On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accum...On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accumulated rainfall in Zhengzhou City exceeding 600 mm(“Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm”for short).The multi-scale dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms for this rainstorm are investigated based on station-observed and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets.The backward trajectory tracking shows that the warm,moist air from the northwestern Pacific was mainly transported toward Henan Province by confluent southeasterlies on the northern side of a strong typhoon In-Fa(2021),with the convergent southerlies associated with a weaker typhoon Cempaka(2021)concurrently transporting moisture northward from South China Sea,supporting the rainstorm.In the upper troposphere,two equatorward-intruding potential vorticity(PV)streamers within the planetary-scale wave train were located over northern Henan Province,forming significant divergent flow aloft to induce stronger ascending motion locally.Moreover,the converged moist air was also blocked by the mountains in western Henan Province and forced to rise so that a deep meso-β-scale convective vortex(MβCV)was induced over the west of Zhengzhou City.The PV budget analyses demonstrate that the MβCV development was attributed to the positive feedback between the rainfall-related diabatic heating and high-PV under the strong upward PV advection during the Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm.Importantly,the MβCV was forced by upper-level larger-scale westerlies becoming eastward-sloping,which allowed the mixtures of abundant raindrops and hydrometeors to ascend slantwise and accumulate just over Zhengzhou City,resulting in the record-breaking hourly rainfall locally.展开更多
In south China, warm-sector rainstorms are significantly different from the traditional frontal rainstorms due to complex mechanism, which brings great challenges to their forecast. In this study, based on ensemble fo...In south China, warm-sector rainstorms are significantly different from the traditional frontal rainstorms due to complex mechanism, which brings great challenges to their forecast. In this study, based on ensemble forecasting, the high-resolution mesoscale numerical forecast model WRF was used to investigate the effect of initial errors on a warmsector rainstorm and a frontal rainstorm under the same circulation in south China, respectively. We analyzed the sensitivity of forecast errors to the initial errors and their evolution characteristics for the warm-sector and the frontal rainstorm. Additionally, the difference of the predictability was compared via adjusting the initial values of the GOOD member and the BAD member. Compared with the frontal rainstorm, the warm-sector rainstorm was more sensitive to initial error, which increased faster in the warm-sector. Furthermore, the magnitude of error in the warm-sector rainstorm was obviously larger than that of the frontal rainstorm, while the spatial scale of the error was smaller. Similarly, both types of the rainstorm were limited by practical predictability and inherent predictability, while the nonlinear increase characteristics occurred to be more distinct in the warm-sector rainstorm, resulting in the lower inherent predictability.The comparison between the warm-sector rainstorm and the frontal rainstorm revealed that the forecast field was closer to the real situation derived from more accurate initial errors, but only the increase rate in the frontal rainstorm was restrained evidently.展开更多
High-strength pervious concrete(HSPC) with porosity ranging from 0.08% to 2.011% was prepared. The mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance of HSPC were evaluated,and a design method of HSPC pore ch...High-strength pervious concrete(HSPC) with porosity ranging from 0.08% to 2.011% was prepared. The mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance of HSPC were evaluated,and a design method of HSPC pore characteristics(porosity and pore diameter) based on the mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance was proposed. The results showed that the reduction of effective cross-sectional area caused by artificial channels was the main factor affecting flexural strength but had limited influence on compressive strength. Compared with the concrete matrix without artificial channels,the compressive strength of HSPC with porosity of 2.011% decreased by 7.4%, while the flexural strength decreased by 48.3%. The permeability coefficient of HSPC can reach 16.35 mm/s even at low porosity(2.011%).HSPC can meet the requirements of no rainstorm waterlogging, even if exposed to 100-year rainstorms. When the mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance are compromised, the recommended porosity ranges from 1.1% to 3.5%, and the recommended pore diameter ranges from 0.8 to 2.7 mm.展开更多
