Functional Rehabilitation of the "Soil Reservoir"in Degraded Soils to Control Floods in the Yangtze River Watershed

The reasons for the Yangtze River flood calamity in 1998 are briefly introduced. The authors believe that using a 'soil reservoir' concept is an important means to help control flooding of the Yangtze River.A 'soil reservoir' has a large potential storage capacity and its water can be rapidly 'discharged' into the underground water in a timely fashion. The eroded, infertile soils of the Yangtze River Watershed are currently an obstacle to efficient operation of the 'soil reservoir'. The storage capacity of this 'soil reservoir'has been severely hampered due to intensive soil erosion and the formation of soil crusts. Therefore, possible measures to control floods in the Yangtze River Watershed include: rehabilitating the vegetation to preserve soil and water on the eroded infertile soils, enhancing infiltration of the different soil types, and utilizing the large 'soil reservoir' of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

Variation and relationship between soil moisture and environmental factors in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016

This study analyzed soil moisture,soil erosion,and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016.We found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to 2016.The surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River,especially in the soil from 0 to 40 cm.However,seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper layer.Soil moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal variation.Soil moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to 2016.For environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River,wind deposition played a role in water retention.Similarly,a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil moisture.Deep-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai?Tibet Plateau.The results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.

Effect of Land Use Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Da River Basin of Hoa Binh province, Northwest Vietnam

The objective of this study was to assess runoff discharge and sediment yield from Da River Basin in the Northwest of Vietnam using Soil and Water Assessment Tools(SWAT) model.The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using the observed monthly stream flows and sediment yield at selected gauging stations.The results indicated that SWAT generally performs well in simulating runoff and sediment yield according to Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE), Observation's standard deviation ratio(RSR), and percent bias(PBIAS) values.For runoff, the values of NSE, RSR, and PBIAS were 0.98,0.02, and 3.69 during calibration period and 0.99,0.01, and 1.56 during validation period, respectively.For sediment yield, the efficiency was lower than the value of NSE, RSR, and PBIAS during calibration period were 0.81, 0.19, and-4.14 and 0.84, 0.16, and-2.56 during validation period, respectively.The results of the study indicated that the vegetation status has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield.Changes in land use type between 1995 and2005 from forest to field crop and urban strongly contributed to increasing the average annual runoff from 182.5 to 342.7 mm and sediment yield from101.3 to 148.1 ton-1 ha.Between 2005 and 2010, adecrease of both runoff(from 342.7 to 167.6 mm) and sediment yield(from 148.1 to 74.0 ton-1 ha) was due to the expansion of forested area and application of soil conservation practices.The results of this study are important for developing soil and water conservation programs, extending future SWAT modelling studies and disseminating these results to other regions in Vietnam.

Assessing current and future soil erosion under changing land use based on InVEST and FLUS models in the Yihe River Basin,North China

The Yihe River Basin is a key area for water conservation and soil erosion control in northern China.The excessive development of land resources is a major factor causing soil erosion and ecological degradation.However,the impacts of land use change on soil erosion in the basin are not yet clearly.Understanding the complex relationship between land use and soil erosion is an important way to promote the development of land resources utilization and ecological construction from cognition to decision-making.This study simulated the temporal-spatial changes of soil erosion in the basin from 1956 to 2020 using Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model,and evaluated the changes of soil erosion under different land use scenarios from 2020 to 2050 using Future Land Use Simulation(FLUS)model.From 1956 to 2020,the overall soil erosion intensity showed a slight decreasing trend,and the average annual soil erosion modulus was 38.21 t/ha/year.Soil erosion intensity was higher in the central and northern mountainous areas,while it was lower in the flat alluvial plains in the south.Arable land(4.07 t/ha/year)was the largest contributor to the amount of soil erosion,and land use changes caused the soil erosion intensity to fluctuate and decrease after 1995.From 2020 to 2050,soil erosion varied widely under different land use scenarios,and the land use pattern targeting ecological priority development would effectively mitigate soil erosion.Therefore,optimizing land use patterns and structures are critical initiatives to prevent soil erosion.

