On the Rice Farming in the Shu Area During the Can Cong Period

The Bashu area was one of the most civilized agricultural areas in ancient China.Since the late Eastern Han Dynasty,it has been reputed as the“Land of Abundance”due to its abundant resources.Archaeological data show that the Shu area cultivated millet as early as the prehistoric period.The legend goes that Can Cong was the first ruler of the Shu area during the pre-Qin period,indicating that agricultural production at that time had made great progress compared with the prehistoric period.During this period,the agricultural pattern of the Shu area experienced profound changes,from dryland millet farming originating from the Western Sichuan Plateau to rice farming that is more suitable for Sichuan Basin,especially for the Chengdu Plain,where there are abundant rainfalls and high temperatures.Since then,rice farming has become a long-established farming tradition in the Shu area.The agricultural production tools and grain crop seeds unearthed from the Baodun site,where the archaeological remains of Can Cong Culture were discovered,show the prosperity of early agriculture in the Shu area.During the Baodun Culture period,the accelerated economic and social development in the Shu area promoted complicated and hierarchical changes in the social organization structure of settlements,which gradually evolved into early states.

Modeling the relationship of land use change and some geophysical indicators for the interlock area of farming and pasturing in China

This paper discusses land-use changes in the interlock area of farming and pasturing (IAFP) in northern China. It presents detailed analyses of land-use features in the IAFP, which are controlled by the macro geomorphic units and geophysical conditions-constraints or advantages. Additionally, it selects some indicators, according to the availability in acquiring and processing their quantitative data, to analyze the canonical correlations between the typical conversion of grassland and geophysical conditions. The preliminary study indicates that the physical conditions are of great advantages to the development of grassland. There exists significant correlation between land use change and some geophysical conditions.

Heavy Metal Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Cultivated Land Soil in the Farming Areas of Coastal China:A Case Study of Donghai County,Jiangsu Province

Classical statistics,Inverse Distance Weighted and Hakasnson potential ecological index were used to study the distribution characteristics of 8 kinds of heavy metals( Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb and Hg) as well as their potential ecological risks in the topsoil( 0-20 cm) of cultivated land in Donghai County,a typical agricultural area along the Southeast Coast of China.The results showed that the average content of heavy metals in the cultivated soil of Donghai County was not over the risk screening values set in the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils.However,it was worth noting that in some of the sampling points,the content of Cr exceeded the risk screening value,and the standard exceeding points accounted for 24.74% of the total.In addition,the average content of Cr,Ni,As,Cd,Pb and Hg exceeded the soil background values of Jiangsu Province,and values for Cd,Cr and Pb were more than 1.5 times of the soil background value of Jiangsu Province.The heavy metals were at the medium integrated potential ecological risk level,and the potential ecological risk indices were high in the east and low in the west,and distributed in interlaced island shape.The potential ecological risk indices of the plains in the east were higher than those of the central gentle slope area and the western hillock area.The potential ecological risk was at a high level in Niushan Town which was situated the county center and in some regions with high urbanization levels.

Stand Structure, Diversity and Regeneration Status of Woody Species in Open and Exclosed Dry Woodland Sites around <i>Molapo</i>Farming Areas of the Okavango Delta, Northeastern Botswana

Stand structure, diversity and regeneration status of woody species were investigated in open and exclosed dry woodland sites in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, northeastern Botswana. A total of 105, 111 and 130 quadrats, measuring 20 × 20 m each, were laid down along parallel line transects in the three sites, respectively, to collect data. A total of 47 species, representing 16 families and 24 genera, were recorded in the study sites. Of these, 33 species representing 13 families and 20 genera, 41 species representing 15 families and 23 genera and 27 species representing 10 families and 14 genera were encountered in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively. The most diverse family was Fabaceae followed by Combretaceae and Tiliaceae at all the three sites. The most diverse genus was Acacia, followed by Combretum and Grewia. The diversity of woody species in the study sites were 2.18, 2.15 and 1.5 in Shorobe, Island Safari and Xobe, respectively, while their corresponding evenness values were 0.6, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. The mean densities of the woody species encountered in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe were 2629, 4271 and 2745 individuals ha&#451, respectively. The five densest species were Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia tortilis, Philenoptera violacea and Terminalia prunioides in Island Safari, C. mopane, A. tortilis, A. erioloba, P. violacea and D. cinerea in Shorobe and Acacia mellifera, A. tortilis, P. nelsii, A. luederitzii and A. erubescens in Xobe. The highest important value index values were exhibited by C. mopane, D. cinerea, A. tortilis, P. violacea and T. prunioides in Island Safari, C. mopane, A. erioloba, A. tortilis, P. violacea and C. imberbe in Shorobe, and A. mellifera, A. tortilis, P. nelsii and A. luederitzii in Xobe. The alarming result was the fact that 71%, 80% and 85% of the woody species recorded in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively, exhibited hampered regeneration and, thus, unhealthy population structures. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the observed unhealthy population structures of the woody species through investigation of the major causes of their hampered regeneration, and also designing measures that will facilitate natural and artificial regeneration of these species at the three study sites.

