Effects of Different Planting Patterns on Rice Yield and Economic Benefit

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of cultivation methods on rice yield and economic benefits in the Dongting Lake area. [Method] A field plot experiment was conducted by adopting three different planting patterns of artificial sowing, artificial throwing and mechanical transplanting. [Result] Rice yield of mechanical transplanting was 7.84% and 24.19% higher respectively than that of artificial sowing and artificial throwing. The effective panicles per unit area of mechanical transplanting and artificial throwing were less than that of artificial sowing. On the contrary, grains per spike, 1 000-grain weight and seed setting rate of mechanical transplanting and artificial throwing were less than those of artificial sowing. Mechanical transplanting of rice brought the highest net income 11 779.16 yuan/hm2, which was 1 697.72 and 3 631.84 yuan/hm2 higher than that of artificial throwing and artificial sowing. [Conclusion] Mechanical transplanting could promote rice productivity in Dongting Lake area, and could increase rice yields and economic returns.

Effects of planting patterns on yield, quality, and defoliation in machine-harvested cotton

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of different machine-harvested cotton-planting patterns on defoliation,yield,and fiber quality in cotton and to provide support for improving the quality of machine-harvested cotton.In the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons,the Xinluzao 45(XLZ45)and Xinluzao 62(XLZ62)cultivars,which are primarily cultivated in northern Xinjiang,were used as study materials.Conventional wide-narrow row(WNR),wide and ultra-narrow row(UNR),wide-row spacing with high density(HWR),and wide-row spacing with low density(LWR)planting patterns were used to assess the effects of planting patterns on defoliation,yield,and fiber quality.Compared with WNR,the seed cotton yields were significantly decreased by 2.06–5.48%for UNR and by 2.50–6.99%for LWR,respectively.The main cause of reduced yield was a reduction in bolls per unit area.The variation in HWR yield was–1.07–1.07%with reduced bolls per unit area and increased boll weight,thus demonstrating stable production.In terms of fiber quality indicators,the planting patterns only showed significant effects on the micronaire value,with wide-row spacing patterns showing an increase in the micronaire values.The defoliation and boll-opening results showed that the number of leaves and dried leaves in HWR was the lowest among the four planting patterns.Prior to the application of defoliating agent and before machine-harvesting,the numbers of leaves per individual plant in HWR were decreased by 14.45 and 25.00%on average,respectively,compared with WNR,while the number of leaves per unit area was decreased by 27.44 and 36.21%on average,respectively.The rates of boll-opening and defoliation in HWR were the highest.Specifically,the boll-opening rate before defoliation and machine-harvesting in HWR was 44.54 and 5.94%higher on average than in WNR,while the defoliation rate prior to machine-harvesting was 3.45%higher on average than in WNR.The numbers of ineffective defoliated leaves and leaf trash in HWR were the lowest,decreased by 33.40 and 32.43%,respectively,compared with WNR.In conclusion,the HWR planting pattern is associated with a high and stable yield,does not affect fiber quality,promotes early maturation,and can effectively decrease the amount of leaf trash in machine-picked seed cotton,and thus its use is able to improve the quality of machine-harvested cotton.

The effect of different irrigation patterns on rice yield and water consumption

The ecological and physiological water require-ment of rice and rice yield was studied underthree irrigation patterns, which were A: moistirrigation, remains 70-90% of saturated soilwater content except 3-4 cm deep water layerin tillering stage in paddy; B: flood irrigation,remains 4-5 cm deep water layer except 80%relative water content in the late tillering stage

Single-seed sowing increased pod yield at a reduced seeding rate by improving root physiological state of Arachis hypogaea

