Occurrence,Spatial Distribution,Sources and Risk Assessment of Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Sediments of the Yellow River Delta Wetland

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are emerging persistent organic pollutants(POPs).In this study,47 surface sediment samples were collected from the Yellow River Delta wetland(YRDW)to investigate the occurrence,spatial distribution,potential sources,and ecological risks of PFASs.Twenty-three out of 26 targeted PFASs were detected in surface sediment samples from the YRDW,with totalΣ23PFASs concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 16.30 ng g^(-1) dw and a median value of 2.27 ng g^(-1) dw.Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid(PFOS)were the main contaminants.The detection frequency and concentration of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)were higher than those of perfluoroal-kanesulfonic acids(PFSAs),while those of long-chain PFASs were higher than those of short-chain PFASs.The emerging PFASs substitutes were dominated by 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid(6:2 Cl-PFESA).The distribution of PFASs is significantly influenced by the total organic carbon content in the sediments.The concentration of PFASs seems to be related to human activities,with high concentration levels of PFASs near locations such as beaches and villages.By using a positive matrix factorization model,the potential sources of PFASs in the region were identified as metal plating mist inhibitor and fluoropolymer manufacturing sources,metal plating industry and firefighting foam and textile treatment sources,and food packaging material sources.The risk assessment indicated that PFASs in YRDW sediments do not pose a significant ecological risk to benthic organisms in the region overall,but PFOA and PFOS exert a low to moderate risk at individual stations.

Correlation of eco-hydrographic benefit and height increment of Robinia pseudoacacia stand with climatic environmental factors in Yellow River Delta Wetland of China

The relationship between eco-hydrographic benefit of forest vegetation and climatic environmental factors is one of the focuses in the research on environmental protection and ecosystem countermeasures in Wetland. The runoff, sediment and soil moisture rate dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and its clearcut area were investigated in the natural runoff experiment plots in Yellow River Delta Wet- land, Shandong Province, China. The correlation of height increment ofR. pseudoacacia with nine climate factors such as light, water, heat, etc. was analyzed by stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the amounts of runoff and sediment in clearcut area of R. pseudoacacia were 53.9%-150.8% and 172.8%-387.1% higher than that in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation, respectively. The runoff peak value in R. pseudoacacia stand was obviously lower than that in clerarcut area, meantime, the occurrence of runoffpeak in R. pseudoacacia stand was 25 min later than in its clerarcut area. The soil moisture rates in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation in both dry season and humid season. The annual mean soil moisture rate in R. pseudoacacia stand was 23.3%-25.6% higher than that in its clearcut area. Meanwhile, a regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of R. pseudoacacia and climatic factors was developed by stepwise regression procedure method. It showed that the light was the most important factor for the height increment ofR. pseudoacacia, followed by water and heat factors.

Causes of Wetland Degradation and Ecological Restoration in the Yellow River Delta Region

Yellow River delta （YRD） is one of the biggest deltas that there is a large area of wetland in the world. Thanks to soil （sands） sediment carried by the Yellow River, there was averagely the newly formed land 21.3 km^2 in YRD. During the development of petroleum industry and urban expansion, wetlands were degraded due to population growth, irrational land use, in addition to adverse natural eco-environment such as lower precipitation, higher soil evaporation and soil salinazation. The major ecological measures to restore degraded wetland concerned with ensuring water supply, especially establishing perfect irrigation works; protecting virgin plant communities and assisting them to regenerate by the way of site preparation, improving living surroundings; introducing salt-tolerant plants to increase vegetation species and plant coverage, thereby enhancing the capability of wetland to combat contamination and pollution through plant remediation, uptake, absorption, etc. Finally making a comprehensive land use plan, accordingly removing deleterious facilities.

