From Hai Yao, Yang Yao to Xi Yao: Sinification of Material Medical from the West

In ancient China, Daoist philosophers developed the concepts of qi(energy), Wu Xing(five elements), and yin(feminine, dark, negative) and yang(masculine, bright, positive) opposite forces between 200 and 600 BCE. Based on these philosophies, Zhen Jiu(acupuncture), Ben Cao(materia medica), and the practice of Qi Gong(energy optimization movements) evolved as the three interrelated therapeutic regimens of Chinese medicine(Note 1). Since the time of Zhang Qian, who discovered China's western regions in the 1st century BCE, Hai Yao(the exotic elements of materia medica from the maritime Silk Road countries), had been transmitted from the ancient land and maritime routes of the Silk Road to China in the past two millennia(Note 2). Since the late 17th century, the English East India Company, later called the British East India Company, introduced Yang Yao(opium) to the Manchu Qing Empire to balance a growing trade deficit for tea export from China to the British Empire. After the First Opium War ended in 1842, enterprising expatriate chemists and druggists in the treaty ports imported Xi Yao(modern medicines from the Western world) for sale to the merchant navy and the local market. From the second half of the 19th century onwards, both Hai Yao and Xi Yao have become a fully integrated part of modern China's armamentarium for the Chinese medicine and Western hospitals and retail pharmacy sectors. This paper articulates the journey of adoption of exotic elements of materia medica from the ancient land and sea routes of the Silk Road, including the western regions and the rest of the world in the past two millennia. Opium traders, ship surgeons, medical and pharmaceutical missionaries, enterprising traders, and policymakers together transformed Ben Cao into Xi Yao during the late Manchu Qing dynasty and the early Nationalist Era.

Differential Effects of Yin- and Yang-Chinese Tonifying Herbs on Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The present study investigated the effect of treatment with methanolic extracts of Yin- and Yang-Chinese tonifying herbs on concanavalin A (Con A)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation (adaptive immunity) and natural killer (NK) cell activity (innate immunity) in an ex vivo mouse model. The results indicated that while treatment with most Yin herbal extracts potentiated the Con A/LPS-stimulated splenocyte proliferation, only Yang (but not Yin) herbal extracts stimulated NK cell activity. The differential effects of Yin- and Yang-Chinese tonifying herbs on innate and adaptive immunity are consistent with the Chinese medicine theory which depicts the Yin and Yang functional components of Zheng Qi (vital energy), with the Yang component being responsible for the first line of defense against invading microorganisms (i.e., innate immunity) and the Yin oner serving as a follow-up defensive response (adaptive immunity).

Effects of Manganese on the Antioxidant System and Related Gene Expression Levels in the “Hong Yang” Kiwifruit Seedlings

To explore how manganese affects the antioxidant system and the expression levels of related genes of“Hong yang”seedlings,the leaves of its tissue cultured seedlings were taken as test materials,and single factor treatment was performed by changing the manganese chloride(MnCl_(2)·4H_(2)O)solution concentration when spraying the leaves.The expression levels of Mn-SOD,POD64 and POD27 genes in leaves were quantitatively analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)at different determination times.Meanwhile,the contents of malondial-dehyde(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),the activities of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and superoxide dismutase(SOD).The results showed that the SOD,CAT,POD,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and reduced glutathione(GSH)activities in leaves were the highest at 12 h post-treatment with 50μM MnCl_(2)·4H_(2)O.Furthermore,the contents of MDA and H_(2)O_(2) in leaves also peaked when the concentration of H_(2)O_(2) is 50μM,which is the minimum value.Additionally at 50μM Mn^(2+),the Mn-SOD and POD27 expression was up-regulated as compared to the control,which promoted the expression of their respective enzyme activities.However,POD64 expression increased with the increasing Mn^(2+) concentration.Therefore,50μM is the optimal concentration of Mn when exogenously applied on“Hong yang”,which improve the antioxidant enzyme activity and regulate the plant’s physiological and biochemical functions.