ANALYSIS ON POVERTY IN MOUNTAIN AREAS BASED ON OFF-FARM INDUSTRIES

This paper reveals that agricultural growth trend in China is strongly correlated with the growth of off-farm industries-the curve of net income from off-farm industries reflects the general characteristics of net income of households. That means the increase of net income of farm households is chiefly from off-farm industries,more than from agriculture. The authors therefore conclude that the "poverty" in mountain areas or the gap between mountain areas and plain areas lies in the underdevelopment of off-farm industries in mountain areas. Finally,the authors make suggestions of strategic adjustment of economic structure: 1) present situation of mountain areas in China should be fully considered; 2) a full industrial system is not our desire; 3) advantageous industries should be promoted to create famous products; 4) industrialization and urbanization in mountain areas should be promoted and so on.

Risk Assessment of Tropical Cyclones to Wind Farm Operation in Northern Costal Areas of Jiangsu Province

[Objectivel The study aimed to assess the risk of tropical cyclones to wind farm operation in northem costal areas of Jiangsu Province. [Metbod] Based on tropical cyclone data during 1951 -2011 from nine national basic weather stations as well as wind data during 2005 -2007 de- termined by six gradient wind measurement towers in northern costal areas of Jiangsu Province, the spatial and temporal distribution of tropical cy- clones influencing northern coastal areas of Jiangsu Province were discussed firstly, and then the possible effects of tropical cyclones on wind farms in the northern costal areas were assessed, finally some suggestions about type selection and parameter design of wind turbines were proposed. Restult Annual average number of tropical cyclones influencing northern coastal areas of Jiangsu Province was 1.7, and the first two kinds of tropical cyclones were dominant in quantity, accounting for about 73% for total quantity. The quantity of tropical cyclones bringing substantial economic benefits to wind farms accounted for 87.7% of total quantity, with annual average quantity of 1.5. Maximum wind speed appearing every 50 years did not exceed 37.5 m/s, in accord with the national Grade-Ill standard for safe operation of wind turbines. 2.1% -3.8% of turbulence intensity ei- genvalues at a height of 70 m exceeded the maximum anti-turbulence intensity designed by IEC （0.16）, and it is suggested that anti-turbulence in- tensity parameter of wind turbines in northem costal areas of East China should be changed to 0.31 -0.41. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for design and choice of wind turbines as well as operation and management of wind farms in the study region in future.

Quantity Calculation of the Land Unsuitable for Farming: A Case Study of Anze County in Shanxi Province

Adhering to the " red line" of 1800 million mu of arable land is China's arable land protection guideline and policy,and the " red line" places emphasis on both quantity and quality of arable land. Taking Shanxi's Anze County as an example,based on ecological safety and natural suitability criteria,we select 10 evaluation indicators to evaluate the farming suitability of existing land in the county. Results show that Anze County needs to reuse 48. 7% of the existing arable land for ecological purpose in order to ensure ecological safety. It still retains 51. 3%of existing arable land after abandoning tillage,which can ensure 0. 15 ha of arable land per capita,743. 12 kg of grain per capita and 170%of food self-sufficiency rate,thereby fully ensuring food safety. The farming suitability evaluation of land resources should not only consider the natural suitability of land,but also consider ecological safety. Faced with the new situation of arable land protection,it is necessary to explore new farmland protection theories and indicator systems based on actual conditions,to meet the requirements of sustainable development of population,resources and ecology.