Based on the data from the China National Meteorological Station and the fifth-generation reanalysis data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, we investigated and examined the precipitation, circ...Based on the data from the China National Meteorological Station and the fifth-generation reanalysis data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, we investigated and examined the precipitation, circulation, and dynamic conditions of the rainstorm in Henan in July 2021. The results show that: 1) This precipitation is of very heavy rainfall level, beginning on the 19<sup>th</sup> and lasting until the 21<sup>st</sup>, with a 3-hour cumulative precipitation of more than 200 mm at Zhengzhou station at 19:00 on the 20<sup>th</sup>. The major focus of this precipitation is in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, and it also radiates to Jiaozuo, Xinxiang, Kaifeng, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luoyang, Luohe, and other places. 2) The Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), typhoons “In-Fa” and “Cempaka”, as well as the less dynamic strengthening of the Eurasian trough ridge structure, all contributed to the short-term maintenance of the favorable large-scale circulation background and water vapor conditions for this rainstorm in Henan. 3) The vertical structure of low-level convergence and high-level dispersion near Zhengzhou, together with the topographic blocking and lifting impact, produced favorable dynamic lifting conditions for this rainstorm.展开更多
A novel high-strength straight-hole recycled pervious concrete(HSRPC)for the secondary highway pavement was prepared in this paper.This study aimed to investigate the effect of porosity(0.126%,0.502%,and 1.13%),vehicl...A novel high-strength straight-hole recycled pervious concrete(HSRPC)for the secondary highway pavement was prepared in this paper.This study aimed to investigate the effect of porosity(0.126%,0.502%,and 1.13%),vehicle loading stress level(0.5 and 0.8)and service life on the resistance to rainstormbased waterlogging of HSRPC under fatigue loading.The mechanical properties of HSRPC in terms of flexural strength and dynamic elastic modulus were studied.The waterlogging resistance of HSRPC was described by surface water depth and drainage time.The microstructure of HSRPC were observed with scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results showed that although the dynamic elastic modulus and flexural strength of HSRPC decreased with the increasing number of fatigue loading,the flexural strength of HSRPC was still greater than5 MPa after design service life of 20 years.After 2.5×10^(5)times of fatigue loading,the permeability coefficient of HSRPC with a porosity of 0.502%and 1.13%increased by 18.4%and 22.9%,respectively;while the permeability coefficient of HSRPC with 0.126%porosity dropped to 0.35 mm/s.The maximum surface water depth of HSRPC with a porosity of 0.126%,0.502%,and 1.13%were 8,5 and 4 mm,respectively.SEM results showed that fatigue loading expanded the number and width of cracks around the tiny pores in HSRPC.展开更多
Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night...Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night on June 9,2020 were analyzed.The results showed that(1)the extreme rainstorm process developed near the surface convergence line,with strong localization,short duration and large hourly rainfall intensity.(2)Under the high temperature and high humidity environment,the low-level cold advection and the hot low-pressure system interacted,and the potential con-vective unstable energy was released,and a strong convective weather was formed.(3)The convergence of water vapor in the lower layer and the strong upward movement provided sufficient water vapor for the rainstorm.The low-centroid thunderstorm was the main reason for the extreme rainstorm.(4)The forecast deviation of the numerical model to the low-level shear line and the mesoscale convergence line was an important reason for the forecast deviation of the heavy rainfall area.展开更多
On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis fo...On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.展开更多
2017年8月甘肃陇南出现暴雨天气,礼县、武都气象站24 h降水量突破历史极值,极端性和局地性突出。应用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第5代全球大气再分析产品ERA5、雷达资料及地面加...2017年8月甘肃陇南出现暴雨天气,礼县、武都气象站24 h降水量突破历史极值,极端性和局地性突出。应用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第5代全球大气再分析产品ERA5、雷达资料及地面加密观测资料,对2017年8月6—7日、19—20日发生在甘肃省陇南地区的2次暴雨过程进行对比分析,重点讨论2次过程的环流背景以及强降水时段雷达反射率因子、径向速度、物理量特征。结果表明,2次暴雨过程均发生在西风槽偏北气流与中低层偏南暖湿气流交汇处,但是2次过程的主要影响系统及触发条件不同;雷达回波显示8月6—7日由冷式切变线引起的暴雨系统对流性较强,反射率因子值较高、中心高度较低,降水率较大,持续时间短;19—20日暖区降水的反射率因子值较低、中心高度较高,降水率较小,持续时间较长。展开更多
Based on conventional observation data,satellite cloud image data and new generation Doppler radar data,the local rainstorm weather situation and physical quantities in Ulanqab City from 08:00 to 20:00 on June 24,2019...Based on conventional observation data,satellite cloud image data and new generation Doppler radar data,the local rainstorm weather situation and physical quantities in Ulanqab City from 08:00 to 20:00 on June 24,2019 were analyzed by means of synoptic methods.The results show that the local rainstorm was caused by the forward trough system and the convergence of warm and cold air,and triggered by the low-level jet and the surface convergence line.The splitting and merging of cloud clusters in satellite cloud images and strong radar echoes had a good guiding effect on short-term heavy precipitation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42288101,and 42175076)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB40000000)the Open Research Fund Program of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(Project PAEKL-2022-K02).