Research on Yang Xiong from a Calligraphic Perspective

Yang Xiong,a cultural celebrity in ancient China,is a well-known figure in the history of Chinese literature with abundant research on his literary achievements.However,little research has been done on the presentation of his name,former residence,and prose poems in Chinese calligraphy from an iconographic perspective.This paper intends to explore how“Yang Xiong,”“Yang Ziyun,”“Ziyun Pavilion in Xishu Prefecture,”and“Yang Xiong’s prose poems”are presented in the Chinese calligraphy,especially in calligraphies by Wang Xizhi,Su Dongpo,Huang Tingjian,Mi Fu,and other famous calligraphers in the previous dynasties.Research shows that Yang Xiong influenced not only Chinese literature but also Chinese calligraphy to a certain extent.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the effects of Zhenwu decoction on kidney yang deficiency pattern in chronic kidney disease

Objective:To explore the kidney yang deficiency pattern(KYDP)in a chronic kidney disease(CKD)rat model and the mechanisms underlying the effects of Zhenwu decoction(ZWD)by conducting tran-scriptomic and metabolomic analyses.Methods:Adriamycin(ADR)combined with hydrocortisone(HC)was used to induce CKD with KYDP in rats.ADR was injected into the tail vein twice.HC was injected intramuscularly for 8 weeks.ZWD was administered by gavage for 8 weeks.The general condition was observed,24-h urine protein was detected,serum corticosterone,triiodothyronine,thyroxine,TSH,testosterone,cAMP,and cGMP levels were determined,and pathological analysis was conducted.Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to screen differentially expressed genes(DEGs),differentially expressed metabolites(DEMs),and differentially expressed pathways(DEPs).The core DEMs and DEGs were input to Metab-oanalyst 5.0 to identify the pathways affected by ZWD.Results:In the HC group,KYDP symptoms were observed.Compared with control group,the levels of 24-h urine protein,TSH,and cGMP significantly increased(all P<0.01),and corticosterone,triiodothyronine,thyroxine,and cAMP significantly decreased(all P<0.01)in the HC group.After ZWD intervention,the levels of above-mentioned indicators could be reversed to some extent.Pathological analysis in the HC group revealed kidney lesions.DEGs in the ZWD group were mainly associated with pathways such as nucleotide synthesis and endocrine pathways.In the ZWD group,differences in biosynthesis of unsat-urated fatty acids and butanoate metabolism were observed.The following pathways were significantly affected by ZWD:arachidonic acid metabolism,valine,leucine,and isoleucine biosynthesis,linoleic acid metabolism,and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism.Conclusion:ZWD can be used to treat KYDP in CKD through regulating arachidonic acid metabolism,valine,leucine,and isoleucine biosynthesis,linoleic acid metabolism,and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism.

k次幂等矩阵下Yang-Baxter矩阵方程所有解

令A是一个k次幂等矩阵并考虑Yang-Baxter矩阵方程AXA=XAX.基于先前关于可对角化系数矩阵的Yang-Baxter矩阵方程解的结果,可以推导得到方程的所有解.

Clinical efficacy of external treatment with Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with hormone therapy for granulomatous mastitis and its effect on cellular pyroptosis proteins

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with dexamethasone ointment in the treatment of granulomatous lobular mastitis in the mass stage and the effect on cellular pyroptosis-related proteins.Methods:Forty patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis were randomly divided into 20 cases in the observation group and 20 cases in the control group.Both groups were given dexamethasone ointment for treatment,and the observation group was treated with external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang on the basis of the control group.Breast lump vol-ume changes,breast pain and pus symptoms,pathology and histology and immunohistochemistry,cellular death-related indicators expression were compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the difference in mass volume of the observation group was significantly greater than that of the control group(16.7±21.5 in the control group and 32.9±27.4 in the experimental group)and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05);the objective remission rate of the patients in the observation group(ORR=85%)was significantly higher than that of the treatment group(ORR=50%,P<0.05).In terms of pus formation rate and pain level,the breast pain score of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group after two weeks or three weeks of treatment(P<0.05);the pus formation rate of the observation group was 30%,and the pus formation rate of the control group was 20%,and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The immunohistochemical expression levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05);and in terms of the expression of cellular pyroptosis-related indexes,the expression of GSDMD,cas-pase-1,and NLRP3 in the observation group was significantly lower compared with that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The efficacy of external application of Zi Cao Yang He Tang combined with dexamethasone ointment in treating granulomatous lobular mastitis in the mass stage is remarkable,which can effectively reduce breast pain,reduce the size of the mass,de-crease the expression of cellular pyroptosisrelated indexes,and have a good anti-inflammatory effect.