Assessment of Coffea Shade Value through Comparison of Mountainous Area with Farm Land Coverage,in Arsi Gololcha District,Oromia,Ethiopia

Coffea cultivation with shade tree is used for improving soil health,increasing coffea production,sustaining agro ecology.The study was attended in two kebele,on 36 farmers’fields,at Gololcha district of East Arsi zone.The study was intended to assess the influence of coffea shade trees on farm lands versus mountainous area.Household interviews were used to get imperative separately,i.e.from old farmers,middle age farmers and young farmers.Significant difference value was observed between farm land and mountainous area coverage.Based on this respondents’idea,before 25-30 years;the‘condition of tree coverage at mountainous’area in Arsi Gololcha district was‘medium condition’but not normal that means as deforestation of mountainous area have been starting before 30 years’time;while the condition of tree coverage at farmland area also has been starting before 30 years’time.The third respondents’idea was interpreted with the real situation of the district,that it gave us a constructive inspiration on the role of coffea shade tree to enable the farm land to be taken as regular natural forest.The existing coffea shade trees are Cordia africana followed by Erythrina abyssinica and Acacia senegal.Farmers accounted 95%of coffea shade users and 4.6%without shade users.The respondents said that even if the rainfall intensity is increasing at farmland rather than mountainous area occasionally due to shade tree effect.On the contrary side,mountainous area exposed to deforestation since the farmers have been shifting to hilly side for their livelihood dependency.

滨海盐田土壤碳时空分布特征及碳收支

滨海盐田存在土壤盐碱化、瘠薄与有机碳含量低等障碍问题,有关滨海盐田土壤碳方面的系统研究目前依然缺乏典型实例剖析。为了揭示滨海盐田以及用地类型发生转变后土壤的有机碳时空分布特征、影响因素及碳收支,选取江苏省连云港市徐圩新区和青口盐场的土壤为研究对象,采取表层(0~20 cm,2004年和2019年两期数据)土壤及深层(150~200 cm,2004年一期数据)土壤样品,进行了土壤有机碳(SOC)、总碳(TC)及总氮(TN)的测试。结果表明,SOC储量呈增加趋势,碳汇区面积占比69.4%,碳源区占比30.6%,不同用地类型SOC含量与平均固碳速率差异较大。2004年表层SOC含量分布在低、中两个等级区间,2019年SOC含量在中等级分布频率最高。近15年盐田1区(用地类型保持不变)SOC含量增加了0.12%,盐田2区(耕地)SOC含量增加了0.42%,盐田3区(建设用地)SOC含量增加了0.13%。平均固碳速率最高值出现在耕地类型,数值达到了5.83×10^(4)kg·km^(-2)·a^(-1)。盐田1区土壤有机碳的分解主要通过微生物的异氧呼吸途径来实现,有机碳的有氧矿化主要通过真菌与细菌的有氧矿化来实现。滨海盐土具有高含量的SO_(4)^(2-)与Ca~(2+),有机碳的厌氧矿化主要通过SO_(4)^(2-)还原来实现,因此无机碳的增加速率较大,达到3.64 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。盐田1区两期数据SOC/TN平均值均为9.9,说明土壤环境稳定。盐田3区SOC/TN稍有下降,推测原因是土壤微生物量及酶活性提高导致SOC的矿化速率增加。在环境问题日益严重和土壤质量趋向恶化的情况下,本文的研究成果为滨海盐田及其土地利用类型转变后的土壤碳循环研究提供了新的基础依据。

中国陆上风电开发土地需求的定量研究

随着气候变化、能源短缺等问题的日益突出,大规模开发可再生清洁能源已成为世界各国的普遍选择。其中,陆上风电以其技术成熟、安全高效的优势,在全球能源转型的进程中发挥着重要作用。然而,风能资源具有能量密度低、不稳定和空间分散等特点,大规模开发陆上风电需要大量土地资源支撑。为保障碳中和目标下风电发展的土地资源需求,该研究对中国陆上风电的土地占用情况进行了定量研究。首先,以排他性为界定标准,从时空维度重新划分了风电场土地占用类型。其次,融合样本参数法和α形状算法,分类核算了中国现有陆上风电场的占地面积。最后,综合考虑风电技术发展趋势,系统模拟预测了碳中和目标下不同发展情景的中国风电用地需求。结果表明:①基于排他性原则,风电场总占地面积在空间维度上可分为直接影响区域和间接影响区域两部分;直接影响区域在时间维度上可分为永久用地和临时用地两部分。②2022年中国陆上风电场风机基础占地、永久用地、临时用地和直接影响区域占地面积分别达到48.28 km^(2)、352.08 km^(2)、1234.86 km^(2)和1638.81 km^(2)。③2022年中国陆上风电场间接影响区域占地面积和总占地面积分别达到了9.81×10^(4)km^(2)和9.99×10^(4)km^(2),总占地面积几乎与全国城镇总用地面积相当。④与当前技术水平情景相比,技术进步与风机换代情景下,2060年中国风电各类用地需求均有大幅下降,且用地需求在2050年前后达到峰值,风电机组的大型化替代对土地资源的节约潜力巨大。因此,完善风电建设用地标准、提升风电开发用地效率、统筹推进海上风电建设,是协同风能资源开发与土地资源可持续利用的重要路径。