Double-seed sowing(two seeds per hole)is the dominant pattern of peanut sowing in China,but within-hole plant competition usually limits their growth and yield formation.Besides,the traditional double-seed sowing method does not facilitate mechanization during sowing.The objective of this study was to determine if single-seed sowing at a proper seeding rate yielded better than traditional double-seed sowing pattern and the differences of physiological metabolism of roots.A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years to compare pod yields of single-seed sowing at 180000(S180),225000(S225),and 270000 seeds ha^-1(S270)with that of double-seed sowing at 270000 seeds ha^-1(D270)using a completely randomized block design with four replications.And the root bleeding sap rate,nutrient content,and the main hormone contents in root bleeding sap were also comparatively investigated.Although the pod yields of single-seed sowing at the three densities were higher than that of traditional double-seed sowing(D270),S225 yielded better than the other two single-seed sowing treatments(S180 and S270).The increased pod yield in single-seed sowing at 225000 seeds ha^-1 was mainly due to the higher pod dry weight per plant and harvest index.The improved pod dry weight and shoot growth had closely relationship with the enhanced root physiological traits such as the increased root bleeding sap rate,content of free amino acids,soluble sugars,K^+,Mg^2+,Zn^2+,and Ca^2+of the individual plant root.The improved activity of root reductive,nitrate reductase(NR)and ATPase and higher zeatin and zeatin riboside(Z+ZR)content of root bleeding sap were alsocrucial to the pod and shoot growth of peanut.Single-seed sowing at a moderate seeding rate(S225)is a potential practice to increase pod yield and to save seed cost.

Effect of Missing Nutrient Elements on Grain Yield of Wet Season Rice in Bangladesh

Background and objective: Long-term fertility study is one of the important factors to monitor changes in yield because of different nutrient management options and cropping systems involved in Asian regions. Many short-term and long-term fertilizer trials were conducted for intensive irrigated rice cropping patterns mostly to provide fertilizer rate, but did not considered sustainable soil management for soil health. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of missing nutrient elements for a long time on rice yield, photosynthetic rate and residual soil fertility. Materials and Methods: The experiment was initiated on a permanent layout at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) farm, Gazipur during 2000 to 2008 in wet season. Seven treatments in randomized complete block design with four replications were imposed. Grain yield was determined at physiological maturity from three 5 m2 areas within each plot followed by bagging and threshing. Photosynthetic was measure by Li Cor 6400 (USA) machine during study period. Soil sample was analyzed for following standard methods. Results: It was found that grain yield was in decreasing trends for the missing elements that were similar with BR 11 and BRRI dhan 31. On an average, grain yield reductions were 11.6, 7.0, 10.6, 1.1 and 3.4 percent for -N, -P, -K, -S and -Zn, than complete fertilizer treatment (NPKSZn) respectively. Under no fertilization, the ability of soil was to produce 2.9 t·ha-1 of BR11 and 3.1 t·ha-1 of BRRI dhan 31 respectively. Photosynthetic rate of rice plant was always higher in complete fertilizer treatment (NPKSZn) than missing of any nutrient element. The decrease in photosynthetic rate was more pronounced with N missing than others for both the rice varieties. Conclusion: It is concluded that balance chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn) are to be used for sustained and/or increased rice production and to maintain soil fertility.

Effects of tridimensional uniform sowing on water consumption, nitrogen use, and yield in winter wheat

Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.

Alternate row mulching optimizes soil temperature and water conditions and improves wheat yield in dryland farming

Straw mulching allows for effective water storage in dryland wheat production. Finding a suitable straw mulching model that facilitates wheat growth was the objective of this study. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two straw mulching patterns （FM, full coverage within all the rows; HM, half coverage within alternate rows） and two mulching rates （4.5 and 9.0 t ha^-1） on soil moisture, soil temperature, grain yield, and water use efficiency （WUE） of winter wheat in northern China, with no mulching （M0） as the control. Results showed that mulching increased the soil water storage in all growth stages under high mulching rates, with a stronger effect in later growth stages. Water storage under the HM model was greater in later stages than under the FM model. Soil water content of HM groups was higher than that of FM groups, especially in surface soil layers. Evapotranspiration decreased in mulched groups and was higher under high mulching rates. Aboveground biomass during each growth stage under the HM model was higher than that under M0 and FM models with the same mulched rate, leading to a relatively higher grain yield under the HM model. Mulching increased WUE, a trend that was more obvious under HM9.0 treatment. Warming effect of soil temperature under the HM pattern persisted longer than under the FM model with the same mulching rates. Accumulated soil temperature under mulched treatments increased, and the period of negative soil temperature decreased by 9-12 days under FM and by 10-20 days under HM. Thus, the HM pattern with 9.0 t ha^-1 mulching rate is beneficial for both soil temperature and water content management and can contribute to high yields and high WUE for wheat production in China.