Dynamic Changes in the Wetland Landscape Pattern of the Yellow River Delta from 1976 to 2016 Based on Satellite Data

The Yellow River Delta wetland is the youngest wetland ecosystem in China's warm temperate zone. To better understand how its landscape pattern has changed over time and the underlying factors responsible, this study analyzed the dynamic changes of wetlands using five Landsat series of images, namely MSS(Mulri Spectral Scanner), TM(Thematic Mapper), and OLI(Operational Land Imager) sensors in 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016. Object-oriented classification and the combination of spatial and spectral features and both the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI), as well as brightness characteristic indices, were used to classify the images in eCognition software. Landscape pattern changes in the Yellow River Delta over the past 40 years were then delineated using transition matrix and landscape index methods. Results show that: 1) from1976 to 2016, the total area of wetlands in the study area decreased from 2594.76 to 2491.79 km^2, while that of natural wetlands decreased by 954.03 km^2 whereas human-made wetlands increased by 851.06 km^2. 2) The transformation of natural wetlands was extensive: 31.34% of those covered by Suaeda heteropteras were transformed into reservoirs and ponds, and 24.71% with Phragmites australis coverage were transformed into dry farmland. Some human-made wetlands were transformed into non-wetlands types: 1.55% of reservoirs and ponds became construction land, and likewise 21.27% were transformed into dry farmland. 3) From 1976 to 2016, as the intensity of human activities increased, the number of landscape types in the study area continuously increased. Patches were scattered and more fragmented. The whole landscape became more complex. In short, over the past 40 years, the wetlands of the Yellow River Delta have been degraded, with the area of natural wetlands substantially reduced. Human activities were the dominant forces driving these changes in the Yellow River Delta.

Changes of Coastal Wetland Ecosystems in the Yellow River Delta and Protection Countermeasures to Them

Coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta are typical new wetland ecosystems in warm temperate zone. In recent years, influenced by natural and human factors, these coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta have undergone changes of landscape fragmentation, vegetation degradation, pollution, species reduction, and harmful exotic species invasion. These changes have influenced sustainable and healthy development of marine economy of the Yellow River Delta. To protect natural ecological environment of the Yellow River Delta, the authors recommended that it should establish and improve policies, laws and regulations of wetland protection; carry out wetland resource investigation and assessment and monitoring; strengthen comprehensive protection and control of wetland; reduce wetland degradation and promote sustainable use of wetland.

Spatial-temporal analysis of wetland landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta

The influence of anthropogenic activities,especially artificial dykes,on the coastal wetland landscape is now considered as a serious problem to the coastal ecosystem.It is important and necessary to analyze changes of coastal landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes for the protection and management of coastal wetland.Our study aimed to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the coastal wetland landscape and its spatial-temporal dynamics under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta(YRD).It was analyzed by the methods of the statistical analysis of landscape structure,five selected landscape indices and the changes of spatial centroids of three typical wetland types,including reed marshes,tidal fiats and aquaculture-salt fields.The results showed that:(1)Reduction of wetland area,especially the degradation of natural wetlands,had been the principal problem since the dykes were constructed in the YRD.The dykes created conditions for the development of artificial wetlands.However,the new born artificial wetlands were still less than the vanished natural wetlands.(2)Compared with the open area,the building of artificial dykes significantly speeded up the changes of landscape patterns and the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation in the closed area.(3)The changes of area-weighted centroids of three typical wetland landscapes were greatly affected by dykes,and the movement of the centroid of the aquaculture-salt field was very sensitive to the dykes constructed in the corresponding period.

Estimation on wetland loss and its restoration potential in Modern Yellow River Delta,Shandong Province of China