文摘On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accumulated rainfall in Zhengzhou City exceeding 600 mm(“Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm”for short).The multi-scale dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms for this rainstorm are investigated based on station-observed and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets.The backward trajectory tracking shows that the warm,moist air from the northwestern Pacific was mainly transported toward Henan Province by confluent southeasterlies on the northern side of a strong typhoon In-Fa(2021),with the convergent southerlies associated with a weaker typhoon Cempaka(2021)concurrently transporting moisture northward from South China Sea,supporting the rainstorm.In the upper troposphere,two equatorward-intruding potential vorticity(PV)streamers within the planetary-scale wave train were located over northern Henan Province,forming significant divergent flow aloft to induce stronger ascending motion locally.Moreover,the converged moist air was also blocked by the mountains in western Henan Province and forced to rise so that a deep meso-β-scale convective vortex(MβCV)was induced over the west of Zhengzhou City.The PV budget analyses demonstrate that the MβCV development was attributed to the positive feedback between the rainfall-related diabatic heating and high-PV under the strong upward PV advection during the Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm.Importantly,the MβCV was forced by upper-level larger-scale westerlies becoming eastward-sloping,which allowed the mixtures of abundant raindrops and hydrometeors to ascend slantwise and accumulate just over Zhengzhou City,resulting in the record-breaking hourly rainfall locally.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1502000)。
文摘In south China, warm-sector rainstorms are significantly different from the traditional frontal rainstorms due to complex mechanism, which brings great challenges to their forecast. In this study, based on ensemble forecasting, the high-resolution mesoscale numerical forecast model WRF was used to investigate the effect of initial errors on a warmsector rainstorm and a frontal rainstorm under the same circulation in south China, respectively. We analyzed the sensitivity of forecast errors to the initial errors and their evolution characteristics for the warm-sector and the frontal rainstorm. Additionally, the difference of the predictability was compared via adjusting the initial values of the GOOD member and the BAD member. Compared with the frontal rainstorm, the warm-sector rainstorm was more sensitive to initial error, which increased faster in the warm-sector. Furthermore, the magnitude of error in the warm-sector rainstorm was obviously larger than that of the frontal rainstorm, while the spatial scale of the error was smaller. Similarly, both types of the rainstorm were limited by practical predictability and inherent predictability, while the nonlinear increase characteristics occurred to be more distinct in the warm-sector rainstorm, resulting in the lower inherent predictability.The comparison between the warm-sector rainstorm and the frontal rainstorm revealed that the forecast field was closer to the real situation derived from more accurate initial errors, but only the increase rate in the frontal rainstorm was restrained evidently.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51878081)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20220626)+1 种基金Changzhou Leading Innovative Talent Introduction and Cultivation Project (No. CQ20210085)Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No. KYCX21_2847)。
文摘High-strength pervious concrete(HSPC) with porosity ranging from 0.08% to 2.011% was prepared. The mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance of HSPC were evaluated,and a design method of HSPC pore characteristics(porosity and pore diameter) based on the mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance was proposed. The results showed that the reduction of effective cross-sectional area caused by artificial channels was the main factor affecting flexural strength but had limited influence on compressive strength. Compared with the concrete matrix without artificial channels,the compressive strength of HSPC with porosity of 2.011% decreased by 7.4%, while the flexural strength decreased by 48.3%. The permeability coefficient of HSPC can reach 16.35 mm/s even at low porosity(2.011%).HSPC can meet the requirements of no rainstorm waterlogging, even if exposed to 100-year rainstorms. When the mechanical properties and rainstorm waterlogging resistance are compromised, the recommended porosity ranges from 1.1% to 3.5%, and the recommended pore diameter ranges from 0.8 to 2.7 mm.