Assessing the USLE Crop and Management Factor C for Soil Erosion Modeling in a Large Mountainous Watershed in Central China

Due to the impoundment of the Yangtze River, the Three Gorges Dam in China fosters high land-use dynamics. Soil erosion is expected to increase dramatically. One of the key factors in soil erosion control is the vegetation cover and crop type. However, determining these factors adequately for the use in soil erosion modeling is very time-consuming especially for large mountainous areas, such as the Xiangxi （香溪） catchment in the Three Gorges area. In our study, the crop and management factor C was calculated using the fractional vegetation cover （CFvc） based on Landsat-TM images from 2005, 2006, and 2007 and on literature studies （CLIT）. In 2007, the values of CFvc range between 0.001 and 0.98 in the Xiangxi catchment. The mean CFVC value is 0.05. CLIT values are distinctly higher, ranging from 0.08 to 0.46 with a mean value of 0.32 in the Xiangxi catchment. The mean potential soil loss amounts to 120.62 t/ha/a in the Xiangxi catchment when using CLIT for modeling. Based on CFVC, the predicted mean soil loss in the Xiangxi catchment is 11.50 t/ha/a. Therefore, CLIT appears to bemore reliable than the C factor based on the fractional vegetation cover.

Effects of moss-dominated biocrusts on soil detachment by overland flow in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China

Biological soil crusts(biocrusts)are important landscape components that exist in various climates and habitats.The roles of biocrusts in numerous soil processes have been predominantly recognized in many dryland regions worldwide.However,little is known about their effects on soil detachment process by overland flow,especially in humid climates.This study quantified the effects of moss-dominated biocrusts on soil detachment capacity(Dc)and soil erosion resistance to flowing water in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area which holds a subtropical humid climate.Potential factors driving soil detachment variation and their influencing mechanism were analyzed and elucidated.We designed five levels of coverage treatments(1%–20%,20%–40%,40%–60%,60%–80%,and 80%–100%)and a nearby bare land as control in a mossdominated site.Undisturbed soil samples were taken and subjected to water flow scouring in a hydraulic flume under six shear stresses ranging from 4.89 to 17.99 Pa.The results indicated that mean Dc of mosscovered soil varied from 0.008 to 0.081 kg m^-2 s^-1,which was 1.9 to 21.0 times lower than that of bare soil(0.160 kg m^-2 s^-1).Rill erodibility(Kr)of mosscovered soil ranged from 0.0095 to 0.0009 s m^-1,which was 2 to 20 times lower than that of bare soil(0.0187 s m^-1).Both relative soil detachment rate and Kr showed an exponential decay with increasing moss coverage,whereas the critical shear stress(τc)for different moss coverage levels did not differ significantly.Moss coverage,soil cohesion,and sand content were key factors affecting Dc,while moss coverage and soil bulk density were key factors affecting Kr.A power function of flow shear stress,soil cohesion,and moss coverage fitted well to estimate Dc(NSE=0.947).Our findings implied that biocrusts prevented soil detachment directly by their physical cover and indirectly by soil properties modification.Biocrusts could be rehabilitated as a promising soil conservation measure during ecological recovery to enhance soil erosion resistance in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

基于径流侵蚀功率的长江典型流域能沙关系模型及改进

基于径流侵蚀功率概念建立流域能沙关系模型,可为长江流域泥沙变化精准模拟与水土保持规划提供技术支撑。该研究以长江典型流域及其典型小流域为研究对象,通过收集1965—2018年金沙江流域、嘉陵江流域和湘江流域3个典型流域逐日水沙数据以及万安和李子口2个典型小流域2014—2020年场次降水径流泥沙数据,采用径流侵蚀功率、径流量和降雨侵蚀力对比分析不同时空尺度水沙(径流量和输沙量)、雨沙(降雨侵蚀力和输沙量)和能沙(径流侵蚀功率和输沙量)关系的优劣性,解析能沙关系优越性,并识别能沙关系非一致性变化,从而改进能沙关系模型提高流域输沙量模拟精度。结果表明:1)长江流域3个典型流域及2个典型小流域,在绝大部分情况下能沙关系的表现总是优于水沙关系和雨沙关系,在场次、月和年尺度修正的决定系数最大值分别可达到0.94、0.87和0.54。2)对于不同时间尺度,其流量序列中任意2个流量乘积与输沙量的相关性较高时,第一个流量Q_(1)分位点总是接近1且第二个流量Q_(2)分位点在0.5附近或者高于0.5。基于径流侵蚀功率可以较为准确地计算不同时空尺度流域输沙量,具有明显适用性。3)随着时间升尺度,水沙、雨沙和能沙关系逐渐变差,3个典型流域径流侵蚀功率和输沙量在一些月份上均存在显著变化趋势和显著突变点(P<0.05)。特别是在年尺度上,输沙量均为显著减少趋势(P<0.05),其能沙关系均表现出非一致性变化。4)水库建设和植被增加是导致流域能沙关系变差的重要原因,其均与输沙量呈现极显著负相关(P<0.001)。通过考虑水库指数和NDVI改进能沙关系模型的年决定系数(R^(2))可提高27.28%~97.62%。研究成果可支撑开发新的流域泥沙预报模型,服务长江流域生态保护与高质量发展。