Wetland is one of the most important ecosystems with varied functions and structures,and its loss has been a major issue.Wetland loss in Modem Yellow River Delta(MYRD) becomes a serious environmental problem,so its restoration attracts a great deal of attention from academia and governments.This article proposes a GIS-based multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation methodology for potential estimation of wetland restoration,using MYRD as an example.The model uses four kinds of data(hydrology,terrain,soil,and land use) and could be adapted by planners for use in identifying the suitability of locations as wetland mitigation sites at any site or region.In the application of the model in the MYRD,the research developed a lost wetland distributed map taking the better wetland situation of 1995 as the reference,and elevated the overall distribution trends of wetland restoration potential based on wetland polygon.The results indicated that the total area of wetland loss from 1995 to 2014 was 568.12 km^2,which includes 188.83 km^2 natural wetland and 21.80 km^2 artificial wetland,respectively.The areas of lost wetland with low,middle,and high resilience ability are 126.82 km^2,259.92 km^2,and 119.59 km^2,occupying 25.05%,51.33%,and 23.62%,respectively.The high-restoration-potential wetland included98.47 km^2 of natural wetland and 21.12 km^2 of artificial wetland,which are mainly bush,reed,and ponds.The highrestoration-potential wetland is mainly distributed in the vicinity of Gudong oil field,the Yellow River Delta protected areas,and the eastern sides of Kenli county and Dongying city.

黄河三角洲滨海湿地碳储时空演变及其生态补偿研究

近年来随着油气开采、港口建设、填海造陆等活动的开展,黄河三角洲滨海湿地面临生态服务功能降低、碳汇功能受损等问题。为改善黄河三角洲滨海湿地的生态功能及有效利用其碳储功能,研究突破了碳储生态补偿价值静态核算的局限性,充分考虑黄河三角洲滨海湿地的时空异质性影响,运用ArcGIS及InVEST模型计算并分析不同土地利用类型下的碳储量变化,探究如何对碳储量损失区域进行生态补偿,并提升黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态系统的碳储功能。研究表明:(1)2013—2020年黄河三角洲滨海湿地碳储量呈现下降趋势,8年间累计总损失6.36×10^(6)吨碳。(2)碳储总值的分布与土地利用类型密切相关。(3)黄河三角洲滨海湿地2013—2020年8年间碳储经济损失价值为164.92×10^(6)美元。

1973—2020年黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素

明晰滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素,有助于制定合理的盐沼湿地修复策略、维护区域生态系统健康和可持续发展。以黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地为例,基于Landsat系列卫星影像获取1973—2020年共十个时期土地利用/覆被数据,得出盐沼湿地时空变化及其与周边土地利用/覆被的相互转化;利用改进的景观格局状态与演化识别模型(SEDMS),分析盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式,并利用地理探测器探究其空间分异驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1973—2020年,盐沼湿地面积减少了252.35 km^(2),空间范围总体向外海迁移且趋于集中。盐沼湿地转出类型主要为草地、养殖池/盐田和耕地,转入类型主要为滩涂未利用地和水体。(2)盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式呈明显的阶段性特征:1973—1995年为动荡期,演化模式以消失和破碎为主导;1995—2010为过渡期,格局演化模式逐渐由消失和破碎为主导转变为扩张为主导;2010年后为稳定期,格局发生演化的区域较少,总体以新增和扩张为主。(3)36%的盐沼湿地出现了多次格局演变模式的转变,滩涂未利用地、耕地对于景观格局演化频数的影响最为显著,人工表面、养殖池/盐田和道路堤坝的建设导致了盐沼湿地的破碎和消失。

