A Cognitive Study of the Naming Elements of Chinese Dish Names Based on the Prominence Principle

The assortedness of Chinese food,together with the complexity of their naming elements,has ignited numerous scholars' interests in this field and prompted them to make abundant analyses of Chinese dish names.Most of them,however,were done in studies of traditional linguistics,rhetoric,translatology and cross-cultural communication.And studies,based on corpus,on the naming elements of Chinese dishes under cognitive linguistic theories almost remain a blank.This paper aims to conduct a quantitative analysis of 4,000 Chinese dish names(500 ones selected freely from each of the eight cuisines),based on the Prominence Principle,in order to identify the specific naming elements of Chinese dishes and forward related statistics and ratios.

An 8-Node Plane Hybrid Element for StructuralMechanics Problems Based on the Hellinger-Reissner Variational Principle

The finite element method (FEM) plays a valuable role in computer modeling and is beneficial to the mechanicaldesign of various structural parts. However, the elements produced by conventional FEM are easily inaccurate andunstable when applied. Therefore, developing new elements within the framework of the generalized variationalprinciple is of great significance. In this paper, an 8-node plane hybrid finite element with 15 parameters (PHQ8-15β) is developed for structural mechanics problems based on the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle.According to the design principle of Pian, 15 unknown parameters are adopted in the selection of stress modes toavoid the zero energy modes.Meanwhile, the stress functions within each element satisfy both the equilibrium andthe compatibility relations of plane stress problems. Subsequently, numerical examples are presented to illustrate theeffectiveness and robustness of the proposed finite element. Numerical results show that various common lockingbehaviors of plane elements can be overcome. The PH-Q8-15β element has excellent performance in all benchmarkproblems, especially for structures with varying cross sections. Furthermore, in bending problems, the reasonablemesh shape of the new element for curved edge structures is analyzed in detail, which can be a useful means toimprove numerical accuracy.

A first-principles study of B2 NiAl alloyed with rare earth elements Pr,Pm,Sm,and Eu

The structural,elastic,and electronic properties of NiAl alloyed with rare earth elements Pr,Pm,Sm,and Eu are investigated by using density functional theory（DFT）.The study suggests that Pr,Pm,Sm,and Eu all tend to be substituted for an Al site.Ni8Al7Pm possesses the largest ductility.Only the hardness and ductility of Ni8Al7Eu are enhanced simultaneously.The covalency strength of the Ni-Al bond in Ni8Al7Pm is higher than that in Ni8Al7Eu.The covalency strength of an Al-Al bond and that of a Ni-Ni bond in Ni8Al7Eu are higher than that in Ni8Al7Pm.The Ni-Pm bond and the Ni-Eu bond are covalent,and the covalency strength of the Ni-Pm bond is greater.The Al-Pm bond and the Al-Eu bond show great covalency strength and ionicity,respectively.

THE OPTIMAL CONTROL VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND FINITEELEMENTS ANALYSIS FOR VISCOPLASTIC DYNAMICS

This paper presents the optimal control variational principle for Perzyna modelwhich is one of the main constitutive relation of viscoplasticity in dynamics. And itcould also be transformed to solve the parametric quadratic programming problem.The FEM form of this problem and its implementation have also been discussed in thepaper.

Highly accurate symplectic element based on two variational principles

For the stability requirement of numerical resultants, the mathematical theory of classical mixed methods are relatively complex. However, generalized mixed methods are automatically stable, and their building process is simple and straightforward. In this paper, based on the seminal idea of the generalized mixed methods, a simple, stable, and highly accurate 8-node noncompatible symplectic element(NCSE8) was developed by the combination of the modified Hellinger-Reissner mixed variational principle and the minimum energy principle. To ensure the accuracy of in-plane stress results, a simultaneous equation approach was also suggested. Numerical experimentation shows that the accuracy of stress results of NCSE8 are nearly the same as that of displacement methods, and they are in good agreement with the exact solutions when the mesh is relatively fine. NCSE8 has advantages of the clearing concept, easy calculation by a finite element computer program, higher accuracy and wide applicability for various linear elasticity compressible and nearly incompressible material problems. It is possible that NCSE8 becomes even more advantageous for the fracture problems due to its better accuracy of stresses.

GURTIN VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION FOR DYNAMICAL PROBLEMS OF FLUID-SATURATED POROUS MEDIA

Based on the theory of porous media, a general Gurtin variational principle for the initial boundary value problem of dynamical response of fluid-saturated elastic porous media is developed by assuming infinitesimal deformation and incompressible constituents of the solid and fluid phase. The finite element formulation based on this variational principle is also derived. As the functional of the variational principle is a spatial integral of the convolution formulation, the general finite element discretization in space results in symmetrical differential-integral equations in the time domain. In some situations, the differential-integral equations can be reduced to symmetrical differential equations and, as a numerical example, it is employed to analyze the reflection of one-dimensional longitudinal wave in a fluid-saturated porous solid. The numerical results can provide further understanding of the wave propagation in porous media.

