Ancient Yamen in Excellent Condition

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李泰国海关总税务司任职解疑

关于英国人李泰国出任清朝海关总税务司的过程,学术界普遍同意他先后得到了两次任命——1859年的何桂清任命和1861年的总理衙门任命。对于两度任命的关系和间隔期中的事件变化则鲜有深入探究,也未有新史料披露。综合现有研究和中英两方历史档案可以发现,何桂清的任命存在着合法性不明的问题,并未获得清廷最高决策层和英方的认可。何桂清任命并非总理衙门任命的起因,后者也不是对前者的确认。大约从1860年初或更早,薛焕等清朝官员开始秘密筹划由最高决策层任命李泰国,并最终导致了1861年总理衙门任命的结果。英国官方虽然表面上从未认可过何桂清的任命,但出于自身利益一直支持由英国人出任清朝总税务司的设想。

《清代四川南部县衙门档案》俗语词考释五则

《清代四川南部县衙门档案》被称为“一座内容极其丰富的地方文献宝库”,内容丰富,但存有较多的俗语词,给读者的阅读和学者的研究带来一定的障碍。根据传世文献,结合语境,对其中五则俗语词进行考释,得出释义。“耗伐”即“砍伐损害”,“弹收”即“验收”,“向问”即“询问、理论、指责”,“压佃钱”即“租借时所付的作抵押用的钱,俗称押金”,“战哨船只”即“战船和哨船,分别用于作战打仗和警戒巡逻”。

Precise dating of abrupt shifts in the Asian Monsoon during the last deglaciation based on stalagmite data from Yamen Cave, Guizhou Province, China

Based on 33 U/Th dates and 1020 oxygen isotopic data from stalagmite Y1 from Yamen Cave, Guizhou Province, China, a record of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) was established. The record covers the last deglaciation and the early Holocene (from 16.2 to 7.3 ka BP) with an average oxygen isotope resolution of 9 years. The main millennial-scale deglacial events first identified in Greenland (Greenland Interstadial Events: GIS 1e through GIS 1a) and later in China are clearly present in the Y1 record. By analogy to earlier work, we refer to these as Chinese Interstadials (CIS): CIS A.1e to CIS A.1a. The onset of these events in Y1 δ18O records are nominally dated at: 14750±50, 14100±60, 13870±80, 13370±80, and 12990±80 a BP. The end of CIS A.1a or the beginning of the Younger Dryas (YD) event is nominally at 12850±50 a BP and the end of the YD dates to 11500±40 a BP. The δ18O values shift by close to 3‰ during the transition into the Bφlling-Allerφd (BA, the onset of CIS A.1e) and at the end of the YD. Comparisons of Y1 to previously published early Holocene records show no significant phase differences. Thus, the East Asia Monsoon and the Indian Monsoon do not appear to have been out of phase during this interval. The Y1 record confirms earlier work that suggested that solar insolation and North Atlantic climate both affect the Asian Monsoon.

Dynamic structures and their sedimentation effects of the Yamen Inlet,Huangmaohai Estuary

One of eight gates of the Pearl River Estuary,the Yamen Inlet is a bedrock channel mouth connecting the Huangmao Sea and Yamen Channel.The wider water surfaces of the upper and lower reaches of the entrance produce a unique bidirectional asymmetrical jet system.Using observed hydrology and historical charts,the ECOMSED model was applied in morphodynamic analysis of the dynamic structures and dynamic equilibrium of the Yamen jet system and its effect on sedimentation.It was found that (1) the nonlinear interaction of Yamen dynamic structures could not be ignored,as while the Coriolis force and friction force were generally of the same order of magnitude,the effect of friction force was greater;(2) the bidirectional asymmetrical jet system was flood preferential flow to the north of the channel mouth and ebb preferential flow to the south;and (3) the bidirectional asymmetrical jet system was the dominant factor in the long term stability of the Yamen deep trough.

