Distribution characteristics and risk evaluation of heavy metals in sediment of Yalu River estuary and its adjacent shallow sea area

采用重金属的富集系数和多金属污染度分析鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海沉积物重金属的分布特征。结果表明：鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海沉积物Cu、Hg和Cd属于重要的污染因子;多金属污染度高强度分布区与高含沙量区存在对应关系,但对重金属富集影响更大的是人类活动。采用潜在生态风险指数法与生物效应阈值浓度法2种评价方法进行研究区的生态风险评价,结果显示,参比工业化前全球沉积物重金属最高值为背景值进行的潜在生态风险指数法评价结果与生物效应阈值浓度法的评价结果一致,即研究区的生态风险评价结果属于轻微级,并具有更大范围内的可比性,但研究区沉积物中重金属的相对污染程度偏高。

Distribution and their pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters

The present paper deals with the distribution patterns of heavy metals and the associated influenc- ing factors in the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters. Based upon the analysis of the surficial and core sediments measurements, the pollution of heavy metal and potentiM ecological risk were evaluated. The burial flux and contents of heavy metals （except for copper） have been continuously increasing since the 1920s. Therefore, the gross potential ecological risk for the sedi- ments was high or very high, and the study area was endangered by heavy metals contamination. Heavy metals originated mainly from upstream pollutant input, correlation analysis showed that chromium, nickel, zinc~ cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury in the sediments of the middle and west channels as well as the sea area of the western Yalu River Estuary concentrations were most probably derived from similar sources. In contrast, the metal of copper most probably originated from sources different from the other metals. Preliminary studies indicate that copper contamina- tion was most likely the result of emission from mining activities situated at the upstream of the river. The contents of heavy metals in the sediments of estuarine turbidity maximum zone of Yalu River were larger than those of any other areas in the middle channel. With large portion of fine sediments, weaker hydrodynamics, and richer sources of heavy metals, the sediments of the west channel, were even more enriched with heavy metals than those of the middle channel.

A Holocene Yalu River-derived fine-grained deposit in the southeast coastal area of the Liaodong Peninsula

High-resolution seismic profiles and surface samples were studied in detail in order to determine the structures, provenance, and dynamic mechanisms of a fine-grained deposit in the southeast coastal area of the Liaodong Peninsula, China. Results indicate that there is a prominent fine-grained deposit distributed alongshore up to 14 m thick, which thins out to less than 2 m in both seaward and landward directions, forming an fl-shaped pattern of cross-section. The deposit is 180-300 km away from the Yalu River mouth and extends along the southeast coast of the Liaodong Peninsula between the northeast of Dalian Bay and southwest of the Changshan Islands, in water depths of 20-40 m. The deposit, which is mainly derived from the Yalu River, represents a Holocene Highstand System Tract sequence formed since the highest sea level around 7.0 ka. The Yalu River-derived sediments were redeposited in the area off the southeast coast of the Liaodong Peninsula after resuspension and transportation by the Liaonan Coastal Current.

Analysis of Precipitation and Drought-Flood in Yalu River Estuary and Donggang Offshore Area

Based on the mesoscale surface observation data,the relationship between rainfall and drought-flood in Yalu River and Donggang offshore area was analyzed. Analysis on atmospheric circulation showed that the movement of weather system affected the production of precipitation directly and resulted into the formation of drought and flood years. On the basis of analyzing general law above,a further analysis on the relationship of monsoon and drought-flood was carried out,as well as the effect of topography on rainfall.

Heritage Corridor Construction:New Idea for Protection of Heritage along the Right Bank of the Yalu River

This paper analyzed feasibility,mode,and significance of heritage corridor construction along the right bank of the Yalu River.It stated that the region along the right bank of the Yalu River conforms to characteristics of heritage corridor and is suitable for heritage corridor theory.For Liaoning and Jilin provinces integrating their tourism into the One Belt and One Road strategy,and promoting harmonious use of regional tourist resources,vigorous development of tourism,and targeted poverty alleviation through tourism,the heritage corridor construction is of profound significance.