基于RUSLE模型的雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀评价

[目的]研究雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀时空变化特征,并分析气候和植被覆盖变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,以期为高寒区土壤侵蚀防治、生态系统保护和水土资源开发利用提供理论支撑。[方法]以雅鲁藏布江流域为研究区,采用RUSLE模型定量评估了1980—2017年流域土壤侵蚀的时空变化特征。[结果]1980—2017年,雅江流域土壤侵蚀强度整体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,1980—1999年年均土壤侵蚀模数波动下降,2000—2017年年均土壤侵蚀模数则呈现不显著上升趋势;流域中上游地区土壤侵蚀变化较为显著,下游地区侵蚀强度先增加后减小。年均土壤侵蚀模数与降雨侵蚀力呈显著正相关关系,Pearson相关系数为0.92,而与NDVI关系不显著。不同土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀最强烈的是未利用地,其次是稀疏草地,由于其面积占比最高,对流域总侵蚀量的贡献比超过54%。[结论]降雨是影响雅江流域土壤侵蚀强度变化的主要因素,未来土壤侵蚀防治的重点区域应为流域东部下游降雨量较大的地区,重点防范极端降雨造成的水土流失。

长三角经济高速发展地区土壤pH时空变化及其影响因素

通过调查和分析长三角地区张家港市2004年和第二次土壤普查时(1980)的土壤pH,探讨了该市近20年来基于经济高速发展影响下的土壤pH变化及影响因素。结果表明,自第二次土壤普查以来,该市土壤pH变化明显。南部人为土地区绝大部分土壤pH值都下降了一个单位,平均值由7.39降至6.33;北部雏形土区,两个时期的土壤pH值分别为7.92和7.98。土壤pH的降低可能同该地区长期施用化学肥料、酸雨及工业酸性“三废”排放的增加有关。此外,土地利用和田间管理也对土壤pH变化起着较为重要的作用,而土壤地球化学性质差异则是导致南北地区土壤pH变化不同的内在因素。

长江流域泥沙特点及对流域环境的潜在影响

泥沙是流域系统中的一个重要的物理通量，对流域环境具有直接影响。近４０年来，长江上游流域的植被覆盖率减少近一半，水土流失扩大了一倍多。金沙江下游干支泥沙８０年代较６０年代增加了 １２％～ ６０％，而通过长江宜昌站的泥沙年平均输沙量则没有增加。由水土流失、山地灾害等带给流域系统的泥沙大部分堆积在各支流的中下游河道。５０％以上的支流河道出现了严重的泥沙加积，加积速率可达５～２０ ｃｍ／ａ，部分支流因泥沙过渡淤积而呈辫状河特点。支流河道泥沙的过度淤积，构成长江环境的巨大隐患。当发展到一定程度或环境突然变化，堆积在支流的泥沙必然会进入主河道。一旦爆发，将严重影响到长江环境的安全。应尽快开展长江流域上游和支流泥沙的运移和淤积现状及规律调研。

江河源区高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸植物和土壤碳、氮储量对覆被变化的响应

以青海省果洛州藏族自治州甘德县青珍乡高山嵩草Kobresia pygmaea草甸轻度退化草地和重度退化草地为研究对象,通过植物地上部分主要功能群（禾草类、杂类草、莎草类）、植物根系和土壤碳、氮浓度及储量动态研究,结果表明：高寒小嵩草草甸轻度退化草地地上部分主要功能群碳、氮浓度和C∶N比值明显高于重度退化草地的浓度。同一草地类型主要功能群比较,碳、氮浓度依次为杂类草〉禾草类〉莎草类;植物地上部分的碳、氮浓度明显高于地下根系的碳、氮浓度。重度退化草地植物根系碳、氮浓度高于轻度退化草地植物根系碳、氮浓度。重度退化草地土壤总有机碳浓度显著低于轻度退化草地土壤总有机碳浓度,随着土层的加深碳、氮浓度有减少的趋势。江河源区高山嵩草草甸的土壤有机碳、氮储量最大,植物根系碳、氮储量居中,植物地上部分碳、氮储量最小。重度退化草地总有机碳储量（13554.3g/m^2）较轻度退化草地储量（14669.2g/m^2）下降7.60%。其中,0-40cm土壤层碳储量下降4.10%,植物根系碳储量下降59.97%,植物地上部分碳储量下降15.39%;重度退化草地总氮储量（3780.6g/m^2）较轻度退化草地储量（3352.7g/m^2）高12.76%,其中,0-40cm土壤中总氮储量高13.07%,植物根系全氮储量下降55.09%,植物地上部分全氮下降16.00%。由于草地退化损失有机碳11149kg/hm^2,而全氮增加4278kg/hm^2。

