Study on anatomy and clinical application of Kambin’s triangle and modified quadrangle

Objective:We through the anatomy of cadavers to study the"Kambin’s triangle"in the safe working area of lumbar intervertebral foramen and to provide anatomical reference for clinical lumbar fusion through Kambin’s triangle approach.Methods:five complete cadaveric specimens were taken,the soft tissue of the lumbar back was removed,the transverse process,upper and lower articular processes and part of the vertebral lamina were bitten,the Kambin’s triangle area of the lumbar spine was completely exposed,the bottom edge and height of the Kambin’s triangle were measured,and the area of the Kambin’s triangle was calculated;Using Kirschner wire,pull and fix the traveling nerve root to make the Kambin’s triangle into a rectangle,measure the length of the bottom edge and height again,calculate the area,and compare the two groups of data.Results:the average height of the Kambin’s triangle was 11.20mm±2.10mm,and the average height of the improved four corners was 11.19mm±1.93mm.The height of the improved four corners was slightly shorter than that of the Kambin’s triangle.There was a significant correlation between the two,but the difference was not statistically significant.The average bottom of Kambin’s triangle is 10.78mm±1.95mm,and the average bottom of improved four corners is 12.14mm±1.78mm.The length of the bottom edge of improved four corners is greater than that of Kambin’s triangle.There is a significant correlation between them,and the difference is statistically significant;The average area of Kambin’s triangle is 61.79mm^(2)±20.71mm^(2),and the area of improved four corners is 137.71mm^(2)±38.20mm^(2).The area of improved four corners is significantly larger than that of Kambin’s triangle.There is a significant correlation between the two,and the difference is statistically significant.Conclusion:there is a narrow right angle triangle area surrounded by traveling nerve root,dural sac and superior endplate of lower vertebral body in the lumbar intervertebral foramen.If the traveling nerve root is pulled and fixed to turn the traditional Kambin’s triangle into a quadrilateral,the bottom edge of the Kambin’s triangle area can be significantly longer and the area can be significantly expanded,which can be operated more safely.

The U.S.Defense "Iron Triangle" in Policy-Making Process

Over the years the defense industry has become a de facto participant in the policy-making process. As in other areas dominated by big business interests, a policy sub-government of "iron triangle" has emerged. In the view of some American scholars, such an "iron triangle" as a political relationship that brings together .

N-Summet-k and Its Application in the Construction of Pascal Triangle and Pascal Matrix

Summetor is an operator used in the mathematics to calculate the special numbers like binomial coefficients and combinations of group elements. It has many applications in algebra, matrices like calculation of pascal triangle elements and pascal matrix formation, etc. This paper explains about its functions and properties of N-Summet-k. The result of variation between N and k is shown in tabulation.

Zeno and the Wrong Understanding of Motion—A Philosophical-Mathematical Inquiry into the Concept of Finitude as a Peculiarity of Infinity