文摘Based on the data from the China National Meteorological Station and the fifth-generation reanalysis data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, we investigated and examined the precipitation, circulation, and dynamic conditions of the rainstorm in Henan in July 2021. The results show that: 1) This precipitation is of very heavy rainfall level, beginning on the 19<sup>th</sup> and lasting until the 21<sup>st</sup>, with a 3-hour cumulative precipitation of more than 200 mm at Zhengzhou station at 19:00 on the 20<sup>th</sup>. The major focus of this precipitation is in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, and it also radiates to Jiaozuo, Xinxiang, Kaifeng, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luoyang, Luohe, and other places. 2) The Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), typhoons “In-Fa” and “Cempaka”, as well as the less dynamic strengthening of the Eurasian trough ridge structure, all contributed to the short-term maintenance of the favorable large-scale circulation background and water vapor conditions for this rainstorm in Henan. 3) The vertical structure of low-level convergence and high-level dispersion near Zhengzhou, together with the topographic blocking and lifting impact, produced favorable dynamic lifting conditions for this rainstorm.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878081)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX21_1262)。
文摘A novel high-strength straight-hole recycled pervious concrete(HSRPC)for the secondary highway pavement was prepared in this paper.This study aimed to investigate the effect of porosity(0.126%,0.502%,and 1.13%),vehicle loading stress level(0.5 and 0.8)and service life on the resistance to rainstormbased waterlogging of HSRPC under fatigue loading.The mechanical properties of HSRPC in terms of flexural strength and dynamic elastic modulus were studied.The waterlogging resistance of HSRPC was described by surface water depth and drainage time.The microstructure of HSRPC were observed with scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results showed that although the dynamic elastic modulus and flexural strength of HSRPC decreased with the increasing number of fatigue loading,the flexural strength of HSRPC was still greater than5 MPa after design service life of 20 years.After 2.5×10^(5)times of fatigue loading,the permeability coefficient of HSRPC with a porosity of 0.502%and 1.13%increased by 18.4%and 22.9%,respectively;while the permeability coefficient of HSRPC with 0.126%porosity dropped to 0.35 mm/s.The maximum surface water depth of HSRPC with a porosity of 0.126%,0.502%,and 1.13%were 8,5 and 4 mm,respectively.SEM results showed that fatigue loading expanded the number and width of cracks around the tiny pores in HSRPC.
基金Supported by Special Project of Research Business Forecast of Hunan Meteoro-logical Bureau(XQKJ21C001).
文摘Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night on June 9,2020 were analyzed.The results showed that(1)the extreme rainstorm process developed near the surface convergence line,with strong localization,short duration and large hourly rainfall intensity.(2)Under the high temperature and high humidity environment,the low-level cold advection and the hot low-pressure system interacted,and the potential con-vective unstable energy was released,and a strong convective weather was formed.(3)The convergence of water vapor in the lower layer and the strong upward movement provided sufficient water vapor for the rainstorm.The low-centroid thunderstorm was the main reason for the extreme rainstorm.(4)The forecast deviation of the numerical model to the low-level shear line and the mesoscale convergence line was an important reason for the forecast deviation of the heavy rainfall area.
文摘On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.
文摘2017年8月甘肃陇南出现暴雨天气,礼县、武都气象站24 h降水量突破历史极值,极端性和局地性突出。应用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第5代全球大气再分析产品ERA5、雷达资料及地面加密观测资料,对2017年8月6—7日、19—20日发生在甘肃省陇南地区的2次暴雨过程进行对比分析,重点讨论2次过程的环流背景以及强降水时段雷达反射率因子、径向速度、物理量特征。结果表明,2次暴雨过程均发生在西风槽偏北气流与中低层偏南暖湿气流交汇处,但是2次过程的主要影响系统及触发条件不同;雷达回波显示8月6—7日由冷式切变线引起的暴雨系统对流性较强,反射率因子值较高、中心高度较低,降水率较大,持续时间短;19—20日暖区降水的反射率因子值较低、中心高度较高,降水率较小,持续时间较长。
文摘Based on conventional observation data,satellite cloud image data and new generation Doppler radar data,the local rainstorm weather situation and physical quantities in Ulanqab City from 08:00 to 20:00 on June 24,2019 were analyzed by means of synoptic methods.The results show that the local rainstorm was caused by the forward trough system and the convergence of warm and cold air,and triggered by the low-level jet and the surface convergence line.The splitting and merging of cloud clusters in satellite cloud images and strong radar echoes had a good guiding effect on short-term heavy precipitation.