天水市旱作区春玉米—冬油菜秸秆带膜翻压还田栽培模式研究

为解决区域内春玉米—冬油菜一膜两用技术中秸秆利用不合理、土壤有机质含量低、有机肥投入不足、化肥施用不合理、土壤水分利用不足、肥料利用率较低等一系列问题,在天水市旱作区开展了春玉米—冬油菜秸秆带膜翻压还田栽培模式研究,以期为区域内化肥减施、地力提升和农业可持续发展提供依据。结果表明,秸秆粉碎带膜翻压还田可以提高玉米籽粒产量7.96%、冬油菜籽粒产量9.91%,增加0~20 cm土壤有机质、全磷、有效磷含量(分别增加2.53 g/kg、0.08 g/kg、10.93 mg/kg),缓冲土壤pH值,影响土壤速效钾、硝态氮和铵态氮水平。

2BFGK-12型稻茬麦集秸旋耕施肥播种机设计与试验

针对长江中下游稻麦轮作区小麦播种作业时,存在抢季节耕种农机配套性差、土壤黏重以及秸秆还田难等问题,创制“稻茬麦秸秆行间集覆还田宽窄行种植”技术模式,此模式具有行间集秸、条带旋耕、集中施肥、洁区播种以及对行镇压等技术特征,通过建立秸秆行间集覆运动的力学模型,设计绞龙式秸秆行间集秸装置、开沟旋耕一体式装置、集中施肥装置、浮动覆土板以及对行镇压器等关键部件,研制一种稻茬麦洁区旋耕施肥播种机。田间试验结果表明,秸秆行间集覆还田与宽窄行种植结合有效提高稻茬麦种床整地质量,洁区洁净度87.69%,小麦窄行平均行距为148 mm,宽行行距平均为304 mm,行距变异系数为5.36%,平均播深为33 mm,播深合格率为95.76%,晾籽率为0.98%,碎土率为86.01%。施肥方式为耕前集中施肥,平均施肥深度为65 mm,施肥深度合格率为94.63%,均满足国家标准。厢沟平均深度为175 mm,沟面宽度为198 mm,满足排水要求。试验田实际产量为8 059.2 kg/hm^(2),高出平均产量20%以上,油耗较对比机型降低31.24%。为稻茬麦绿色低碳保护性耕作技术模式提供农机支撑,促进农机农艺高效快速融合。

安顺山地型高效生态养牛发展现状与优化路径探析

养牛业在我国畜牧业中占据重要地位,是农民创收增收的一个重要路径。伴随新时期农业经济改革的深入,各地积极开展牛养殖业,并取得了较高效益。贵州安顺是典型的喀斯特地形地貌,山地坡度大、土地贫瘠,不适于放牧养牛,种草养牛载畜能力有限,这些情况对安顺养牛业提出了巨大的挑战。因此,对安顺山地养牛产业发展现状与优化途径进行探究具有十分重要的现实意义。

耕读教育融入高职文化育人的路径探究——以涉农高职院校为例

“耕读兴农”教育是培养新时代“一懂两爱”农业人才的重要教育方式与途径。以树牢耕读思想、发扬耕读文化、讲好耕读故事和上好耕读课程为基本思路,通过创新体制机制,探索耕读教育融入高职文化育人的正确路径,最终形成“耕读兴农”教育的“三课堂”体系。