The response of sedimentary record to catchment changes induced by human activities in the western intertidal flat of Yalu River Estuary,China

The response to the catchment changes of the sedimentary environment of the western intertidal flat of Yalu River Estuary was investigated by analyzing the vertical variations of the grain size of sediment cores,along with the hydrologic data and human activities in the catchment.The results demonstrated a stepwise decreasing trend for the variations of both the sediment load and water discharge into the sea,which could be divided into three stages as 1958–1970,1971–1990 and 1991–2009.Reservoir construction and the changes of catchment vegetation coverage turned out to be the two predominant contributors to the changes.There are four periods for the variation of the sensitive components of the sediment cores from 1940 to 2010,i.e.,1940–1950,1951–1980,1981–1990 and 1991–2010.The vertical distribution of grain size in the cores mainly varied with the changes of vegetation coverage in the catchment and reservoir construction from 1960 to 1980,whereas it varied depending on the intensity of water and soil erosion in the catchment from 1980 to 1990.Despite the further reduction of the water and sediment input into the sea from 1990 to 2009,this period was characterized by coarsening trends for the grain size of sediment in the estuarine intertidal flat and correspondingly,the significantly increased silt contents of the sensitive component.

Spatiotemporal distribution of size-fractioned phytoplankton in the Yalu River Estuary,China

The grain size structure of phytoplankton has great influence on shellfish culture.The present study aimed to assess the spatial and temporal variation in the phytoplankton community structure in the Yalu River Estuary and to explore the relationship between the phytoplankton community structure and various environmental parameters in 2020.High-throughput sequencing was used in this study.The results showed that nanophytoplankton,especially Karlodinium veneficum,dominated the estuary throughout the year.The biomass ratio of picophytoplankton,nanophytoplankton,and microphytoplankton were 20:63:17 in spring,30:44:26 in summer,1:38:61 in autumn,and 2:45:53 in winter,respectively.Meanwhile,Dinophyta had the greatest biomass throughout the year,followed by Bacillariophyta.On the spatial dimension(Station average),COD,T,SST had a positive impact on total phytoplankton communities,and Dep had a negative impact.In the time dimension(Monthly average),the environmental factor that significantly controlled the phytoplankton community structure were NO2 and SST.

基于环境DNA的夏季鸭绿江流域(丹东段)鱼类多样性分析

【目的】基于环境DNA(eDNA)进行夏季鸭绿江流域(丹东段)鱼类多样性分析,以验证eDNA技术应用于鱼类物种多样性监测的可行性,为鱼类群落动态监测、水域生态健康评估及鱼类物种多样性保护提供技术支持,同时为鸭绿江流域(丹东段)鱼类多样性保护提供基础资料。【方法】于2022年5—8月在鸭绿江流域(丹东段)设5个采样站点,进行4次环境样本采集,经eDNA抽提、PCR扩增、高通量测序和数据库对比注释后,通过R语言(4.1.2)、Tableau 2019.4和PRIMER 6.0等进行夏季鸭绿江流域(丹东段)鱼类多样性分析。【结果】在夏季鸭绿江流域(丹东段)5个采样站点共检测到67种鱼类,隶属于14目30科65属,其中,松江鲈和细鳞鲑已列入《国家重点保护水生野生动物名录》,鲤、鲫、鳙、鲢、草鱼、鮻、武昌鱼、小黄鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、棘头梅童鱼和乌鳢等11种被列入《国家重点保护经济水生动植物资源名录》,香鱼和东北七鳃鳗被列入《国家濒危动物名录》和《辽宁省重点保护野生动物名录》,石川哲罗鲑、鸭绿江茴鱼和花羔红点鲑被列入《中国东北地区珍稀濒危动物志》。鲤、鲫、鲢、草鱼、辽宁棒花鱼、马口鱼、东北雅罗鱼、泥鳅、香鱼、公鱼、大银鱼和杂色杜父鱼等在鸭绿江流域(丹东段)各采样站点组成相似,且均为相对丰度较高的优势物种,是夏季鸭绿江流域(丹东段)的优势鱼类群体。5个采样站点中,以东港站点的Chao1指数、Pielou指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数最高,丹东站点的Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数最低。【结论】基于eDNA技术检测夏季鸭绿江流域(丹东段)鱼类物种组成及多样性具有可行性和有效性。夏季鸭绿江流域(丹东段)鱼类的生态结构复杂且有波动,尤其是野生珍稀鱼类种质资源保护已迫在眉睫,亟待开展鸭绿江珍稀鱼类资源恢复工作,包括实施禁渔制度,重点研究特有濒危鱼类的人工繁殖技术,以及加强水体生态系统健康监测等。