克拉美丽火山岩凝析气藏产水规律及产水模式

克拉美丽火山岩凝析气藏资源丰富,但由于储层岩相多变,裂缝发育,边底水活跃,导致气井在开发过程中产水普遍。准确识别气井水侵规律、产水特征及产水模式,对于气藏新区开发及老区调整具有重要的参考价值。通过对克拉美丽典型气藏地质及开发资料进行综合分析,结果表明,常规的适用于裂缝型产水气藏水侵识别方法存在一定局限性,结合数值模拟技术更有利于认清产水规律;气藏水侵及产水特征曲线显示主要产水来源为边底水,严重影响气井产能;数值模拟研究结果将气井产水模式分为5类,通过统计分析将研究区典型气藏98口气井实际产水曲线定性划分为5类,得到模拟曲线与实际生产曲线分类结果基本吻合。基于数值模拟的产水模式划分结果可靠程度高,该研究结果为火山岩凝析气藏气井的部署开发与实时调控提供借鉴。

不同生态种植模式对延胡索生长性状及产量的影响

探讨了不同生态种植模式对延胡索生长性状及产量的影响,以延胡索单作为对照,通过测定延胡索株高、叶面积、地上鲜重、地下茎数、地下块茎数量、地下鲜重、产量等指标,研究、分析不同生态种植模式对延胡索生长性状及产量的影响。结果表明:不同生态种植模式下延胡索的生长状况、产量均有所差异,根据地上部分性状-株高;地下部分性状-地下鲜重、地下块茎数;各小区鲜产由高至低的生态种植模式为延胡索与水稻水旱连作模式(Z3)>猕猴桃林下种植延胡索模式(Z1)>延胡索单作模式(CK)>柑橘林下间作延胡索模式(Z2)。相关性分析表明:延胡索叶面积与地上鲜重、地下茎数显著正相关;地下块茎数与株高、叶面积、地下鲜重、地下茎数显著正相关;产量与株高、地下鲜重、地下块茎数显著正相关。主成分分析表明:地上部分株高以及地下部分的地下块茎数、地下鲜重、地下茎数可以作为反映延胡索生长性状的主要指标。以期为延胡索“南药北移”、规模化推广生态种植技术提供理论依据和技术支撑。

1988-2020年新疆棉花生产格局与贡献因素

为摸清新疆棉花生产变化与增产格局,本研究基于1988—2020年新疆棉花生产相关数据,运用数理统计和重心模型等方法对新疆棉花生产时空格局进行分析,探讨了棉花增产格局与贡献因素。结果表明,1988年以来新疆棉花生产变化呈现两个阶段:波动增长时期(1988—2014年),棉花产量由17.12万t增至337.85万t,种植面积由22.13万hm^(2)增至197.00万hm^(2);波动下降时期(2015—2020年),棉花产量波动降至302.70万t,种植面积减至163.67万hm^(2)。1988—2020年,新疆大部分地市棉花产量、种植面积和单产显著增加,但各地差异明显,南疆在新疆棉花生产中地位突出,阿克苏、喀什和巴音郭楞三地对新疆棉花增产贡献为65.43%。北疆和东疆哈密棉花产量增速快于南疆地区,致使棉花生产重心向东北方向迁移300.96 km,由喀什迁移至阿克苏。从贡献因素看,新疆棉花增产主要为种植面积主导(74.61%),未来新疆应将提高棉花单产作为保障棉花产量的主要途径。