A Comparative Study of YīJiàn Xiǎo Shìand A Small Incident Rendered by the Yangs

Lu Xun’s short stories play a prominent role in the history of modern Chinese literature,and a number of Sinologists have studied them and published their English translations.This paper selects“YīJiàn Xiǎo Shì”in Lu Xun’s collection“Call to Arms”as the object of study,taking hypotaxis and parataxis as the starting point,and compares the translation of Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang with the original version,studying the differences between the them in the process of C-E translation.It is hoped that some flexible conversion strategies in English-Chinese translation can be learned from the translation research.

The active mechanism of the Sheng Yang San Huo decoction on diabetic peripheral neuropathy on network pharmacology

Objectives:To discuss the mechanism of Sheng Yang San Huo decoction on diabetic peripheral neuropathy using the network pharmacology method.Methods:The BATMAN-TCM database,TCM-ID database,Chinese Natural Product Chemical Composition Database,and TCMIP database were employed to screen the chemical active ingredients of each herb in Sheng Yang San Huo decoction based on the“Libinsky Drug Rules”.SwissTargetPrediction was used to screen effective action targets for each herb in the prescription.Additionally,Cytoscape 3.7.0 was utilized to construct a“drug-target”network.GeneCards,OMIM,and MaLaCards databases were utilized to gather targets related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy.VENNY 2.1 online platform was employed to match drug and disease targets,draw a Venn diagram,and construct a“drug-active compounds-common target”network using Cytoscape 3.7.0.gene ontology biological process analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis for the targets were conducted using the DAVID 6.8 database.Enrichment analysis results were visualized using the OmicShareTool online platform.Molecular docking was performed using CB-Dock2.Results:Following screening,a total of 217 active compounds and 132 potential targets were identified in Sheng Yang San Huo decoction.The effects are primarily enriched in pathways such as Lipid and Atherosclerosis,AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,and the IL-17 signaling pathway.The binding energy of the key active ingredients to the core protein targets of DPN was favorable.Conclusion:The study reveals the characteristics of multiple targets and pathways of Sheng Yang San Huo decoction,providing new insights for the clinical application of this prescription.

一类由Hermitian Yang-Mills度量导出的半线性偏微分方程

本文研究了由一类Hermitian Yang-Mills度量的极限行为所导出的半线性方程的边值问题与全局解的径向对称性质.使用极大值原理与Leray-Schhauder不动点定理,我们得到了这个方程在R^(2)平面中全局C2解的径向对称性与这个方程的Dirichlet问题在任意有界区域内C^(2,α)解的存在性.

基于“动则生阳”理论探讨鸢尾素与慢性心力衰竭心阳虚证本质的联系

慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure, CHF)是各种原因导致的心脏疾病终末阶段,心阳不足是导致CHF恶化的关键病因。鸢尾素是一种肌动蛋白糖基化蛋白激素,是纤维连接蛋白Ⅲ型结构域5(fibronectin typeⅢdomain containing 5, FNDC5)的多肽切割产物,同时也是一种依赖于过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活物-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, PGC-1α)的肌细胞因子。在肌肉运动时,PGC-1α通过刺激FNDC5表达,增加鸢尾素释放并介导运动相关的效应。在这一过程中产生的鸢尾素可以增加线粒体产能和脂肪褐变产热,促进葡萄糖代谢和脂肪酸氧化。“动则生阳”理论源于《易经》,其指出“动”是化生阴阳万物的起源。对于CHF心阳虚证患者,运动可振奋其心阳,促进人体气血通畅,改善CHF症状,促进疾病向愈。“动则生阳”的本质可能是运动改善了CHF心阳虚证患者的“气虚”和“寒象”状态,可能与机体运动时产生的鸢尾素调控了能量代谢及线粒体产能有关。因此,推测缺乏鸢尾素可能是CHF心阳虚证的生物学内涵。

基于“阴阳自和”理论探讨自噬在老年血脂异常中的作用

自噬是近年来的医学热点领域,在此过程中,受损细胞器、蛋白质聚集物和脂滴等通发生降解(阴),并在此过程中生成能量(阳)与机体衰老和能量代谢密切相关。自噬在维持细胞内稳态、应对细胞内应激中的作用与阴阳消长、阴阳互用实现动态平衡,从而达到阴阳自和状态的过程不谋而合。中医理论分析认为老年血脂异常为本虚标实之证,与脾肾功能相关,与机体阴阳自和能力下降相关。文章尝试以中医阴阳理论为基础,探讨细胞自噬在老年血脂异常中的作用。

