSWELD的等高齿弧锥齿轮铣刀盘多层焊接数值模拟

本文借助Visual-Environment焊接模拟仿真软件,以SYSWELD为求解器对等高齿弧锥齿轮铣刀盘V形坡口多层焊接的焊接温度场进行数值模拟,得到了焊接温度场分布云图,分析并对比了每层焊缝中心、焊趾及距焊缝中心5mm处的温度循环曲线,推导出三层焊接温度场公式用于计算验证。结果表明,熔池中心温度最高,距离焊缝中心越近,温度梯度变化越大。

Effect of groove angle and preheating temperature on temperature profile and fluid velocity in weld pool

The three dimensiotud transient weld pool dynamics are numerically analyzed ,for Forcearc welding, which is a new gas metal arc welding technology to get deep fusion penetration with smaller angle sf V groove to enhance welding efficiency significantly. The influence of groove angle and preheatin,g temperature on heat and .fluid .flow is studied and compared to get an optimal welding parameter. Good agreement is shown between the predicted and experimental results, such as weld bead cross-section and thermal cycles. It can he seen that an apprpriate groove angle could be used to replace high preheating temperature to get inproced penetration and thermal cycles.

Multipass welding of thick section steels using autogenous CO2 laser welding and CO2 laser-MIG hybrid welding

Laser multipass welding techniques for thick section steels have been developed using a new type of UV combined narrow groove. The shape and sizes at the bottom of groove are determined by analyzing the plasma behavior using high speed photographic equipment. A stable autogenous CO2 laser welding process and greater penetration are generated at the root pass because of strong reduction of the plasma volume. According to the waveforms of welding current and arc voltage, and the interaction between the arc and the laser induced plasma, a suitable groove angle is obtained. Laser-double MIG hybrid welding process is studied and the optimum distances between the laser and two arcs are determined. By using autogenous CO2 laser welding, CO2 laser-MIG hybrid welding and laser-double MIG hybrid welding, 28 mm thick steel plates are welded with four passes. The welds produced are assessed by X-ray. No crack is found and there is only a small amount of pores. The experimental results show that the multipuss welding procedures proposed can realize the joining of thick section steels with high efficiency and good quality.

Welding deviation detection method based on weld pool image contour features

Automatic on-line detection of welding deviation based on machine vision is one of the key technologies of arc welding robot tracking welding,in which obtaining high quality weld pool image and accurate welding deviation detection algorithm are two important steps of tracking welding.Through the research and analysis of the weld pool image of gas metal arc welding(GMAW),it was found that the weld pool contains abundant welding information.First,the average gray value of the weld pool image can reflect the interference degree of arc to weld pool image and the heat input of welding process.Secondly,the tip of the weld pool image contour can reflect the center of the groove gap.Finally,the horizontal distance between the center coordinate of the wire contour and the tip coordinate of the weld pool image contour can reflect the welding deviation.On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of weld pool image,this paper proposes a new method of weld seam deviation detection,which includes the collection of weld pool image,image preprocessing,contour extraction and deviation calculation.The results of the tests and analyses showed that the maximum error of the on-line welding deviation obtained was about 2 pixels(0.17 mm)when the welding speed was≤60 cm/min,and the algorithm was stable enough to meet the requirements of real-time deviation detection for I-groove butt welding.The method can be applied to the on-line automatic welding deviation detection of arc welding robot.

Cold welding sealing of copper-water micro heat pipe ends

The quality of micro heat pipe(MHP) is strongly affected by sealing technology. Based on the analysis of requirements of sealing technology, a cold welding technology was presented to seal MHP. In the cold welding process, compression force was used to flatten micro groove copper(MGC) tube. Then the bonding of MGC tube was reached because of intensively plastic deformation of MGC tube under pressure. It is found that the plastic deformation area of the cold welding of MGC tube can be divided into three sections. The deformation of micro grooves in each section was investigated; the influence of the dimensions of cylindrical heads on the weld joint shape and strength was studied; and a comparison between smooth copper tube and MGC tube was done. The results show that a groove compression stage exists in the cold welding of MGC tube besides a flattened stage and a melting stage.

Twin-wire SAW welding of 70 kg class high strength steel

The twin-wire SAW welding process was investigated using Baosteel 70 kg class high strength steel, and the properties of the joints were studied using conventional single and double-faced grooves as well as an optimized groove. The results showed that by using an optimized double-faced groove, a small root face, and no back gouging, a small welding heat input was achieved and thus the joint strength and toughness were improved significantly. Also, removing back gouging reduced the labor required in the process. The weld reinforcement and deformation were observed to be rather small.