吉林省云峰岩体年代学、地球化学特征及其形成构造背景

云峰岩体分布于吉林省东部重要的有色金属、贵金属鸭绿江断裂成矿带内,主要岩性为钾长花岗岩类。对云峰岩体进行岩石学、地球化学、年代学、及锆石U—Pb测年研究:LA-ICP-MS锆石U—Pb年龄资料表明,岩石侵位年龄为(120.9±1.8)Ma,属于早白垩世(晚于鸭绿江断裂活动时间)。云峰钾长花岗岩富SiO_(2)、K_(2)O、贫Al_(2)O_(3),富集Rb等大离子亲石元素,亏损P、Ti、Sr等元素,亏损重稀土元素,Eu亏损明显,属于典型非造山带A型花岗岩。岩浆来源较浅且以壳源物质为主,表明地层可能受太平洋板块向西俯冲欧亚板块碰撞影响,具有强烈的碰撞伸展构造背景,断裂带附近局部发生地壳伸展—减薄的构造过程,岩浆沿已形成的断裂通道上升并冷凝成岩。

吉林长白山地区鸭绿江上游新发现的含打制石器遗址

2021年,吉林省文物考古研究所等单位对吉林省鸭绿江上游地区临江市、长白朝鲜族自治县两地开展了旧石器考古专项调查,共发现仅含打制石器遗址12处,采集石制品188件。石制品类型包括细石核、石叶、雕刻器小片、似勒瓦娄哇石片以及端刮器、雕刻器、尖状器、两面器等。其中吴家营遗址Ⅰ地点石制品类型丰富,技术较为复杂,表现出似勒瓦娄哇、石叶、细石叶技术混合的特征;其他地点石制品发现较少,仅有岗头村等5处地点反映出吉林东部石叶—细石叶遗存的一般特征。根据采集石制品初步判断吴家营遗址Ⅰ地点等6处遗址应为旧石器时代晚期遗存,其余地点年代暂时无法判断。

辽宁3个水系北方须鳅个体繁殖力比较研究

为探明辽宁地区北方须鳅个体繁殖力,于碧流河、鸭绿江和辽河采集性腺发育至Ⅳ期的雌鱼180尾,采用常规生物学方法比较分析北方须鳅个体繁殖力。试验结果显示,北方须鳅个体绝对繁殖力为(6999.33±315.19)粒,体长相对繁殖力为(85.06±2.98)粒/mm,体质量相对繁殖力为(1536.58±60.23)粒/g,碧流河万福段体长相对繁殖力和体质量相对繁殖力均显著高于其他2个水系(P<0.05),个体繁殖力与各生物学指标的最佳拟合方程大多为二次函数。3个水系北方须鳅绝对繁殖力和体长相对繁殖力均与体长、体质量、净体质量、性腺质量、性腺指数之间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01),体质量相对繁殖力仅在碧流河万福段和太子河汤河段与性腺指数之间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01)。多元逐步回归分析表明,碧流河万福段和太子河汤河段个体繁殖力与性腺质量和性体指数密切相关,而在叆河大堡段受净体质量与肥满度的影响显著。卵径频率出现一个峰值,推测北方须鳅为一次性产卵鱼类。试验结果可丰富北方须鳅繁殖生物学资料,为其资源保护提供基础数据。