长江三角洲典型地区土壤性质对土地利用变化的响应——以江苏省锡山市为例

以锡山市为分析样区,对土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾等7个指标对旱地变为未利用地、水田变为菜地、水田变为旱地、水田变为林地和水田变为未利用地等五种变化方式的响应进行了研究。结果表明,土地利用变化对土壤性质有显著影响,但不同变化方式对各指标的影响方向及影响程度不同:(1)水田变为菜地、旱地和林地使土壤向酸化方向发展,土壤pH分别降低0.47、0.78和0.17;旱地和水田变为未利用地分别使土壤pH提高0.24和0.74;(2)水田变为未利用地、菜地和林地分别使有机质降低3.83、3.18和0.35 g kg-1;水田变为旱地、旱地变为未利用地分别使有机质含量增加7.58和1.07 g kg-1;(3)旱地变为未利用地、水田变为菜地和未利用地分别使全氮降低0.31、0.08和0.11 g kg-1;水田变为旱地和林地分别使全氮提高0.41和0.04 g kg-1;(4)旱地变为未利用地使全磷有微小幅度的降低,降低量为0.01 g kg-1;水田变为菜地、旱地、林地和未利用地后不同程度地提高全磷含量,增加量分别为0.23、0.08、0.23和0.09 g kg-1;(5)旱地和水田变为未利用地分别使速效氮降低2.38和7.62 mg kg-1;水田变为菜地、旱地和林地分别使速效氮增加11.61、34.51和18.26 mg kg-1;(6)旱地变为未利用地使速效磷降低3.70 mg kg-1;水田变为菜地、旱地、林地和未利用地分别使速效磷增加45.16、7.54、40.55和10.94 mg kg-1;(7)旱地变为未利用地以及水田变为菜地、旱地、林地和未利用地均使速效钾含量有所增加,增加量分别为8.75、77.44、32.28、160.4和27.59 mg kg-1。

晚全新世渭河西安段河道变迁与土壤侵蚀

据地貌特征、地质资料、文献记载、考古资料等综合分析 ,确定了渭河西安段春秋战国、唐代的河道位置 ;分析了春秋以来河道北移的平均速率为 1 .74～ 2 .71 m / a,并具有加速趋势 ,以及东西部河道北移速率差异的原因 ;计算了咸阳 -梁村 2 2 km长的河段春秋后期以来 (2 3 0 0 a B.P.- 0 a B.P.)、春秋后期至唐 (2 3 0 0 a B.P.- 1 2 5 3 aB.P.)以及唐以来 (1 2 5 3 a B.P.- 0 a B.P.)河流侧蚀形成的年均土壤侵蚀量分别为 2 4 1 1 87,1 4 2 1 4 9,3 2 3 94 2

经济植物篱在防治长江上游坡耕地水土流失中的作用及效果

地质破碎,生态脆弱,以坡地农业为主,水土流失严重,经济欠发达,贫困人口多,是长江上游地区的典型特征。很多专家认为,水土流失是贫困的重要原因,因为它冲走了植物赖以生存的肥沃土壤,流走了植物所需的水分和养分。利用经济植物篱技术和平衡施肥技术防止长江上游坡耕地的水土流失,证明是一项实用性强,应用广泛的技术。它可以有效地降低坡耕地的水土流失,增加作物的产量,显著地提高农民的收入,实现社会效益、生态环境效益和经济效益的统一,保证坡耕地农业可持续利用。

长江口北槽深水航道工程对九段沙冲淤影响研究

根据1989～2003年长江口九段沙附近地形图,在地理信息系统软件MapInfo的支持下,分析了北槽深水航道工程对九段沙冲淤演变的影响.在长江来沙减少总的情势下,九段沙总的淤积速率在明显下降,但北槽深水航道工程使局部冲淤形势发生逆转:九段沙顶端到江亚南沙大片区域淤积速率显著增强,沿北槽深水航道南导堤外缘形成一个10 km长的淤积带;九段沙东侧水下三角洲受工程的影响不大,淤积速率持续降低并底端发生冲刷.

