Organic Phosphorus in Shallow Lake Sediments in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area in China

Thirteen sediment core samples(0-10 cm) were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus(P) fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area.The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P(MLOP) > moderately resistant organic P(MROP) > highly resistant organic P(HROP) > labile organic P(LOP),with average proportional ratios of 13.2:2.8:1.3:1.0.LOP,MLOP,and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon(TOC),water-soluble P(WSP),algal-available P(AAP),NaHCO3-extractable P(Olsen-P),total P(TP),organic P(OP),and inorganic P(IP).However,HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC,WSP,AAP,Olsen-P,TP or IP.This suggested that organic P,especially LOP and MLOP in sediments,deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication.In terms of organic P,sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication.Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment,LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment,which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.

Discovery of Lorandite TlAsS_2 at the Distal Au-Tl Deposit in a Skarn system,Fengshan Area,Middle-Lower Yangtze River,Eastern China

Thallium has been used geochemical exploration of gold deposits. However, as an indicator element in searching for hydrothermal the T1 minerals and mineralization are rare in nature. Lorandite T1AsS2, a relatively uncommon mineral, has been dominantly discovered in some Carlin gold deposits, and minor Sb- Hg, U and Pb-Zn-Ag deposits.

The Background of Regional Lead Isotopic Compositions and Its Application in the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and Neighbouring Areas

The paper systematically deals with the background of regional isotopic compo-sitions in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and neighbouring areas. It isshown that the lead isotopic compositions of different geological formations and units are con-trolled by the primary mantle heterogeneity, dynamic process of crust-mantle interchange,abundances of uraninm, thorium and lead of various layers of the earth and timing. Studies onthe background of regional isotopic compositions may offer significant information forgeochemical regionalization, tracing of sources of ore-forming materials, and regionalprognosis of ore deposits.

The characteristics of Quaternary activity of faults in the sea area near the Yangtze River mouth

By shallow seismic prospecting, it is showed that the faults in the sea area near the Yangtze River mouth are mainly the NE and NW-trending faults. The main activity time of fault is Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, and the latest activity is up to Middle Pleistocene. The maximum of fault is generally several tens meters with the throw decreased upward. The dislocation near the bottom of Middle Pleistocene is 12~13 m. The average vertical dis-placement rate is on a level of 10-3 mm/a.

Analysis of the Synoptic Situation Field on the Red Tide Occurred in Yangtze River Estuary Water Area

The occurrence of the red tide is an extremely complex process, which is considered as the comprehensive result of various factors. The Yangtze River estuary water area is always in high incidence area of red tide. In this paper, according to the events of red tide and meteorologic and hydrologic data in Yangtze River estuary water area from 2000 to 2010, by using mathematical statistics methods, we analyze the relevance between the occurrence of the red tide and the synoptic situation field, and probe into the regular patterns.

Preliminary Study on Cenozoic Group and Fault Activity in the Sea Area Near the Yangtze River Mouth

By shallow seismic prospecting, the Cenozoic Group in the sea area near the Yangtze River Mouth can be divided into five seismic sequences. They correspond to the Quaternary, Pliocene, Upper Miocene, Lower Miocene and Eocene respectively. The Quaternary System covers all the detecting area. The Tertiary System overlaps and thins out from NE to SW. The sedimentary basement mainly consists of volcanic rock (J 3) and acidic rock (r 3 5). Paleogene or Late Cretaceous basins are not found there. The faults that have been detected are all normal faults. They can be divided into three groups (NE, NW, near EW) by their trend. The NE and NW trending faults are predominant, and agree with aeromagnetic anomaly. Their length and displacement are larger than that of the EW trending faults. The activity of the NE trending faults is different in different segments. The SW segment is a Quaternary fault, the middle segment is a Neogene fault, The NE is Paleogene. But the segment of the NW trending fault is not obvious. The average vertical displacement rate is about 0 015mm/a.

Nitrogen budget in the Changjiang River drainage area

We established a budget model of nitrogen （N） inputs and outputs between watersheds and waterbodies to determine the sources of riverine N in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River drainage area. Nitrogen inputs in the budget included N from synthetic fertilizer, biological fixation by leguminous and other crops, wet/dry atmospheric deposition, excreta from humans and animals, and crop residues. The total N input was estimated to be 17.6 Tg, of which 20% or 3.5 Tg N was transported into waterbodies. Of the total N transported into waterbodies, the largest proportion was N from animal waste （26%）, followed by N from atmospheric wet/dry deposition （25%）, synthetic fertilizer N （17%）, N in sewage wastes （17%）, N in human waste from rural areas （6%） and industrial wastewater N （9%）. We studied the spatial patterns of N inputs and outputs by dividing the Changjiang River drainage area into four sub-basins, from upstream to downstream： the Tongtian River drainage area （TTD, the headwater drainage area, 138 000 l^n2, less disturbed by human activities）; the Jinsha River drainage area （JSD, 347 000 km2, less disturbed by human activities, approx. 3 500 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）; the Pingshan-Yichang drainage area （PYD, 520 500 krn2, large-scale human disturbance, about 2 000 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）; and the Yichang-Datong drainage area （YDD, 699 900 km^2, large-scale httman disturbance, approx. 620 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）. The average N input into waterbodies was 2.3, 7.3, 24.1, and 28.2 kg N/ha in the TTD, JSD, PYD, and YDD sub-basins, respectively, suggesting an increase of N-components of more than 10 times from upstream to downstream areas.

Long-term observations of tropospheric NO_2, SO_2 and HCHO by MAX-DOAS in Yangtze River Delta area, China

Yangtze River Delta （YRD） area is one of the important economic zones in China. However, this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy （MAX-DOAS） network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO2, SO2, and formaldehyde （HCHO） in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD （Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai） were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities （VCDs） and profiles of NO2, SO2, and HCHO. Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO2 and SO2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO2, SO2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument （OMI） satellite observations, resulting in R2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRO under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation.

Jurassic rocks,bivalves,and depositional environments of the source area of the Yangtze River,Qinghai Province,western China

Jurassic rocks are abundantly developed in the source area of the Yangtze River,South Qinghai,with the greatest thickness of 6311 m,including five stratigraphic units:Qoimaco Formation,Buqu Formation,Xiali Formation,Suowa Formation,and Xueshan Formation.Based on sufficient fossils of bivalves,ammonites,and brachiopods,the major part of these formations is ascribed to the Middle Jurassic Bathonian to Callovian.No diagnostic fossils have been found from the Lower Qoimaco Formation or Upper Xueshan Formation,which could possibly contain in part Bajocian and Oxfordian taxa respectively.

Appropriation of Innovation and Patent Behaviors of Technological Firms in the Yangtze Delta Area

In the transition from ＂made in China＂ to ＂invented in China,＂ what is the motivation of Chinese firms in applying for patents？ Why do some firms bypass patents？ How is patenting developing within Chinese firms？ This paper attempts to answer these questions using data of Chinese firms in the Yangtze River Delta region. Results indicate that, for product innovation, obtaining the lead time for market entry is of top priority in innovation protection, followed by confidentiality and patent protection. As for process innovation, confidentiality ranks first, followed by patent protection and obtaining the lead time. There is a significant and positive relationship between prior experience of patent licensing and possibility of future patent licensing. Firms with painful patent litigation experience tend to avoid it in the future. It is also found that there are great differences in patent behaviors between Chinese enterprises and their foreign counterparts.