氮添加对芦苇根系分泌及土壤硝化作用的影响

为探究人类活动引起的氮输入对植物根系分泌物释放及土壤硝化过程的影响,采集黄河三角洲芦苇湿地的土壤和幼苗进行加富培养实验,对根系分泌物释放、硝化速率及相关理化指标进行了测定和分析.结果发现,不同形态含氮营养物质添加对芦苇湿地土壤的理化因子具有不同影响,其中NH_(4)Cl对土壤微生物量碳、氮和NH_(4)^(+)-N含量的促进作用最显著,KNO_(3)添加能显著提高土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N含量,而芦苇凋落物对土壤有机碳和总氮的促进作用较强.在根际区和非根际区,氨氧化速率(V_a)平均值分别为(5.16±1.37)和(3.62±0.80)μmol/(kg·d),与NH_(4)^(+)-N含量均呈显著正相关,而亚硝酸盐氧化速率(V_(n))平均值为(6.01±1.42)和(4.45±1.08)μmol/(kg·d),与土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N呈显著正相关.土壤SOC和TN与V_(a)均呈显著正相关,主要与有机质的矿化作用为氨氧化过程提供反应底物有关.其中,氮平衡指数在有机氮添加组显著高于其余组可间接证明有机质对矿化过程的促进作用.与对照组相比,不同外源氮均能促进芦苇根系对总酸、总糖和氨基酸的分泌,其平均释放速率分别为(169.75±31.83),(116.72±21.76)和(9.52±3.31)μg/(g·d),而对酚类和类黄酮却表现出显著抑制或无明显作用.根系分泌的酚类物质与V_(a)呈显著负相关关系,可能归因于酚类物质对氨氧化细菌的选择性抑制.而氨基酸与V_(a)和V_(n)均呈显著正相关,氨基酸可为硝化细菌代谢提供能量和营养物质,从而促进了硝化过程的进行.总体上,营养物质添加一方面直接改变了土壤的理化性质,为硝化细菌提供了适合的生长环境;另一方面,营养物质添加能刺激芦苇根系分泌物的释放,使土壤中的营养及活性物质含量增加,促进硝化过程的进行.

互花米草治理对黄河三角洲湿地利用及景观格局的影响——利用随机森林和改进的CA-Markov模型

随着2022年《互花米草防治专项行动计划(2022—2025年)》发布,黄河三角洲湿地互花米草清理工作迅速展开。通过对比模拟的自然发展情景下与互花米草大规模清理后的真实情景下黄河三角洲湿地利用及景观格局指数,分析清理工作生态效益及湿地未来潜在风险。基于时序Sentinel-1 SAR影像和随机森林分类器获取了2020—2023年黄河三角洲湿地利用/覆盖变化结果;针对短期湿地模拟预测驱动力因素缺乏定量化设定的问题,构建了一种联合随机森林与CA-Markov模型的湿地模拟预测方法,实现2023年湿地自然发展情景下更精准的模拟预测;最后计算了2023年湿地在模拟和真实情景下的景观格局指数。结果表明:1)2023年互花米草清理工作效果显著,其面积锐减至5.53km^(2),与2022年相比减少了55.36km^(2),为芦苇等本土植被释放了生存空间;2)与自然发展情景相比,互花米草“围栏”不复存在,本土植被连通性上升,芦苇分布更加琐碎且面积比自然发展情景下增加了16.37km^(2),湿地的优势植被类型已逐渐向芦苇转变;3)由于互花米草对新生滩涂的入侵能力强于其它本土植被以及沿岸受海浪冲击等问题,互花米草清除后的黄河三角洲湿地面临互花米草复萌、二次蔓延及海岸线侵蚀的新风险。

2011–2018年黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统碳水通量观测数据集

湿地生态系统对于缓解全球气候变化具有重要作用,长期、连续的碳水通量涡度监测有助于更好地保护和利用湿地生态系统的服务功能。然而,由于相关监测数据数量的欠缺,关注湿地生态系统碳水通量变化的研究还相对较少,因此亟需高质量的监测数据集提供支持。中国科学院黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态试验站(简称黄河三角洲站)自2010年起基于涡度协方差技术开始对芦苇湿地生态系统进行连续监测,迄今已积累了多年的碳水通量观测数据。本数据集基于黄河三角洲站已进行的监测工作,汇总整理了2011–2018年间的站点碳水通量涡度观测数据,并形成了半小时尺度、日尺度、月尺度和年际尺度4种时间分辨率下的数据产品。本数据集对准确评估黄河三角洲湿地生态系统的碳水通量及其各时间尺度上的动态变化规律提供了可靠的数据支撑。