不同种植模式对玉米光合特性、产量及品质的影响

以6个不同熟期玉米品种为材料,于2020—2021年在河西走廊灌区不同地区开展试验,研究覆膜和露地两种种植模式对不同熟期玉米品种农艺性状、光合指标、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同地区两年参试品种在覆膜条件下的株高较露地种植提高3.96%,轴粗降低6.87%,其他农艺性状两种种植模式间差异不显著;品种间净光合速率(P n)、蒸腾速率(T r)、气孔导度(G s)和胞间CO 2浓度(C i)有所不同,但覆膜与露地种植模式间差异不显著;覆膜和露地种植处理的平均产量分别为16381.05 kg·hm^(-2)和16186.05 kg·hm^(-2),两模式间差异不显著;不同种植模式间的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、淀粉含量差异不显著。与露地种植模式相比,不同地区两个年份下早熟品种和中熟品种覆膜种植模式玉米产量分别平均降低5.30%和4.24%,晚熟品种玉米产量平均增加7.91%;与覆膜种植方式相比,露地种植早熟和中熟玉米品种的纯收入分别增加9.19%和6.99%,晚熟品种纯收入平均降低5.08%。综上所述,在河西走廊灌区,早熟和中熟玉米品种推荐选择露地种植,晚熟品种推荐采用覆膜种植。

不同混播模式对播种当年牧草产量和营养价值的影响

为探究不同混播模式对牧草产量和营养价值的影响,本试验通过设置11种混播模式,即4个豆科牧草混播模式[杂花苜蓿(Medicago varia)+红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)+百脉根(Lotus corniculatus)混播比例为1∶1∶1,1∶1∶2,1∶2∶1,2∶1∶1(Z1H1B1,Z1H1B2,Z1H2B1,Z2H1B1)],4个禾本科牧草混播模式[披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)+无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)+扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)混播比例为:1∶1∶1,1∶1∶2,1∶2∶1,2∶1∶1(W1P1B1,W1P1B2,W1P2B1,W2P1B1)]和3个豆科禾本科牧草混播混播模式[杂花苜蓿+红豆草+百脉根+披碱草+无芒雀麦+扁穗冰草豆禾比为1∶3,1∶1,3∶1(L25G75,L50G50,L75G25)],分析研究不同混播模式对牧草产量和营养价值的影响。结果表明:6种牧草混播模式下各牧草株高、密度、干物质产量均显著低于3种豆科牧草混播模式和3种禾本科牧草混播模式(P<0.05),且牧草粗蛋白含量和相对饲喂价值均显著低于3种豆科牧草混播模式(P<0.05),但高于3种禾本科牧草混播模式(P<0.05);在6种牧草混播模式中混播比例为1∶1时更有利于混播草地牧草干物质总量积累。

2000—2020年青藏高原产水服务时空分布格局及影响因素

产水服务是生态系统服务的重要组成部分,对生态系统平衡和区域可持续发展具有重要意义.青藏高原是“亚洲水塔”,是我国和亚洲的“江河源”,它提供了大量的淡水资源和产水服务.基于InVEST模型分析2000—2020年青藏高原产水服务时空分布及时空演变特征,利用地理探测器方法探究气候、植被、土壤、地形、土地利用等不同因素对青藏高原产水服务空间分异的驱动机制.结果表明,近20年来青藏高原产水量和降水量年际变化呈波动增加的趋势,且具有明显的空间分异性,产水量高值集中分布在青藏高原东南部,低值区主要分布在柴达木盆地和西部的阿里地区;青藏高原产水服务呈增加趋势、减少趋势和无明显变化的面积分别占79.08%,16.45%和4.47%,年降水量与实际蒸散量的交互作用对产水保持服务空间分异的影响最强.研究结果可以为区域水资源综合利用及合理配置提供科学支撑.