鸭绿江河口潮汐及水沙输运特征研究

构建以鸭绿江河口为核心的大范围二维潮流泥沙数学模型,研究新边界条件下的大东水道水沙输运特征。结果表明,鸭绿江河口所在的海湾M2分潮等潮时线总体呈南北方向,潮流旋转方向为逆时针方向;潮波自河口外侧向西水道方向,M2分潮振幅逐渐增大,在庙沟港池附近达到最大,潮波浅水变形口外与西水道变幅可达20%;大东水道深槽水流强度明显较大,庙沟港池东南侧水域含沙量最大,自一港池附近水域向外海含沙量呈降低趋势;大东水道欧拉余流和斯托克斯漂流均向海,落潮单宽潮量及单宽输沙量大于涨潮,净潮量、净输沙量均向海,大东水道泥沙输运以大潮期为主,泥沙主要来源为西水道滩涂和大东水道东侧滩涂。

耦合深度学习的水丰水库入库径流中长期预测方法研究

少资料地区径流中长期预测关系发电厂中长期发电量的多寡,也对电厂短期经济运行有较强的指导作用。鸭绿江流域是东北地区重要的清洁能源基地,由于朝鲜控制了鸭绿江流域超过一半的面积,但其径流数据难以与中方共享,给鸭绿江流域径流中长期预测带来一定的阻碍。以鸭绿江流域水丰水库入库径流为研究对象,分别采用相空间重构模型(局域法、全局法)、LSTM模型、小波分析-LSTM模型、耦合相空间重构(局域法、全局法)和小波分析模型共6个模型方法对水丰水库旬、月及年尺度入库径流进行中长期径流预报工作,以平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分比误差与合格率对上述6个模型的预测结果进行精度评比。结果表明,年径流预报采用耦合相空间重构(全局法)和小波分析模型;月尺度径流预报中,1月预见期1-5月采用耦合相空间重构(局域法)和小波分析模型以及小波分析-LSTM模型效果较好,而6-12月耦合相空间重构(全局法)和小波分析模型具有明显优势;1年预见期中,小波分析-LSTM模型效果较好。旬尺度径流预测,1旬预见期采用小波分析-LSTM模型效果较好,3旬预见期采用小波分析-LSTM模型或耦合相空间重构(全局法)和小波分析模型,1年预见期中耦合相空间重构(全局法)和小波分析模型有明显优势。研究将为水丰水库及下游发电厂制定中长期调度计划提供支持。

辽宁3个水系鸭绿沙塘鳢个体繁殖力比较研究

为探明辽宁地区鸭绿沙塘鳢个体繁殖力,于辽河水系新宾满族自治县太子河下夹河段、碧流河水系碧流河水库上游万福段、鸭绿江水系丹东凤城叆河大堡段采捕卵巢发育至Ⅳ期的鸭绿沙塘鳢雌鱼181尾,采用常规生物学方法比较分析鸭绿沙塘鳢个体繁殖力。结果表明,鸭绿沙塘鳢个体绝对繁殖力(1067.7±829.7)粒,体长相对繁殖力(97.9±56.1)粒/cm,体质量相对繁殖力(55.2±18.1)粒/g。年龄组成以2、3龄为主,且繁殖贡献率分别为44.9%和39.2%。碧流河万福段鸭绿沙塘鳢个体绝对繁殖力、体长相对繁殖力、体质量相对繁殖力均显著高于太子河下夹河段;绝对繁殖力和体长相对繁殖力与体长、体质量、空壳质量、性腺质量显著相关,体质量相对繁殖力与性腺指数显著相关(P<0.01),个体繁殖力均与肥满度无相关性(P>0.05)。3个水系多元线性逐步回归分析显示,个体繁殖力与性腺质量或性腺指数密切相关。卵径频率出现2个峰值,推测鸭绿沙塘鳢为分批产卵类型。本调查结果可为鸭绿沙塘鳢繁殖生物学提供基础数据。