长江上游未来50年水土流失变化预测

长江上游未来５０年水土流失变化的影响因素主要有：相对稳定的地貌、地质因素，可能突然发生的地震因素，具有波动特性变化的气象因素和具有双重性的人为因素．人为因素是决定性的因素．分析结果认为，长江上游适宜治理的水土流失面积为２６．４万ｋｍ２，经过治理后，２０５０年长江上游可减少土壤侵蚀量８．０６亿ｔ，河流年均输沙量减少为３．０４亿－４．５６亿ｔ．

长江上游重点水土流失区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的^(137)Cs法研究

利用137Cs示踪技术,对长江上游重点水土流失区(金沙江下游及毕节地区、嘉陵江中下游地区、嘉陵江上游陕南陇南地区和三峡库区)坡耕地土壤流失速率进行了初步研究。结果表明,研究区土壤类型、坡度等因子对坡耕地土壤流失速率的影响较大,陕南区砾质土、三峡库区黄壤坡耕地的土壤流失速率相对较小,34°砾质土坡耕地,多年平均土壤流失率为985t/(km2·a),31°黄壤坡耕地为2059t/(km2·a);嘉陵江中下游地区和三峡库区紫色土、陕南区黄褐土、陇南区黄绵土和金沙江燥红土坡耕地土壤流失速率较高,一般在2000～10000t/(km2·a);坡度越大土壤流失速率也越高。同时,对坡耕地地块内部土壤侵蚀与堆积的空间分异进行了初步探讨。在坡耕地地块内部,土壤在流水和犁耕共同作用下,侵蚀速率从峁顶至坡底总体呈下降趋势,并在地块中下部出现堆积大于侵蚀的区域。侵蚀小于堆积的临界点,一般出现在距坡顶20～30m范围。

土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀强度变化的关系分析——以四川盆地遂宁市市中区为例

应用TM遥感影像,提取土地利用和土壤侵蚀的相关信息。采用叠加分析的方法,对遂宁市市中区1995—2000年的土地利用变化和土壤侵蚀变化的关系进行了分析。结果表明,遂宁市市中区土地利用变化总体上有利于水土保持、土壤侵蚀面积减少和侵蚀强度降低。影响土壤侵蚀的主要土地利用变化发生在丘陵旱地,其中水土保持效果最显著的是旱地的内部转化,这充分体现了坡改梯工程在土壤侵蚀治理中的重要性。旱地向林地的转化对该区土壤侵蚀的治理也是很有利的,退耕还林工程同样不可忽视。换言之,"长治"工程综合治理在遂宁市市中区中已经取得了令人满意的生态效益,其成功的经验值得推广和借鉴。

气候变化对降雨侵蚀力的影响研究综述

以全球变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化导致降雨侵蚀力改变,从而影响区域土壤流失过程。因此,研究气候变化对降雨侵蚀力的影响,对适应和预防全球气候变化、争取环境外交主动权、制定农业发展战略具有积极作用。对相关研究成果进行了总结:国外相关研究由侧重单一的降雨量变化对降雨侵蚀力的影响,发展为气候变暖和土地利用类型的变化对土壤侵蚀环境的综合影响;国内相关研究起步较晚,侧重于不同区域降雨侵蚀力的计算,在长江流域,气候变化对降雨侵蚀力影响的相关研究较少。加强相关研究,既可为长江流域降雨侵蚀力的研究提供理论依据,又可为长江流域降雨侵蚀的防治和气候变化下水保措施的制定提供技术支撑。

“土壤水库”的合理调用与防洪减灾

简 要介绍了 长江１９９８ 年洪涝灾 害的成 因，提出充 分调用“土壤水 库”是实现 防治洪 涝灾害 的重要途 径之一 。“土壤水 库”库容 大、下 泄快。 长江 流域 的侵 蚀劣 地“土 壤水 库”需要 承受更 多的拦蓄 雨水任 务，但这些 侵蚀劣 地土壤 区存 在着 调用“土 壤水 库”的障 碍。 土壤 遭受 侵蚀后 致使“土 壤水库”库 容损失 严重，雨水 进入“土 壤水 库”的 通道 受阻 。充 分调 用“土壤 水 库”实现 长江流域 防洪减 灾的措施 应包括建 立保土 保水的地 表植被 系统，分类 整治侵 蚀劣地土 壤，疏浚 入渗“土 壤水库”的通道，以 及重视 调用一个 比三峡 水库库容 大得多的“土壤水 库”。