基于“阳化气,阴成形”理论辨治痿证

津气两伤是痿证的病变基础,亦是“阳化气,阴成形”失衡的结果。阳化气不足,阴成形失衡,而致脏腑功能失调,水饮痰瘀内生,四肢九窍失养,发为痿证。本文基于“阳化气,阴成形”理论,探讨高颖教授采用助阳化气法治疗阳化气不足的重症肌无力,益肾调形法治疗阴成形失衡的多发性硬化,阴阳双补法治疗阴阳俱损的运动神经元病。治疗痿证,需审证求因,明辨阴阳,调整偏颇,在疾病早期给予中医药治疗,以延缓疾病演变进程、改善预后。

浅谈颜红教授温阳法治疗抑郁症低动力症状

“低动力”为抑郁症的常见特征,表现为精力减退、疲劳感、反应迟缓、性欲减退等,严重影响患者的生活、工作、社交能力。作者随第七批全国老中医药专家学术经验继承老师、天津市名中医颜红教授学习,发现临床上此类症状可归为阳虚证,由于患者长期七情内伤、思虑过度,使情志失遂,进而导致阳气不振、心神失养。治以温阳之法,振奋阳气,可有效改善抑郁症患者低动力症状,值得临床推广使用。

中医滋阴潜阳法对多囊卵巢综合征伴胰岛素抵抗大鼠PI3K/Akt信号通路、性激素及胰岛素相关指标的影响

目的探讨中医滋阴潜阳法对多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS)伴胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)大鼠的磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信号通路、性激素及胰岛素相关指标的影响。方法以来曲唑加高脂饲料诱导建立多囊卵巢及胰岛素抵抗双重大鼠模型。采用滋阴潜阳法配合达英-35及二甲双胍干预,用免疫荧光法测定卵巢PI3K、Akt通路信号,实时荧光定量PCR检测卵巢PI3K、Akt途径信号分子mRNA表达及PI3K、Akt、胰岛素受体底物-1(insulin receptor substrate 1,IRS-1)、胰岛素受体(insulin receptor,INSR)蛋白表达,性激素、胰岛素生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1),胰岛素敏感指数(insulin sensitivity index,ISI),观察卵巢组织形态变化。结果中医滋阴潜阳法能显著增加卵巢PI3K、Akt mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),并能显著增加卵巢PI3K、Akt蛋白表达,上调IRS-1、INSR,降低血清睾酮(testos teron,T)、促黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)含量,调节ISI,增加卵巢颗粒细胞层数及黄体组织数量。结论中医滋阴潜阳法可提高PI3K/Akt通路信号表达水平,改善胰岛素抵抗及卵泡颗粒细胞功能,调节促黄体生成素/卵泡刺激素(LH/FSH)比值,控制LH异常增高,调节多囊卵巢综合征及胰岛素抵抗。

糖尿病合并肺部感染(气虚阳亏证)证治机理探析

糖尿病合并肺部感染发病率高、死亡率高,严重威胁患者的生活质量及生命安全。中医目前多从清热或者滋阴角度治疗糖尿病合并肺部感染,但此疗法对一些糖尿病后期合并肺部感染患者疗效欠佳甚至无效,从气虚阳亏的思路治疗糖尿病合并肺部感染可以取得满意的疗效。为此,本文探寻糖尿病后期合并肺部感染(气虚阳亏证)的诊治机理,指出其病机是肺脾肾气阳虚衰,尤以脾最为关键,兼寒饮内伏,治疗核心是扶助阳气以温化促气化,以恢复机体平衡。

升麻治疫思想探析

本文从阴阳毒、阴火、大气下陷等医论出发,探析不同医家运用升麻的治疫思想。升麻辛凉轻扬,可解百毒、辟障邪,多治温热疫、瘥后证。仲景以疫毒已发、未发之别区分阴阳毒,阳毒者,升麻合蜀椒、雄黄汗以发之、阴毒者,升麻合鳖甲解毒散结;李东垣则总以心火独盛为致疫关键,发于头面者,升麻合风类药、苦寒之品清热解毒、升阳泻火,脾胃内伤者,升麻合甘温补脾土之品以泻阴火;疹毒客于肺胃者,则以辛凉气轻之品为主,透疫达表、解毒去实;余邪搏击大气者,则循同气相求之理,升提大气,举陷托邪。