围垦开发下滨海湿地格局演变的自然-人为复合驱动过程

滨海湿地具有重要的生物多样性保护价值及生态功能,围垦开发下经济快速增长的同时滨海湿地生态受损且大面积丧失。探究自然-人为复合影响下格局演变的关键驱动机制,可以为区域的生态保护和高质量发展提供指示。以围垦开发影响剧烈的黄河三角洲为研究区,克服了当前研究中驱动力的时空动态表征以及湿地格局演变的综合驱动时空交互机制研究的不足,研究构建了一套基于土地利用变化轨迹分离自然和人为驱动并表征湿地格局演变的动态驱动过程的方法,为区域尺度有效评估外界干扰对滨海湿地的影响提供了更加全面的支持。结果表明:尽管黄河三角洲滨海湿地格局演变的驱动过程轨迹类型多样,但主要受少数类型影响,以单一围垦开发为主。各驱动过程间存在着不同程度的时空交互,伴随围垦、修复、逆向演替过程的发生和转换,新生湿地的淤积及生态系统演替的自然增长过程被阻断,甚至可能对已修复湿地产生负面影响,区域湿地持续减少;人为驱动过程的影响远大于自然驱动过程,人为、自然及自然-人为复合驱动的湿地格局演变面积占比分别为55.5%、26.1%和18.4%。研究结果指示应严格管控部分生境敏感区的滩涂围垦,未来难以避免的滨海开发活动应由陆向海逐步推进,采用与新生湿地淤长方向一致的“滚动开发”模式,在兼顾经济效益的同时,维护滨海湿地生态系统的完整性和演替的连续性。

基于特征优选和时空融合算法的黄河三角洲湿地类别制图方法研究

滨海湿地的遥感分类研究对于滨海湿地的保护和规划具有重要意义。为此,以黄河三角洲作为研究区,采用2019年3—10月获取的8景Landsat8 OIL作为数据源,使用GEE(Google Earth Engine)云平台,根据影像的不同特征构建了7种不同的分类方案;然后,使用随机森林分类器对不同特征集合进行分类,并选择其中分类效果最好的用于绘制黄河三角洲地区的湿地类别图。其中8,9月份数据由于受到云的污染导致质量差,使用增强型自适应反射率时空融合模型(enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model,ESTARFM)算法对有云区域进行填补处理。结果表明:①ESTARFM时空融合模型生成的预测影像与真实影像波段表现出较好的相关性,其R值均能达到0.73以上,说明重构的影像可以用于本研究;②使用随机森林算法对研究区地物类型进行分类,其中方案7通过特征优选,分类结果总体精度达92.28%,Kappa系数达0.91,分类结果与湿地实况相吻合,比常规方案分类精度更高。研究结果有助于了解和掌握该区域湿地不同类型的空间分布特征,可为区域生态环境的保护和规划提供科学依据。

黄河三角洲湿地野生鸟类多样性分析及协同治理策略研究

黄河三角洲湿地是中国保护最完善的湿地生态系统之一,对其野生鸟类多样性分析及实行协同治理具有重要意义,因此,提出黄河三角洲湿地野生鸟类多样性分析及协同治理策略研究。介绍黄河三角洲湿地区域,以香农一韦弗多样性指数、属-科综合多样性指数等指数为评估指标,分析黄河三角洲湿地野生鸟类多样性。对黄河三角洲湿地的野生鸟类展开调研和多样性分析,得出该湿地对鸟类繁殖及迁移起到重要作用,并且荒滩草地鸟类的非单种科较多,村庄农田和荒滩草地的鸟类相似性最高。根据分析结果,提出黄河三角洲湿地的协同治理策略。

黄河三角洲北部湿地沉积物重金属污染风险评价及来源分析

以黄河三角洲北部湿地39个表层沉积物样品为研究对象,测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Hg的含量,对其进行重金属污染风险评价及来源分析。结果表明:8种重金属元素在表层沉积物中平均含量由高到低顺序为:Cr>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Cd>Hg,除As外其含量均低于山东省土壤背景值;沉积物以砂质粉砂为主,重金属元素的空间分布特征相似,可能受到“粒度效应”的影响;基于地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,揭示了Cd、Hg为研究区主要污染物和重要的潜在生态危害因子;相关分析和因子分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg可能来源于成土母质、工业活动以及油田开采,Ni、Cd可能来源于农业活动、水产养殖以及油田开采;聚类分析表明,可进一步把Cr单独分为一类;通过因子探测分析发现,黏土含量、TOC和含水率对潜在生态危害指数(RI值)解释力较大,表明其对RI值的影响较大;通过交互作用探测分析可知,任意两个影响因子交互作用后结果为双因子增强或非线性增强,表明复杂的环境加剧了湿地的潜在生态危害。