Study on the angle of needling Yamen (GV 15) in atlanto-axial dislocation patients

Objective: To compare the risk angle and safety angle of n eedli ng Ya me n (GV 15) betwee n the atla nto-axial dislocati on (AAD) patients and healthy subjects. Methods: A total of 177 AAD patients diagnosed and treated at the Center of Upper Cervical Vertebra of Beijing Chin a-Japa n Frie ndship Hospital betwee n January 2010 and January 2018 were in eluded in the AAD group. Ano ther 207 healthy subjects were included in the normal group. There were totally 191 males and 193 females. The MRI sean was performed for the cervical vertebrae to measure the risk angle and safety angle of acup un cture at Ya me n (GV 15) on the sagittal image. Results: In the AAD group, the risk angle was (13.14±3.99)° and the relative safety angle was (10.31±3.23)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (9.09±3.09)° for the male;the risk angle was (12.12±2.74)° and the relative safety angle was (10.56±2.09)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (9.70±2.95)° for the female. In the normal group, the risk angle was (7.89±1.59)° and the relative safety angle was (10.21±3.55)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (16.07±1.77)° for the male;the risk angle was (6.93±1.45)° and the relative safety angle was (10.70±2.94)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (14.89±2.18)° for the female. The perpendicular needling risk angles for the males and females in the AAD group were larger than those in the normal group, and the differences were statistically significant (both P<0.01);for the inner-group comparison, there was no sigrHficant difference in the perpendicular needling risk angle between the male and the female in the AAD group (P>0.05);however, the perpendicular needling risk angle for the male was larger than the female, and the differenee was statistically significant in the normal group (P<0.01). There were no sign讦icant differences in the relative safety angle for both the male and the female between the AAD group and the normal group (both P>0.05). For the inner-group comparison, there was no sign讦icant differenee in the relative safety angle between the male and the female (P>0.05). The oblique needling risk angles for both the males and females were smaller in the AAD group than those in the normal group, and the differences were statistically sign讦icant (both P<0.01);the oblique needling risk angle for the male was not significantly different from that for the female in the AAD group (P>0.05);in the normal group, the oblique needling risk angle for the male was larger than that for the female, and the differenee was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: Un der the AAD condition, the risk angle and safety angle of acup un cture at Ya me n (GV 15) cha nge significantly, perpe ndicular n eedli ng should be better if performed slightly lower tha n the horiz on tai di recti on, and the oblique needling should be safer across the occipital foramen toward the occipital bone.

南宋衙署建筑特征研究——基于对钓鱼城范家堰遗址的考察

宋蒙战争时期,南宋为保证四川地方政权的稳定,多将州、府衙署迁至抗蒙山城。近些年,抗蒙山城遗址随着考古发掘重现天日,出土于钓鱼山西侧的范家堰遗址被考古专家推定为合州衙署。在山地地形限制下,范家堰山城衙署遗址的布局、形制及营造同平原城镇相比有一定的差异性。文章以钓鱼城范家堰发掘出土的建筑群遗址为基础,并参照南宋时期的地方志与建筑营造书籍中相关资料,试探讨南宋时期山地衙署建筑特征。

潮汐通道水动力和泥沙的湍参数化效应:南海北部崖门水道

In this study,we conducted numerical experiments to examine the effects of turbulence parameterization on temporal and spatial variations of suspended sediment dynamics.Then,we applied the numerical model to the Yamen Channel,one of the main eight outfalls in the Pearl River Delta.For the field application,we implemented the k−εscheme with a reasonable stability function using the continuous deposition formula during the erosion process near the water-sediment interface.We further validated and analyzed the temporal-spatial suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs).The experimental results show that under specified initial and boundary conditions,turbulence parameterization with stability functions can lead to different vertical profiles of the velocity and SSC.The k−εpredicts stronger mixing with a maximum value of approximately twice the k−kl.The k−kl results in smaller SSCs near the surface layer and a larger vertical gradient than the k−ε.In the Yamen Channel,though the turbulent dissipation,turbulent viscosity and turbulence kinetic energy exhibit similar trends,SSCs differ significantly between those at low water and high water due to the tidal asymmetry and settling lag mechanisms.The results can provide significant insights into environmental protection and estuarine management in the Pearl River Delta.

“隔离”与“汉化”之外——满文在清前期公文系统中的使用与纠偏

清朝的多语种公文奏报系统中,尤以满文和汉文最为重要,经历了从满汉文并重到强化满文的过程,乾隆时期甚至发动复兴新清语的社会政治运动。皇帝在理念上追求满汉公文系统并行以达“同文之盛”的目标,但在实践过程中,满汉平等“无异视”与“首崇满洲”两种观念始终存在博弈与竞争。清朝统治者既未文化隔离,又积极避免汉化,在两者之间不断纠偏,寻求平衡,这种情形在清实录、宫廷满文寄信档与地方珲春副都统衙门满文档中都能得到充分印证。