温肾汤治疗慢性肾功能不全脾肾阳虚证的临床疗效及对肾脏纤维化的影响

目的:探究温肾汤治疗慢性肾功能不全脾肾阳虚证的效果及其对肾脏纤维化的影响。方法:选择符合纳入标准的慢性肾功能不全脾肾阳虚证患者96例,依据随机数字表随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组基础上口服温肾汤治疗,2周为1个疗程,两组均治疗2个疗程。比较治疗前后两组患者中医症状评分(畏寒肢冷、面浮肢肿、神疲乏力、食少纳呆、腰膝畏寒和脘腹胀痛)、肾功能相关损伤指标(24 h Pro、BUN、Ccr和GFR)及肾纤维化相关指标(CTGF、CIV、PCⅢ和BMP-7)变化情况及临床疗效。结果:对照组临床总有效率为77.1%(37/48),观察组临床总有效率为91.7%(44/48),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后两组患者畏寒肢冷、面浮肢肿、神疲乏力、食少纳呆、腰膝畏寒和脘腹胀痛的中医症状评分均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且观察组改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后两组患者24 h Pro、BUN水平均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),Ccr、GFR水平显著升高(P<0.05),且观察组改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后两组患者CTGF、CIV及PCⅢ水平较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),BMP-7水平明显升高(P<0.05),且观察组改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:温肾汤可以有效改善慢性肾功能不全脾肾阳虚证患者的肾功能,降低蛋白尿,显著抑制肾脏纤维化。

基于动而生阳理论的八段锦运动训练对老年恶性肿瘤患者化疗期衰弱水平、抑郁状况及炎症介质的影响

目的:探讨基于动而生阳理论制定的八段锦运动训练对老年恶性肿瘤患者化疗期衰弱水平、抑郁状况及炎症介质的影响。方法:采用便利抽样法,选取广东省某三甲医院肿瘤科2022年1月至12月收治的81位老年恶性肿瘤化疗患者为研究对象,并采用随机数字法,将81名老年恶性肿瘤化疗患者简单随机分成两组,其中对照组41例和干预组40例,对照组维持既往的日常活动状态,干预组在对照组基础上进行12周的八段锦集中训练。研究人员分别在八段锦运动干预前、干预第六周强化练习结束后、干预第十二周强化练习结束后比较干预两组患者衰弱水平(FP)及抑郁状况(SDS评分),炎症介质(C反应蛋白)的变化。结果:共纳入81例患者。在进行八段锦6周运动干预后,干预组与对照组两组患者衰弱水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在12周八段锦运动训练后,干预组衰弱水平显著下降,两组衰弱水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组患者在6周和12周八段锦运动训练中,其抑郁状况持续下降,与对照组差异抑郁状况均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组患者炎症介质水平在八段锦运动训练第6周和第12周运动干预后,其炎症介质水平与对照组相比均较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:八段锦对于老年恶性肿瘤患者化疗期衰弱水平、抑郁状况、炎症指标水平均有所改善,可在老年恶性肿瘤患者化疗期进行推广习练。

菟丝子盐炙前后对肾阳虚模型大鼠精子活力的影响

本文旨在研究菟丝子盐炙前后对肾阳虚大鼠精子活力的影响。本研究采用肌注氢化可的松的方法建立大鼠肾阳虚模型,分别用菟丝子生品、盐炙品、市售盐菟丝子的水提液以及金匮肾气丸对肾阳虚大鼠灌胃14 d,记录大鼠睾丸、附睾等脏器指数,精子密度及精子活力,观察睾丸组织病理切片,测定血清睾酮(T)水平及睾丸匀浆中酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果表明,与模型组比较,菟丝子盐炙品、市售品和生品水提液均可提高模型大鼠的精子活力,降低睾丸、附睾指数,改善生精小管稀少、各级生精细胞的病理症状,盐炙组睾酮、ACP、SDH、T-T-SOD、GSH平均值高于市售组和生品组,MDA低于市售组和生品组。菟丝子生品及盐炙品水提液可通过影响精子生成的酶以及抗氧化应激反应,改善氢化可的松致肾阳虚大鼠的精子活力,其中盐炙品效果更好。本研究初步探讨了盐菟丝子的炮制机理,为炮制的科学性提供了进一步的理论支撑。