苦荞杂交后代株型性状和产量性状的遗传分析

【目的】对苦荞杂交后代株型性状和产量性状进行遗传分析,为矮秆苦荞新品种培育提供良好的理论依据。【方法】以株高差异较大的2个苦荞品种杂交F_(2)和F_(3)代群体为研究对象,分析其株高、主茎节数、一级分枝数、二级分枝数、茎粗、单株粒数、单株粒重和千粒重8个农艺性状的遗传规律,并对性状间的相关性进行分析。【结果】8个农艺性状在F_(2)和F_(3)群体中均出现超亲分离;主茎节数和千粒重的变异系数小于20.00%,单株粒数和单株粒重的变异系数大于50.00%,其他性状的变异系数为20.00%~40.00%。株高、主茎节数、单株粒数和单株粒重的加性方差小于显性方差,平均显性度均大于1.00;一级分枝数、二级分枝数、茎粗和千粒重的显性方差小于加性方差,平均显性度小于1.00。千粒重的狭义遗传率、广义遗传率和固定遗传率均大于其他性状。F_(3)代群体农艺性状间相关分析结果显示,株高和单株粒重均与单株粒数、千粒重、主茎节数、一级分枝数、二级分枝数和茎粗存在极显著正相关(P<0.01、P<0.001)。筛选出13个株高比母本矮、单株粒数和单株粒重比母本多的优良单株,其中有3个单株的株高比母本矮50 cm及以上。13个优良单株的农艺性状间相关分析结果显示,株高与主茎节数存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),单株粒重与茎粗、单株粒数存在极显著正相关(P<0.001),株高和单株粒重均与其他性状无显著相关(P>0.05)。【结论】苦荞矮秆高产育种过程中,由于千粒重与其他性状相关系数较小,且具有较高遗传率,可在杂交初期世代进行单株选择;株高与其他主要农艺性状存在显著或极显著正相关,则需要综合考虑性状间的相关性进行单株选择,才能达到选育高产矮秆苦荞品种的目的。

不同高寒草地生态区种植模式对饲草产量和营养品质的影响

研究燕麦(Avena sativa)分别与饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)、蚕豆(V.faba)混播及4种作物单播在高寒不同生态区的生产性能,探讨适宜各生态区的最佳种植模式,为高寒不同生态区一年生混播草地的栽培提供依据。结果表明:1)各混播组合间,燕麦+饲用豌豆组合的干草产量和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为10.56 t·hm^(−2)和16.15%;3种混播组合的粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、粗脂肪含量、中性洗涤纤维含量均介于燕麦单播和饲用豌豆、箭筈豌豆、蚕豆单播之间。2)各生态区间,燕麦和3种豆类的平均株高均随海拔高度的上升呈先增加后降低的趋势;门源的干草产量最高,为9.78 t·hm^(−2);除贵南外,粗蛋白含量亦随海拔高度的升高呈降低趋势,贵南的粗蛋白含量最高,为17.69%。3)综合评价得出,适宜各生态区种植的混播组合分别是祁连山流域门源和湟水谷地湟中的燕麦+饲用豌豆组合、三江源区贵南的燕麦+蚕豆组合、环青海湖区共和的燕麦+箭筈豌豆组合,干草产量分别为13.00和10.63、10.59、10.73 t·hm^(−2),粗蛋白含量分别为14.65%和16.11%、13.56%、12.01%;各生态区最佳混播组合的干草产量较燕麦单播分别增加了48.57%(门源)、23.17%(湟中)、23.00%(贵南)、47.80%(共和)。

不同耕作和施氮模式对淮北地区小麦干物质积累、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为明确不同耕作和施氮模式对淮北砂姜黑土地区小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响,以烟农19为试验材料,设置旋耕+氮肥基施(RW)、旋耕+氮肥后移(RA)、翻耕+氮肥基施(DW)和翻耕+氮肥后移(DA)共4个处理,开展了大田小区试验,考察不同处理下小麦花后光合特性、干物质积累、根系分布、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量的差异。结果表明,相同施氮模式下,翻耕较旋耕显著提升了小麦产量,增产的原因是穗数、穗粒数和粒重的显著增加;相同耕作模式下,氮肥后移(RA和DA)的产量较氮肥基施(RW和DW)分别提高了25.54%和17.94%。翻耕和氮肥后移均增强了花后旗叶抗氧化酶活性,降低了丙二醛含量,显著提高了旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率以及花后光合同化物积累对籽粒产量的贡献率和总干物质积累量。RA、DW、DA处理较RW处理均显著提高了开花期0~60 cm土层的根长密度、根干重密度及WUE,其中WUE增幅分别为21.35%、12.71%和31.21%。综合来看,在淮北砂姜黑土地区采用翻耕结合氮肥后移的种植模式能延缓小麦花后旗叶衰老,维持叶片光合能力,增加群体干物质积累量,促进根系生长,实现产量和WUE的协同提升。