鸭绿江下游3种经济鱼类生长特征及种群参数估算

鱼类的生长特性不仅能反映其生长及生存状况,也能在一定程度上反映其生活环境的质量及生活史情况。本研究于2020年11月—2021年10月在鸭绿江下游捕获3种鱼类(唇[鱼骨]Hemibarbus labeo、瓦氏雅罗鱼Leuciscuswaleckii和拉氏鱥Phoxinuslagowskii),分析生物学参数与生长特性,通过FiSATⅡ软件估算其死亡系数与开发率。结果显示:唇[鱼骨]、瓦氏雅罗鱼与拉氏鱥的优势年龄组成分别为1 a、1 a~2 a、1 a;b值均近似于3(P>0.05),为匀速生长类型;生长系数K均大于0.2,为快速生长型;生长性能指数φ′在4.46~5.00之间;唇[鱼骨]、瓦氏雅罗鱼与拉氏鱥的拐点年龄分别为2.33 a、1.95 a与1.05 a,相应拐点体长分别为318.52 mm、255.67 mm与115.52 mm。3种鱼类的开发率E均大于E_(max),表明其处于过度开发状态,应限制捕捞。唇[鱼骨]、瓦氏雅罗鱼与拉氏鱥的最佳起捕体长应为319 mm、256 mm与116 mm。调查研究水域应通过增殖放流、调整增殖放流鱼类数量措施,保持资源量,适当增加唇?、瓦氏雅罗鱼与拉氏鱥的资源量,促进资源利用及可持续开发状态。

鸭绿江口湿地外来入侵植物区系、生活型及种类特征

【目的】鸭绿江口湿地沿边沿海,生物入侵形势严峻,本文旨在探究其外来入侵植物特征的基本信息,为我国北方滨海湿地入侵植物防控提供支持和参考。【方法】基于植物地理学理论和外业实地踏查法,同时结合文献查阅和咨询法,研究鸭绿江口湿地外来入侵植物区系、生活型和种类特征。【结果】鸭绿江口湿地外来入侵植物共有33种,隶属11科26属,其中菊科、豆科和苋科是入侵植物的优势科,占总种数的57.57%;植物科的区系以世界分布型为主,属的区系以泛热带、世界分布型占主导地位;原产于美洲的种类最多,占总种数的51.52%;生长型以草本植物为主,占总种数的90.91%;生活型以地面芽和一年生植物种数最多,占总种数的87.87%;果实以瘦果类型居多,占总种数的27.27%;扩散方式以混合传播和风力传播为主,占63.63%;湿地内入侵植物危害等级以恶性入侵(Ⅰ级)和严重入侵种(Ⅱ级)为主,占总种数的39.4%。【结论】鸭绿江口湿地外来入侵植物种类以菊科、豆科和苋科为主;原产美洲最多,以草本植物为主,混合传播和风力传播占优,危害严重的种类多。应加强入侵植物监测和预警,并结合河口、海岸等生境治理,采取相应措施予以防除。