坡口形状对CLAM钢焊缝抗辐照损伤性能的影响

为探究坡口形状对中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢焊缝辐照损伤性能及辐照硬化性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、掠入射X射线衍射(GIXRD)和纳米压痕技术等方法,研究了在室温下经能量为70 keV、剂量为1×10^(17)ions/cm^(2)的He^(+)辐照后,V型、U型和双U型坡口CLAM钢焊缝的辐照损伤情况及力学性能。结果表明,离子辐照后,不同坡口形状焊缝金属中均产生了氦泡、析出物等缺陷,力学性能呈现出不同程度的降低。与V型和U型坡口焊缝相比,双U型坡口焊缝辐照后焊缝内部缺陷分布更均匀、尺寸更小。这是由于在三类焊缝中,双U型坡口焊缝热输入更小,焊缝晶粒组织相对较小,晶界密度更高。更高密度的晶界阻碍了缺陷间的相互聚集,减小了缺陷的尺寸。辐照后双U型坡口焊缝表面粗糙度最低,氦泡、析出物尺寸最小,衍射峰偏移量、宽化率最低,表面硬度最低,抗辐照硬化性能最好。这表明通过控制焊接坡口的形状,细化焊缝晶粒组织,可显著提升焊缝抗辐照损伤性能及抗辐照硬化性能。

一种基于线激光扫描的V型焊接坡口尺寸检测方法

针对V型焊接坡口尺寸检测的自动化问题,搭建线激光测量系统,并提出一种基于点云处理的坡口尺寸检测方法。由线激光传感器获取坡口轮廓点云数据,分析V型坡口的截面轮廓特征,对坡口点云依次进行统计滤波、K-means聚类分割和MSAC直线检测;利用拟合直线求交点和逐列搜索方法获取坡口截面轮廓的4个特征点,实现尺寸测量,最后通过试验加以验证。结果表明:所提方法能够稳定地实现V型焊接坡口尺寸检测,2个模型测量结果中,坡口间隙中误差最大为0.11mm,坡口宽度中误差最大为0.17 mm,坡口角度中误差最大为0.42°。该方法可满足工业应用的高精度和自动化要求。

弧焊机器人针对V形坡口的焊接路径规划设计与仿真分析

为解决弧焊机器人面向中厚板V形坡口的焊接变形难题,通过分析传统逐层逐道堆积焊接容易引起热量聚集而导致焊接变形的特性,采用V形截面投影轨迹、空间平行往复轨迹及空间轮廓偏置轨迹相结合的方法建立V形焊层,实现焊接过程热量的快速散发。同时,在建立各轨迹方程解析式的基础上,应用Simufact Welding和MATLAB仿真软件对比分析了空间平行往复轨迹和空间轮廓偏置轨迹与传统逐层逐道焊的优缺点。为了进一步验证可行性,采用FANUC工业机器人进行试验。仿真和试验结果表明:以零件y、z轴方向的变形量为依据,空间平行往复轨迹和空间轮廓偏置轨迹都优于传统的逐层逐道焊接方法,且后者更优于前者。但空间平行往复轨迹在轨道变换过程中机器人末端执行器的空间位姿调整相对简单、引入误差少、控制精度高,更适合于坡口较窄、长度较短的情况;而空间轮廓偏置轨迹更适用于坡口较宽,长度较长的情况。

压力管道工程中有关焊接诸多认知误区和盲区浅析(一)——焊接接头

焊接接头形式和焊缝形式是两个不同概念,而压力管道单面焊焊接接头要达到相当于双面焊同样质量要求是一个综合性的问题,主要涉及焊接方法、母材类别、焊接材料、焊接位置、预热、背面充气保护、热处理、电特性及技术措施等9个因素的影响,同时也与焊工技能有关。熟练焊工按照合格的焊接工艺评定进行施焊、加强焊缝目视检测(VT),尤其是焊接接头坡口加工和焊道VT检测是保障质量的重要要素。

坡口形式对Q390/Q690异种低合金钢焊接残余应力的影响

采用有限元法研究了坡口形式(V形、X形和K形)对Q390/Q690异种低合金钢熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊接头温度、应力和焊后残余应力分布的影响,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:模拟和试验所得热循环曲线和残余应力分布相似,瞬时温度相对误差小于15%,证明模型准确;K形坡口接头焊缝区峰值温度最高,V形坡口次之,X形坡口最小;K形、V形和X形坡口接头焊缝均存在等效应力高于690MPa的高应力区,面积依次降低,纵向残余应力均呈“几”字形分布,峰值出现在焊缝处,在两侧熔合区迅速转变为压应力,横向残余应力均呈双驼峰形分布,峰值出现在两侧熔合区,焊缝区应力急剧减小至中心处接近0;坡口形式对接头纵向残余拉应力峰值影响较小,V形与K形坡口接头纵向残余拉应力分布范围大于X形坡口,横向残余拉应力峰值和分布范围均大于X形坡口。

核电厂高压蒸汽管道焊缝切割装置的研制

为了修复某核电厂GPV高压缸排汽管膨胀节导流筒焊缝因热处理不当导致的开裂,研发了一款焊缝切割装置,用于将开裂的焊缝切除并加工坡口以进行下一步的自动焊接修复。首先利用SolidWorks对焊缝切割设备进行了机械设计并三维建模,对驱动电机进行了选型计算,设计了控制系统架构,随后制作了设备样机和膨胀节导流筒模拟体,最后在试验室利用模拟体对设备样机的性能进行了连续切削试验,验证了该装备能够高效完成膨胀节导流筒开裂焊缝的切除和坡口加工,且坡口加工质量优良,装置性能稳定。