三门峡风资源分析与利用

为充分挖掘利用三门峡风资源,利用三门峡地区站点风资料,采用ArcGIS、指数律、对数律等方法进行计算分析,结果表明,三门峡地区沿黄一带为风资源密集区,渑池、灵宝为资源丰富区,陕州区为较丰富区。根据风资源空间分布特征,调研风资源开发利用情况,渑池、灵宝、陕州区建立风力发电场最多,渑池、陕州风资源充分开发利用。为进一步精确评估风资源开发潜力,根据风随高度变化特征,计算分析风资源潜力开发利用区,为三门峡风电场二期开发、建立风电场提供科学的依据。

Problems and prospects of fish farming in the Chattogram Hill Tracts of Bangladesh:Community-based aquaculture might be a right choice

The study was carried out in Matiranga Upazila,Bandarban district,which is considered one of Bangladesh’s major hill tract regions.The study aimed to identify present farming conditions,prospects,and problems and suitable solutions to the problems of fish farming.Different participatory rapid appraisal tools such as focus group discussion,field visits,and farmers’interviews were used to collect relevant fish farming information in the study area.The polyculture method was the most practised aquaculture method.Among the selected farms,eleven fish species were identified as culture species.The transportation cost for seeds purchased from remote areas was high(11%of total seed cost).The average transportation-related mortality of fish fry and fingerlings was 7.2%and 2.8%.Feed cost was found as the major cost(58.4%)in aquaculture.Costs and revenue for fish production per decimal varied from BDT 311 to 3528 and BDT 23 to 1268.Utilization of vacant lake,youth and women engagement,integrated aquaculture,the desire of people to engage in aquaculture,and available human resources were found as significant prospects.The major problems identified were lack of hatchery,high feed cost,lack of stakeholder linkage,lack of capital for fish farming,and lack of proper knowledge,guidelines,and consultancy for fish culture.A community-based aquaculture model was proposed to overcome the present challenges and problems in the study area.The model may help to expand aquaculture and thus improve the livelihood and socio-economic status of the people of the hilly areas of Bangladesh.

地膜覆盖艺机一体化栽培技术在高粱上的应用

干旱少雨和农村劳动力短缺严重限制了陕北旱区高粱产业发展和农民脱贫增收,推广应用地膜覆盖艺机一体化栽培技术以及引进筛选适合当地的配套品种是解决该问题的有效方法。以裸地栽培为对照,研究了7个高粱品种晋杂22、晋杂31、晋杂34、晋杂108、晋早5564、晋夏2842和晋中7742在地膜覆盖艺机一体化技术配套栽培下产量相关性状和收益的变化。结果表明,相比裸地栽培,覆膜艺机栽培显著提高了高粱的株高、穗长、千粒质量和产量,提高幅度分别为0.99%~12.64%、0.9%~7.3%、2.2%~12.9%、11.7%~32.6%;大幅度节省了人工成本,每公顷可节省约6 450元;增加了收益,增收幅度为103.6%~406.0%。其中,晋杂31的产量和收益最高,分别为10 346.7 kg/hm^(2)和16 943.4元/hm^(2),其次依次是晋杂108和晋杂34,产量分别为10 320.0、10 293.3 kg/hm^(2),收益分别为16 890.0、16 836.6元/hm^(2)。推荐晋杂31、晋杂108和晋杂34等3个高粱品种配套覆膜艺机栽培模式在陕北旱区推广种植。

三维一策:夏热冬冷地区绿色农宅营建体系研究——以江苏省常熟市吴家农宅为例

以夏热冬冷地区农宅的绿色营建为研究对象,结合江苏省常熟市吴家农宅的绿色建造实践,提出地域性农宅“三维一策”的理论方法,即地域性“环境—资源—能源”的配置维度、地域性“农村经济—生活模式”的吻合维度、去城市住宅特征的地域性农村农宅的本体维度和地域性气候条件下农宅绿色技术体系的适宜选取。通过对吴家农宅进行“三维一策”理论方法应用的解构和诠释,为我国乡村农宅绿色营建提供具体理论方法和创作案例参考。

涉农高职院校耕读教育服务乡村人才振兴的路径探析

实现新时代农业农村现代化建设,关键在于乡村人才振兴。乡村人才振兴为涉农高职院校开展耕读教育工作赋予新的内涵和挑战。解读耕读教育新的时代内涵,分析耕读教育在服务乡村人才振兴中的重要价值和现实困境,探索涉农高职院校耕读教育服务乡村人才振兴的有效路径,即营造耕读教育校园文化、构建耕读教育课程体系、拓展耕读教育实践平台和培育耕读教育师资队伍。