黄河三角洲湿地发展概述及治理修复建议

黄河流域在我国经济社会发展和生态安全方面具有十分重要的地位,其下游的黄河三角洲分布有世界上暖温带保存最广阔、最完善、最年轻的滨海湿地生态系统,该区域特殊的地质地貌决定了其生态多样性,需要进行重点研究和保护。文章立足于我国现有湿地保护政策和湿地面积缩小的现状,提出黄河三角洲湿地保护可着重围绕其岸线变化、冲淤速率、地形地貌等开展研究,并采用减压分洪扩充法等治理修复方法扩大湿地面积,为推动黄河流域及黄河三角洲湿地的生态保护和高质量发展提供有效参考。

基于LUCC的黄河三角洲湿地生态服务价值研究

湿地生态系统服务价值评估可以为区域社会经济发展、生态环境保护等规划与措施的制定提供理论依据。基于水文、气象、社会、经济、资源、环境和文化等因素,采用修订后的当量因子法对黄河三角洲湿地生态系统服务功能价值进行评估。研究结果表明,2000-2016年,养殖区域增加206.91%,滩涂湿地减少54.35%,部分滩涂湿地向养殖区域转移。2000-2010年,滩涂湿地生态服务价值比例最高,2010-2016年湖泊水域生态服务价值占据主导。

大气校正对滨海湿地Sentinel-2影像NDVI的影响

为消除卫星影像成像过程中受到的大气干扰,还原真实的地物反射率,大气校正已成为定量遥感分析研究中的关键环节。本文基于2018—2022年间5期黄河三角洲的Sentinel-2影像,通过对比分析大气校正前后的NDVI值,探究大气校正对NDVI计算的必要性。结果发现:(1)大气校正能够对滨海湿地Sentinel-2影像的整体NDVI和不同地类NDVI均产生显著影响,但对不同年份黄河NDVI的影响存在不确定性;(2)大气校正前后NDVI在不同地类间波谱特征变化无较大差异,但大气校正有效增强NDVI极差范围,提高了不同地类NDVI区分度。该研究为大气校正对NDVI存在影响的相关研究提供了参考依据。

Accumulation Laws of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Wetland Plants

To study the accumulation regularity of nitrogen and phosphorus in typical constructive plants in coastal wetland,samples of Suaeda glauca(Bunge) Bunge,Phragmites austrahs and Tamarix chinensis Lour,were taken from the Yellow River Delta National Coast Wetland Nature Reserve,nitrogen and phosphorus content in plants was measured and analyzed.The results showed that ① nitrogen and phosphorus content in different wetland plants is correlated;② different species in the same place and the same species in different spaces show different accumulation regularity of nitrogen and phosphorus;③ nitrogen and phosphorus content in plants is closely related to nitrogen and phosphorus content in the habitat;④ nitrogen content in T.chinensis Lour,is the highest,the mean is 11.63 g/kg,and phosphorus content in S glauca(Bunge) Bunge is the highest,the mean is 1.38 g/kg;⑤ nitrogen content in the 3 species:T.chinensis Lour.> S.glauca(Bunge) Bunge > P.australis;⑥ nitrogen content in aboveground parts of all plants is significantly higher than that in underground parts,and phosphorus content in aboveground parts of all plants except S.glauca(Bunge) Bunge is significantly higher than that in underground parts;⑦ nitrogen content in the 3 species in the study area is significantly higher than phosphorus content in these species.