美国纽约韦拉扎诺大桥U肋焊缝机器人焊接研究

正交异性钢桥面板因其自重轻、承载能力大,广泛应用于大跨度现代钢桥,其U形肋焊接技术是桥面板制作的关键。以美国纽约韦拉扎诺大桥U肋焊接试验为例,介绍了U肋与桥面板坡口角焊缝的自动焊接工艺。区别于传统需4次焊接的方式,通过调整U肋焊缝的坡口角度(将坡口角度调整为54°,使焊缝形状更接近三角形,增加焊缝成型系数)、钝边尺寸(2.5~3.0 mm)、焊接规范参数以及采用具有电弧跟踪系统的焊接机器人进行施焊,实现了U肋两侧坡口角焊缝机器人单道对称水平位置施焊一次成形。该工艺克服了熔深不足、烧穿、裂纹、咬边等技术难题,焊接效率是传统焊接的4倍,熔深可达U肋板厚的80%,无焊漏,焊缝外观质量良好,在业主随机抽样检验中全部合格,填补了国内外U肋焊接领域的技术空白。

坡口角度对P91钢多层多道焊接残余应力的影响

P91钢是典型的马氏体耐热钢,被广泛应用于电站锅炉和石油化工等领域的高温、高压器件中。在焊接过程中产生的残余应力,会与服役过程中的工作应力叠加,加剧蠕变、疲劳和腐蚀,导致焊接接头的早期失效。坡口角度对焊接接头质量有显著的影响,使用盲孔法测量了P91钢平板多层多道焊接接头残余应力的分布,同时采用有限元法研究了坡口角度对P91钢平板多层多道焊接接头残余应力的影响。结果表明:坡口角度的增加使焊缝宽度及焊接道数增加,下表面横向残余拉应力和压应力峰值均降低。对于纵向残余应力,上表面拉应力峰值从604MPa降低至544MPa,降低约11%。压应力峰值从209MPa升至261MPa,升高约24.9%。下表面热影响区处的拉应力峰值增加约10MPa。对于横向残余应力,上表面拉应力峰值从545MPa升至648MPa,升高约18.9%。压应力峰值从176MPa降至134MPa,降低约23.9%。下表面拉应力峰值从325MPa降至240MPa,降低约26.2%。压应力峰值从102MPa降至37MPa,降低约63.7%。

厚板双面四丝单道埋弧焊接工艺参数设计及应用

结合焊缝熔深与四丝单道埋弧焊一丝焊接参数、钢板壁厚、坡口深度的函数关系,及焊丝填充面积与四丝单道埋弧焊一丝~四丝焊接参数、坡口深度、坡口角度的函数关系,设计厚板双面四丝单道埋弧焊接的焊接坡口尺寸及对应的焊接参数。依据此参数进行32 mm、40 mm和50 mm厚板双面四丝单道埋弧焊接试验。结果表明,设计的焊接工艺参数既可保证厚板大钝边尺寸双面焊接焊透,又能保证厚板大坡口截面填满,并可获得良好的焊接质量。

中厚板铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接工艺及组织性能

针对8 mm厚6005A-T6铝合金,分别采用I形坡口和Y形坡口进行激光-MIG复合焊接试验,通过对比研究不同坡口形式接头的焊缝成形、组织特征、硬度分布和拉伸性能,分析坡口形式对接头性能的影响规律。结果表明,两种坡口形式均能获得高质量的焊缝,但I形坡口焊缝的电弧主要作用区熔深更大。焊缝中心均为树枝状晶并且晶粒尺寸类似,与Y形坡口相比,I形坡口焊缝柱状晶区的宽度更大,且热影响区存在晶粒粗大的现象。I形坡口焊缝区和熔合线附近的硬度均低于Y形坡口,而热影响区的硬度高于Y形坡口。I形坡口和Y形坡口接头的平均抗拉强度分别为202.0 MPa和205.2 MPa,试样均断裂在熔合线附近,断裂路径与熔合线一致,断口呈现典型的塑性断裂特征。

油气管道不等壁厚内锥孔环焊缝的相控阵超声检测

油气输送管道建设中,不等壁厚钢管的焊接较为常见。传统倒角式内坡口环焊缝的根部应力集中、焊趾易存在缺陷且容易漏检。孔锥形内坡口环焊缝可将不等壁厚焊接改进为等壁厚焊接。围绕油气管道常用的PAUT检测,针对孔锥形内坡口引起的检测质量问题进行了理论(仿真)分析,设计加工了含不同位置缺陷的对比试块并结合仿真试验进行了对比分析,确定了适宜的最小锥孔长度,为工程应用提供了有力的技术支持。

立式刮刀离心机外轴的焊接工艺改进

介绍了离心机的结构及工作原理,分析了离心机外轴在离心机工作中的重要作用,阐明了离心机外轴零件性能对离心机工作的影响,应用结果表明:离心机自焊接工艺优化调整后,通过目视化检验、磁粉探伤及超声波探伤,未发现裂纹焊接缺陷,离心机各型号外轴的焊接质量稳定可靠。