不同种植模式和品种对棉花光合物质生产及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同种植模式与品种对棉花光合物质生产及产量的影响。【方法】试验于2022年在新疆阿克苏地区沙雅县海楼镇进行,选择2种不同株型结构的棉花品种源棉11号、新陆中80号、新陆中84号和J206-5,选用2种种植模式:76 cm等行距(1膜3行)和(66+10)cm宽窄行(1膜6行),设置田间试验分析不同种植模式及品种对棉花生育进程、植株形态、叶面积指数、净光合速率、干物质积累和产量的影响。【结果】不同棉花品种在1膜3行处理下较1膜6行处理生育期缩短4~6 d,株高、始果枝高度、果枝夹角和平均果枝长度受种植模式影响较大。盛铃前期之前,不同株型棉花品种在1膜3行处理下的叶面积指数较高。但随着生育期推移,株型松散型的源棉11号、J206-5和株型紧凑的新陆中80号、新陆中84号分别在1膜3行处理、1膜6行处理下叶面积指数下降幅度较小,在棉花生育后期能维持较高的叶面积指数。盛花期前,不同株型棉花品种的净光合速率均表现为1膜3行处理高于1膜6行处理,但在盛花期至吐絮阶段,株型松散型的源棉11号、J206-5和株型紧凑的新陆中80号、新陆中84号净光合速率分别在1膜3行处理、1膜6行处理下达到最大值且下降缓慢,延长了光合作用持续时间,有利于棉花后期产量形成。株型松散型的源棉11号、J206-5在1膜3行处理下较1膜6行处理皮棉产量增加15.45%~17.23%,株型紧凑的新陆中80号、新陆中84号在1膜6行处理下皮棉产量较1膜3行处理增产9.23%~12.00%。【结论】不同株型棉花品种应选择适宜的种植模式,才能进一步发挥其增产潜力。株型松散的棉花品种适宜在76 cm等行距下种植,株型紧凑的棉花品种适宜在(66+10)cm模式下种植。

种植方式对马铃薯生长及根区土壤细菌群落结构的影响

以‘华薯5号’为材料,于2022、2023年在湖南省株洲市开展大田栽培试验,研究不同种植方式对马铃薯生长、土壤化学性质及细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:高产高效方式(种植密度为82500株/hm^(2),施硫酸钾复合肥1125 kg/hm^(2)、有机肥1500 kg/hm^(2)、生物酶活化磷肥750 kg/hm^(2)、40%硫酸锌15 kg/hm^(2))的株高、茎粗高于农民方式(种植密度为67500株/hm^(2),施750kg/hm^(2)硫酸钾复合肥)和高产方式(种植密度为75000株/hm^(2),施1500 kg/hm^(2)硫酸钾复合肥);2022、2023年高产高效方式的产量分别为28.78、46.83 t/hm^(2),显著高于农民方式和高产方式的;高产高效方式的土壤pH、有机质(SOM)含量和脲酶活性均显著高于农民方式和高产方式的;高产方式显著提高了土壤水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量;采用高通量测序对不同种植方式马铃薯根区土壤细菌群落结构进行分析,结果表明,高产方式的OTUs、Chao1指数最高;主成分分析表明,农民方式与高产方式、高产高效方式的细菌群落组成差异较大,高产高效方式门水平上Proteobacteria和Deferribacterota相对丰度及属水平上Mucispirillum和Lactobacillus相对丰度均高于农民方式和高产方式;RDA分析表明,土壤pH、N、P、K、有机质含量及土壤脲酶活性是影响细菌群落结构的主要环境因子;SEM分析表明,土壤pH和SOM、N、P、K含量是提高马铃薯产量和改变土壤细菌多样性的主要驱动因子。综上所述,与农民方式、高产方式相比,高产高效方式能促进马铃薯植株生长,缓解土壤酸化和提高有机质含量,增加根区土壤细菌主要优势门的相对丰度,显著增加块茎产量。