In contrast to the solutions of applied mathematics to Zeno’s paradoxes, I focus on the concept of motion and show that, by distinguishing two different forms of motion, Zeno’s apparent paradoxes are not paradoxical at all. Zeno’s paradoxes indirectly prove that distances are not composed of extensionless points and, in general, that a higher dimension cannot be completely composed of lower ones. Conversely, lower dimensions can be understood as special cases of higher dimensions. To illustrate this approach, I consider Cantor’s only apparent proof that the real numbers are uncountable. However, his widely accepted indirect proof has the disadvantage that it depends on whether there is another way to make the real numbers countable. Cantor rightly assumes that there can be no smallest number between 0 and 1, and therefore no beginning of counting. For this reason he arbitrarily lists the real numbers in order to show with his diagonal method that this list can never be complete. The situation is different if we start with the largest number between 0 and 1 (0.999…) and use the method of an inverted triangle, which can be understood as a special fractal form. Here we can construct a vertical and a horizontal stratification with which it is actually possible to construct all real numbers between 0 and 1 without exception. Each column is infinite, and each number in that column is the starting point of a new triangle, while each row is finite. Even in a simple sine curve, we experience finiteness with respect to the y-axis and infinity with respect to the x-axis. The first parts of this article show that Zeno’s assumptions contradict the concept of motion as such, so it is not surprising that this misconstruction leads to contradictions. In the last part, I discuss Cantor’s diagonal method and explain the method of an inverted triangle that is internally structured like a fractal by repeating this inverted triangle at each column. The consequence is that we encounter two very different methods of counting. Vertically it is continuous, horizontally it is discrete. While Frege, Tarski, Cantor, Gödel and the Vienna Circle tried to derive the higher dimension from the lower, a procedure that always leads to new contradictions and antinomies (Tarski, Russell), I take the opposite approach here, in which I derive the lower dimension from the higher. This perspective seems to fail because Tarski, Russell, Wittgenstein, and especially the Vienna Circle have shown that the completeness of the absolute itself is logically contradictory. For this reason, we agree with Hegel in assuming that we can never fully comprehend the Absolute, but only its particular manifestations—otherwise we would be putting ourselves in the place of the Absolute, or even God. Nevertheless, we can understand the Absolute in its particular expressions, as I will show with the modest example of the triangle proof of the combined horizontal and vertical countability of the real numbers, which I developed in rejection of Cantor’s diagonal proof. .

基于改进Sobel算子的遥感图像道路边缘检测方法

从遥感图像中提取道路边缘可以大量简化道路网的测绘与规划工作。传统边缘检测算子由于方向和模板尺寸的局限性,易造成检测结果中边缘点散乱、不连续或过多边缘点误判。基于道路边缘完整且连续的特点,针对传统检测效果并不理想的问题,提出了一种改进的Sobel算子,即5×5的8方向模板。从Sobel算子的基本原理出发,根据Pascal三角形理论推导出各方向的最优模板。研究表明,该算子不仅能较好地检测出更多方向上的边缘,而且能有效减少误判点,检测出的边缘线条更加平滑、完整,轮廓清晰且连续性好,尤其在弯曲道路检测中表现得更为突出,优于其他算子的检测效果。

Fuzzy传递闭包与Fuzzy分类矩阵的S-K-Q判定定理

本文给出了Fuzzy传递闭包(?)~*的Fuzzy矩形、Fuzzy三角形及Fuzzy分类矩阵R_λ的Boole矩形、Boole三角形的概念,提出了(?)~*、R_λ的S-K-Q判定定理。

基于T-S模糊模型的太阳位置算法

为实现太阳位置跟踪以达到提高太阳能利用率的目的,提出一种基于T-S模糊模型的太阳位置算法.该算法根据在固定地点太阳高度角随时间变化的二元函数,建立高度角为输出的T-S模糊模型,通过该模型计算出太阳的位置.该模型利用三角形隶属度函数使运算量降低,并易于实现.通过使用传统算法与基于T-S模糊模型的太阳位置算法计算出的上海临港某地4天的高度角和方位角变化曲线的对比,表明该方法具有较高的精度,能够满足普通光伏系统的要求.

基于Euler/N-S方程的跨音速非线性静气动弹性问题研究

在C-H网格的基础上,采用Jam eson的中心差分有限体积法求解Eu ler/N-S方程,采用结构影响系数法计算结构的弹性变形,用三角元面积加权法和常体积转换法(CVT)实现流固耦合。

球面上的Erds-Mordell不等式

引进球面三角形的可行点的概念,把平面上的Erd¨os Mordell不等式推广到三维欧氏空间R3中的球面上.