《清代南部县衙档案》俗语词考释五则

《清代南部县衙档案》是我国保存最完整、最系统的清代县级地方政权档案,但内容多为手写,俗语词数量繁多,不利于档案的阅读、整理与研究。其中“焚献”“左半头”“崘”“原恳”“跴明”五则俗语词意思让人费解,容易误判。根据具体语境,结合文献及方言,认为“焚献”即“经管香火”,“左半头”即“左边”,“崘”即“路坎”,“原恳”即“向司法机关提出诉讼的一方”,“跴明”即“勘测清楚”。考释俗语词词义,可以消除《清代南部县衙档案》阅读障碍,补充辞书未收词条或义项。

清代盛京三陵总理事务衙门设立时间考辨——以《黑图档》为中心

清代盛京三陵总理事务衙门是管理盛京三陵的机构,盛京三陵始建于入关前,对盛京三陵的管理蕴含清代“敬天法祖”思想,及清帝对皇权与礼仪制度的重视。目前学界对于此衙门的设立时间有分歧,大致分为四种,一为雍正八年(1730)之前已有设立;二为乾隆九年(1744)六月;三为乾隆十三年(1748年);四为乾隆四十八年(1783年)。本文利用中国第一历史档案馆所藏档案及《黑图档》等满汉档案,梳理《清实录》《大清会典》等相关文献,考证盛京三陵总理事务衙门的设立时间应为乾隆十七年(1752年)。

管窥西洋镜——清末所见西安府城北院与南院衙署及其园林探微

北院衙门与南院衙门是清代西安府城中规制最高的两座衙署建筑群,亦为1900年庚子国难时清室“西狩”的驻跸之所。虽然此二者故址今日仍为政府驻地,但其历史建筑已基本被当代建筑所取代。文章以发掘、研读、辨析清末至民国时期西方人的笔记、照片作为关键支撑,结合本土地方志,尝试梳理并厘清清末所见北院与南院衙门历代沿袭的历史脉络,初步解读其内部建筑及园林的格局状貌,分析其在塑造城市空间结构层面的作用。研究试图展示清代西安的衙署建筑类型,揭示西安城市发展的一个历史维度,并为清代衙署建筑及其园林研究提供一组案例。同时也希望为西安老城的建筑风貌、空间格局、文化脉络、身份定位的认知、保护和复兴提供参考。

沈葆桢督江时期的南北洋关系(1875-1879)

沈葆桢总督两江期间,是湘系督抚把持江督和南洋大臣的间隔时期,亦是南北洋关系变动的关键时期。其间,南洋无论在筹建近代水师,还是在协饷北洋淮军、整顿江南制造总局和轮船招商局局务上,均能与北洋和衷共济,支持北洋,即使偶有分歧,仍合作居多。在海防塞防之争中,沈葆桢虽表示将持平相待,但实则偏向北洋。但在吴淞铁路案的交涉上,沈葆桢主张强硬,李鸿章则主张周旋,沈、李的外交态度,凸显南北洋关系的分歧。沈葆桢督江期间,北洋洋务、海防逐渐后来居上,对晚清内外权力格局的变动产生重大影响。

频率法测量索力中的参数分析与索抗弯刚度的识别

通过有限元法及样条拟合技术获取斜拉索索力与频率的对应关系,并讨论这些关系在频率法测量索力中的应用。在此基础上,以崖门大桥斜拉桥索力测试为研究背景详细分析了频率法测量索力中诸如索的抗弯刚度、支座条件和斜度等参数对索力测试精度的影响,并提出一种基于多阶频率测试结果的斜拉索抗弯刚度识别方法。

应用MRI测量哑门和风府针刺危险深度的研究

目的通过MRI正中矢状面T1wI，测量不同年龄段及不同体型患者哑门（GVl5）和风府（GVl6）针刺危险深度，并对其分布特点进行分析。方法选取2012年6～12月在海南医学院附属医院放射科检查的不同年龄段患者98例，根据罗氏指数再将各年龄组分为3型：瘦长型、适中型与肥胖型，所有图像取正中矢状位，根据临床操作习惯和实际可行性进行危险深度测量。结果在不同年龄组的瘦长型患者中，GV15和GV16的针刺深度均差异无统计学意义；在适中型患者中，18～〈45岁组与45～60岁组比较，GV15和GV16的针刺深度差异有统计学意义（P=0．029，P=0．018）；在肥胖型患者中，45～60岁组与其他组比较，GV15和GV16的针刺深度差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论GVl5和GVl6的危险深度与年龄并无相关性，但是与罗氏指数存在正相关，即随着罗氏指数的增加，GV15和GV16的危险深度也随之增加。