种植模式和留瓜节位对大棚厚皮甜瓜光合特性及产量品质的影响

以厚皮甜瓜‘西州蜜25号’为试验材料,于临沂设施农业气象试验基地温室大棚内开展双因素裂区试验,设置2种种植模式(垄上单行D1和垄上双行D2)和3种留瓜节位(11-12节位R1、13-14节位R2和15-16节位R3)共6个处理,测定植株叶面积、光合参数、产量构成因素及果实品质,探究不同种植模式和留瓜节位对大棚厚皮甜瓜光合特性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:(1)垄上单行种植模式光合效率高于双行种植模式,单行种植模式下甜瓜果实果径、单果重和可溶性糖含量较双行种植模式分别显著增加2.4%、11.1%和9.5%(P<0.05)。留瓜节位高低对植株营养生长和生殖生长调节作用明显,R2处理植株光合特性、果长、果径及单果重均表现最佳,单果重分别较R1、R3处理增加9.41%和14.73%(P<0.05)。留瓜节位对甜瓜果实品质影响极显著(P<0.01),R1处理下可溶性糖含量最高,R2处理糖酸比最大,R3处理VC和可滴定酸含量最高。(2)种植模式和留瓜节位交互作用对厚皮甜瓜叶面积、SPAD及Pn、Ci、Gs、Tr影响显著(P<0.05),至成熟前D1R2处理叶片SPAD以及Pn、Gs、Tr值最大。交互作用对果长的影响显著(P<0.05),对果径、果形指数和单果重影响极显著(P<0.01),其中D1R1处理果径最大,D1R3处理果型指数最高;D1R2处理果长和单果重最大,平均单果重较其他处理最大增重达28.7%。交互作用对VC含量影响显著(P<0.05),对可滴定酸、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比影响极显著(P<0.01),其中D2R3处理VC含量最高,D1R3处理可滴定酸含量最高,D1R1处理可溶性糖含量最高,D1R2处理糖酸比最大。(3)在种植密度和功能叶数量(22500株·hm^(-2),25节打顶)相同情况下,垄上单行种植和13-14节位留瓜互作模式(D1R2处理)厚皮甜瓜产量、风味口感和VC含量评价指标得分最高,商品价值最佳,推荐该种植模式在北方早春大棚厚皮甜瓜立架栽培中应用推广。

不同复种模式下烤烟烟叶产质量差异分析

为了探究不同复种模式下烤烟烟叶产量与理化性质差异,以烤烟连作(T-C)为对照,设置烤烟—大豆(T-B)、烤烟—玉米(T-M)、烤烟—水稻(T-R)3种轮作模式处理,于2020—2021年在浏阳市达浒镇金田村同一块地上进行田间试验。结果表明:与T-C相比,T-B、T-M、T-R烤烟产量分别提高3.81%、27.55%和43.05%,烤烟产值分别提高5.75%、34.89%和55.62%,均价分别提高0.49、1.49、2.34元/kg;不同轮作模式烤烟上部叶(B2F)开片度提高0.72%~2.13%,含梗率降低4.41%~5.62%,总氮、钾、蛋白质含量分别提高16.50%~24.23%、21.84%~25.24%和7.84%~29.46%。相较于T-C处理,T-M和T-R中部叶的单叶质量分别提高16.32%、13.69%,叶面积指数分别提高6.37%、9.31%;各轮作模式上、中部烟叶的总氮、烟碱、钾、氯、蛋白质含量均大幅提高;而T-M和T-R处理烤后烟叶的糖氮比和施木克值均优于T-B和T-C处理。种植模式对烤烟上部叶的影响大于中部叶,与T-C处理相比,各轮作模式上部叶的烟叶可用性提高了5.83%~10.95%,但中部叶的差异不显著,以T-M处理的烟叶可用性最佳。相关分析表明,要提高烟叶可用性,需降低烟叶的总糖、还原糖与烟碱含量,提高总氮含量。综合分析,轮作可以提高烟叶的产量和产值,改善烤后烟叶化学成分协调性,提升烟叶品质,增强烟叶可用性,以T-R处理产值最高,T-M处理烟叶可用性最好。