Erds-Florian不等式的加强(英文)

本文提出了关于Erds-Florian不等式的一种加强形式,并借助于新建立的分析不等式验证了一些特殊情形。

S波段高增益Vivaldi天线设计

本文设计了一种工作在S波段超宽带、高增益的Vivaldi天线。该天线以传统Vivaldi天线为出发点,设计主辐射贴片结构为槽线渐变辐射器,引入开槽设计和三角形引向器进一步提高天线的整体辐射性能。馈电结构采用易于加工的渐变微带线转槽线耦合结构进行馈电,实现不平衡结构到平衡结构的转变。合理选择了介电常数为3.66的Rogers RO4350C介质基板材料,天线的总体尺寸为100mm×80mm×1.5mm。仿真结果表明,在2~4GHz的带宽内驻波比小于1.5,增益达到6.7 d B,且方向图的一致性较好。

New classification of the anatomic variations of cystic artery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM： To investigate the anatomic variations in the cystic artery by laparoscopy, and to provide a new classification system for the guidance of laparoscopic surgeons.METHODS： Six hundred patients treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy from June 2005 to May 2006 were studied retrospectively, The laparoscope of 30° （Stryker, American） was applied, Anatomic structures of cystic artery and conditions of Calot＇s triangle under laparoscope were recorded respectively,RESULTS： Laparoscopy has revealed there are many anatomic variations of the cystic artery that occur frequently. Based on our experience with 600 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, we present a new classification of anatomic variations of the cystic artery, which can be divided into three groups： （1） Calot＇s triangle type, found in 513 patients （85.5%）; （2） outside Calot＇s triangle, found in 78 patients （13%）; （3） compound type, observed in 9 patients （1.5%）.CONCLUSION： Our classification of the anatomic variations of the cystic artery uncontrollable cystic artery extrahepatic bile duct injury. will be useful for decreasing hemorrhage, and avoiding extrahepatic bile duct injury.

Scott Campbell理论对城市可持续发展规划的影响研究

由于概念本身并未提供解决发展与保护、公平与效率之间矛盾的有效方案,规划中对可持续发展原则的落实不可避免陷入困境。美国学者Scott Campbell关于可持续发展的城市规划理论是迄今对可持续发展原则较具操作性的阐释之一。对其实践可持续的方式作了解读,进而基于规划师视角探讨了实现“城市可持续发展规划”的可能路径:规划蓝图必须以兼顾“绿色、利润、公平”为终极理想;规划行动必须以不断协调“资产、资源、发展矛盾”为导向;规划师作用的发挥必须以不断明确自身立场为前提。

Average temperature calculation for straight single-row-piped frozen soil wall

The average temperature of frozen soil wall is an essential parameter in the process of design, construction, and safety manage- ment of artificial ground freezing engineering. It is the basis of calculating frozen soil＇s mechanical parameters, fiarther prediction of bearing capacity and, ultimately, safety evaluation of the frozen soil wall. Regarding the average temperature of sin- gle-row-piped frozen soil wall, this paper summarizes several current calculation methods and their shortcomings. Furthermore, on the basis of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution for the temperature field under straight single-row-piped freezing, two new calcula- tion models, namely, the equivalent trapezoid model and the equivalent triangle model, are proposed. These two approaches are used to calculate the average temperature of a certain cross section which indicates the condition of the whole frozen soil wall. Considering the possible parameter range according to the freezing pipe layout that might be applied in actual construction, this paper compares the average temperatures of frozen soil walls obtained by the equivalent trapezoid method and the equivalent tri- angle method with that obtained by numerical integration of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution. The results show that the discrepancies are extremely small and these two new approaches are better than currently prevailing methods. However, the equivalent triangle method boasts higher accuracy and a simpler formula compared with the equivalent trapezoid method.

Fluctuating resources,disturbance and plant strategies:diverse mechanisms underlying plant invasions

This paper examines the hypothesis that non-native plant invasions are related to fluctuating resource availability as proposed by Davis et al. （2000）. I measured relative functional responses of both invasive and native plants to changed resource availability due to nutrient enrichment and rainfall, and to increased disturbance. Data are presented from studies in two contrasting ecosystems. First is a series of glasshouse and field experiments on the invader Hieracium lepidulum and associated invasive and native species in subalpine temperate New Zealand. Second is a field study of invasive and native plant responses to altered disturbance regimes and rainfall from tropical savannas of north eastern Australia. Invaders responded differently from native species to changes in resource availability in both subalpine and tropical studies. However, invaders differed among themselves showing that different species exploit different functional niches to invade their respective habitats. These findings contribute to the contention that the fluctuating resource hypothesis does not provide a universal explanation for plant invasions. The diverse functional responses to increased resource availability among invaders in this and previous studies suggest that the cause of invasion depends on unique combinations of habitat and functional attributes of invaders and native assemblages. Such findings imply that universal predictions of what will happen under climate change scenarios across the globe will be difficult to make.