基于线粒体Cytb基因和D-loop区的鸭绿江流域细鳞鱼群体遗传多样性

旨在研究鸭绿江流域(丹东段)细鳞鱼野生群体与养殖群体的遗传多样性,并探究其种质资源情况。基于细鳞鱼线粒体DNA Cytb基因和D-loop区序列,对宽甸(KD)和丹东江域(DD)2个野生细鳞鱼群体和1个养殖群体的遗传结构与遗传多样性等进行比较研究。结果表明:Cytb基因1141 bp,A+T含量53.55%,G+C含量46.45%,D-loop区序列988 bp,A+T含量62.75%,G+C含量37.25%;基于Cytb和D-loop序列在90个样本中分别检测到42和56个多态性位点,定义了21和26种单倍型,其中KD、DD和YZ群体Cytb基因的单倍型数分别为14、10和7,KD、DD和YZ群体D-loop区单倍型数分别为16、15和10;遗传多样性分析Cytb基因表现出高单倍型多样性(0.986)和低核苷酸多样性(0.00466),而D-loop区表现出高单倍型多样性(0.981)和高水平的核苷酸多样性(0.01982),基于Cytb基因和D-loop区序列KD和DD群体分别具有4个和2个相同单倍型,说明2个细鳞鱼野生群体间的分化程度较小,而养殖群体与野生群体间遗传分化为中度;分子方差分析(AMOVA)发现群体内部的遗传变异(Cytb:73.38%;D-loop:85.91%)占比明显高于群体间的遗传变异(Cytb:26.62%;D-loop:14.09%),表明鸭绿江流域(丹东段)细鳞鱼群体遗传变异主要来源于群体内,不同地理群体间的遗传变异不大;群体单倍型系统发育树表明,KD、DD和YZ群体间互有交叉,均未表现出明显的地理聚集,3个群体间尚未出现明显的地理谱系结构,结果与遗传多样性研究一致。Tajima’s D和Fu and Li’s中性检验显著偏离中性,推测细鳞鱼KD和DD群体可能经历过群体扩张事件,随后处于相对平衡稳定状态。

鸭绿江口湿地区域土地利用格局变化及其对生态环境质量的影响

为探索鸭绿江口湿地区域土地利用格局特征及其对生态环境质量的影响,以2000—2020年的遥感数据为基础,通过土地利用动态度、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用转移矩阵计算土地利用格局特征,并通过计算生态环境质量与生境质量水平,对土地利用变化对生态环境质量的影响进行评估。结果表明:各土地类型间存在相互转化的现象,且向建设用地与养殖水面转化显著,转入面积分别为56.54和35.80 km^(2),分别占转入总面积的50.85%和32.2%;土地开发利用强度上升,相较于2000年,2010和2020年的土地利用程度综合指数变化率分别为1.18%和3.95%;2000、2010和2020年的生态环境质量指数分别为0.4629、0.4557和0.4416;从2000年到2020年,低等级用地类型面积占比由12.15%上升至16.52%,高等级用地类型面积占比则由32.84%下降至29.32%。由此可见,鸭绿江口湿地生态退化趋势明显,建设用地和养殖水面用地面积的扩张是土地格局变化和生态环境质量下降的主要因素。

康乾时期鸭绿江上的马尚船

康乾时期马尚船上的“潜采”(私采人参者)、“潜商”(走私商)与以往私采者有很大不同。这一时期的“潜采”多以关内山东、山西流入东北的流民为主,“潜商”也多为山东、山西等地私商,前者以犯越参场私采人参为主,后者以走私贸易为主。两者往往结成偷采与私贸团伙,有的团伙甚至达几百人。他们多以银两贿赂边门把守官军,从柳条边边门潜入边外,乘坐马尚船溯江潜入鸭绿江沿江地带参场从事偷采与私贸活动。

论辽朝的鸭绿江流域经略及其对东北亚地缘政治的影响

辽朝圣宗时期,为了有效控制鸭绿江流域,并牵制和打破宋朝与鸭绿江女真以及原渤海国残余政权定安国可能结成的对抗契丹的军事同盟,辽朝先后展开对鸭绿江流域女真和定安国的数次征伐。辽朝的鸭绿江流域经略,不仅控制了鸭绿江流域,还在鸭绿江下游江口屯驻军队,以切断定安国和鸭绿江女真等通过鸭绿江口与宋朝登州交通的地缘战略要道,而且彻底解除了辽朝在辽东侧翼的地缘政治威胁,并控制了定安国位于鸭绿江中、上游的平原腹地和长白山三十部女真与宋朝贸易的集散地,迫使鸭绿江女真诸部归附辽朝。此外,随着辽朝对鸭绿江流域的控制,为辽圣宗的高丽征伐奠定了地缘战略基础,并改变了辽朝与高丽以及女真诸部的地缘政治版图,从而,对东北亚地缘政治格局产生了重要的历史影响。