以风府、哑门为主穴针刺治疗小儿痉挛型脑瘫疗效观察

目的观察以风府、哑门为主穴针刺治疗小儿痉挛型脑瘫的临床疗效。方法选取小儿痉挛型脑瘫患者60例随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组30例。分别采用以风府、哑门为主穴针刺治疗和西医常规治疗加康复训练,3个疗程后观察各组治疗前后发育商DQ分值及肢体痉挛状态改变情况。结果根据疗效判定标准,治疗组显效7例,有效22例,无效1例,总有效率为96.7%;对照组显效3例,有效21例,无效6例,总有效率为80.0%;发育商DQ分值两组均有提高,治疗组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肢体痉挛状态改变两组均有改善,治疗组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组生存质量优于对照组。结论显示以风府、哑门为主穴针刺治疗小儿痉挛型脑瘫疗效确实。

珠江口崖门出海航道回淤分析

针对崖门航道所在海域水流、地形及泥沙特点,从悬移质不平衡输沙方程出发,导出估算挖槽回淤的计算公式,根据实测资料和潮流数值计算确定其中主要参数,并用1990年崖门试挖槽回淤资料确定公式中待定的综合系数。在此基础上估算了航道浚深不同方案的回淤强度与回淤量,并结合实际对结果进行了分析,结果表明航道回淤总体上并不严重,航道及所在海域基本上处于平衡微淤状态。

高精度ICP-MS ^(230)Th测年新技术及其在贵州衙门洞Y1石笋测年研究中的应用

在系统介绍洞穴石笋高精度ICP-M S铀系年代学原理与方法的基础上,对贵州荔波县衙门洞Y 1石笋进行了ICP-M S 2 30 T h测年研究。综合分析认为精确时标的建立对于利用石笋进行古气候重建具有重要的实际意义;采用ICP-M S2 3 0 T h测年方法进行石笋样品定年准确可靠,并且比T IM S方法具有更高的效率,所需样品更微量。通过生长速率变化分析表明,石笋生长速率记录了过去冷暖突变事件,因此可以用它作为一个有意义的环境记录替代指标来研究古降水及古气候变化。

风府、哑门穴位针刺安全深度的磁共振成像和尸体对照研究

目的通过对风府、哑门穴位采用MRI和尸体断层解剖测量出针刺危险深度,计算出安全深度,为临床医生针灸操作提供安全参考指标。方法 1.选取健康成年男性志愿者,筛选出研究对象30人;2.用同身寸法取穴定位和标记,穴位进针点用医用胶布贴上鱼肝油;3.在MRI断面上测量体表鱼肝油影像至危险点解剖结构的直线距离;4.筛选10例适中体型男性尸体,体表穴位定位,低温冷冻后用高速带锯切割,在断面上用游标卡尺测量穴位体表至危险点解剖结构的直线距离;5.用T检验进行统计学分析。结果直刺风府、哑门穴的危险深度和安全深度MRI组与尸体组比较,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论适中体型男性直刺以下穴位的平均安全深度的最大值为:风府36mm,哑门36mm。

黄茅海河口虎跳门和崖门浮游动物群落的比较

于2006年11月-2007年8月对珠江口西部的黄茅海河口区浮游动物进行了四个航次的生态调查，分别在入海口处虎跳门和崖门各设置1个采样断面，分析了两口门的水文特征和水体理化因子特点及其两者之间的差异显著性，调查研究了浮游动物的种类组成、密度、生物量和多样性指数等分布特征。共检出浮游动物50种，桡足类占优势，24种，其次为轮虫类，为12种，枝角类和原生动物分别各为5种，多毛类、异足类、糠虾类和螺类各1种，此外，还有桡足类幼虫以及未知种类2种。分析得出，在调查周期内，虎跳门和崖门浮游动物的密度、生物量及多样性指数值的差异不显著，这可能与两口门的水体理化因子及浮游植物群落构成没有显著性差异有着直接的原因，而受两口门水动力条件不同的影响较小。由聚类分析结果可知，四个季节可分为两大组，虎跳门和崖门秋、冬两季浮游动物群落结构较为相近，春、夏两季浮游动物群落结构较为相近。