Some Extensions on Numbers

My previous work dealt finding numbers which relatively prime to factorial value of certain number, high exponents and also find the way for finding mod values on certain number’s exponents. Firstly, I retreat my previous works about Euler’s phi function and some works on Fermat’s little theorem. Next, I construct exponent parallelogram to find coherence numbers of Euler’s phi functioned numbers and apply to Fermat’s little theorem. Then, I test the primality of prime numbers on Pascal’s triangle and explore new ways to construct Pascal’s triangle. Finally, I find the factorial value for certain number by using exponent triangle.

A History, the Main Mathematical Results and Applications for the Mathematics of Harmony

We give a survey on the history, the main mathematical results and applications of the Mathematics of Harmony as a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. In its origins, this direction goes back to Euclid’s “Elements”. According to “Proclus hypothesis”, the main goal of Euclid was to create a full geometric theory of Platonic solids, associated with the ancient conception of the “Universe Harmony”. We consider the main periods in the development of the “Mathematics of Harmony” and its main mathematical results: algorithmic measurement theory, number systems with irrational bases and their applications in computer science, the hyperbolic Fibonacci functions, following from Binet’s formulas, and the hyperbolic Fibonacci l-functions (l = 1, 2, 3, …), following from Gazale’s formulas, and their applications for hyperbolic geometry, in particular, for the solution of Hilbert’s Fourth Problem.

An Aberrant Origin of the Right Hepatic Artery: A Rare Anatomic Variation. And Its Clinical Application

The right hepatic artery is an important arterial supply to right lobe of the liver. And the knowledge of the normal anatomy and anatomical variations of the right hepatic artery is essential to perfume, and will minimize morbidity, and also help to decrease the number of complications of hepatobiliary surgery. This study was conducted on eleven human cadavers, which were obtained from the routine autopsies at the dissection room of the Anatomy Department. During dissection of the eleven cadaveric livers, we found a case with an ex-ceptional anatomic variation;a replaced right hepatic artery (RRHA) coming off the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), directly to the hepatic right lobe passing through the Calot’s triangle, crossing behind the common hepatic duct (CHD). Our objective is to draw much attention to this particularly anatomic variation of the origin of the RRHA as well as its clinical importance in order to ensure that no damage will be made during gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary surgery.

基于等腰直角三角形SIW的交叉耦合带通滤波器

提出了一种等腰直角三角形基片集成波导结构,设计并制作一款结构紧凑的四阶交叉耦合带通滤波器。引入S型槽线作为电耦合结构。利用电磁混合耦合技术,滤波器在通带两侧各产生了一个传输零点,改善了频率选择特性。滤波器的中心频率为9.7GHz,相对带宽为4%,带内插入损耗小于1.4dB,通带外传输零点处,其衰减都大于40dB。滤波器的测试结果与仿真结果基本一致。

Сomputational Experience Optimization of Colors in Complex Fractal Images in Carpet Design Using the Simplex Method

This article proposes a new approach based on linear programming optimization to solve the problem of determining the color of a complex fractal carpet pattern.The principle is aimed at finding suitable dyes for mixing and their exact concentrations,which,when applied correctly,gives the desired color.The objective function and all constraints of the model are expressed linearly according to the solution variables.Carpet design has become an emerging technological field known for its creativity,science and technology.Many carpet design concepts have been analyzed in terms of color,contrast,brightness,as well as other mathematical concepts such as geometric changes and formulas.These concepts represent a common process in the carpet industry.This article discusses the use of complex fractal images in carpet design and simplex optimization in color selection.