Base force element method of complementary energy principle for large rotation problems

Using the concept of the base forces, a new finite element method （base force element method, BFEM） based on the complementary energy principle is presented for accurate modeling of structures with large displacements and large rotations. First, the complementary energy of an element is described by taking the base forces as state variables, and is then separated into deformation and rotation parts for the case of large deformation. Second, the control equations of the BFEM based on the complementary energy principle are derived using the Lagrange multiplier method. Nonlinear procedure of the BFEM is then developed. Finally, several examples are analyzed to illustrate the reliability and accuracy of the BFEM.

A hybrid-stress element based on Hamilton principle

A novel hybrid-stress finite element method is proposed for constructing simple 4-node quadrilateral plane elements, and the new element is denoted as HH4-3fl here. Firstly, the theoretical basis of the traditional hybrid-stress elements, i.e., the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, is replaced by the Hamilton variational principle, in which the number of the stress variables is reduced from 3 to 2. Secondly, three stress parameters and corresponding trial functions are introduced into the system equations. Thirdly, the displacement fields of the conventional bilinear isoparametric element are employed in the new models. Finally, from the stationary condition, the stress parameters can be expressed in terms of the displacement parameters, and thus the new element stiffness matrices can be obtained. Since the required number of stress variables in the Hamilton variational principle is less than that in the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, and no additional incompatible displacement modes are considered, the new hybrid-stress element is simpler than the traditional ones. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of the stress solutions, two enhanced post-processing schemes are also proposed for element HH4-3β. Numerical examples show that the proposed model exhibits great improvements in both displacement and stress solutions, implying that the proposed technique is an effective way for developing simple finite element models with high performance.

Finite element analysis of mechanical structures based on fuzzy extend principle

Finite Element Analysis of mechanical structures with fuzzy parameters. Fuzziness transfer principle based on fuzzy extend principle and mapping connection of membership functions between fuzzy inputs (geometrical dimensions, loads and boundary conditions, etc.) and fuzzy responses (displacement, stress and strain etc.) are discussed in details.

First principles calculations of alloying element diffusion coefficients in Ni using the five-frequency model

The diffusion coefficients of several alloying elements（Al,Mo,Co,Ta,Ru,W,Cr,Re） in Ni are directly calculated using the five-frequency model and the first principles density functional theory.The correlation factors provided by the five-frequency model are explicitly calculated.The calculated diffusion coefficients show their excellent agreement with the available experimental data.Both the diffusion pre-factor（D 0） and the activation energy（Q） of impurity diffusion are obtained.The diffusion coefficients above 700 K are sorted in the following order：DAl〉DCr〉DCo〉DTa〉DMo〉DRu〉DW〉D Re.It is found that there is a positive correlation between the atomic radius of the solute and the jump energy of Ni that results in the rotation of the solute-vacancy pair（E 1）.The value of E 2-E 1（E 2 is the solute diffusion energy） and the correlation factor each also show a positive correlation.The larger atoms in the same series have lower diffusion activation energies and faster diffusion coefficients.

THE RANDOM VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In this paper, we introduced the random materials, geometrical shapes, force and displacement boundary condition directly into the functional variational formulations and developed a unified random variational principle and finite element method with the small parameter perturbation method. Numerical examples showed that the methods have the advantages of the simple and convenient program implementation, and are effective for the random mechanics problems.

VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF PERFORATED THIN PLATES AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR BUCKLING AND POST-BUCKLING ANALYSIS

On the basis of the general theory of perforated thin plates under large deflections, variational principles with deflection w and stress function F as variables are stated in detail.Based on these princi- ples,finite element method is established for analysing the buckling and post-buckling of perforated thin plates. It is found that the property of element is very complicated,owing to the multiple connexity of the region.

PARAMETRIC VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE BASED ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS WITH VORONOI FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The Voronoi cell finite element method （VCFEM） is adopted to overcome the limitations of the classic displacement based finite element method in the numerical simulation of heterogeneous materials. The parametric variational principle and quadratic programming method are developed for elastic-plastic Voronoi finite element analysis of two-dimensional problems. Finite element formulations are derived and a standard quadratic programming model is deduced from the elastic-plastic equations. Influence of microscopic heterogeneities on the overall mechanical response of heterogeneous materials is studied in detail. The overall properties of heterogeneous materials depend mostly on the size, shape and distribution of the material phases of the microstructure. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the method developed.

THE RANDOM VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE IN FINITE DEFORMATION OF ELASTICITY AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In the present paper, we hare mtroduced the random materials. loads. geometricalshapes, force and displacement boundary condition directly. into the functionalvariational formula, by. use of a small parameter perturbation method, a unifiedrandom variational principle in finite defomation of elastieity and nonlinear randomfinite element method are esiablished, and used.for reliability, analysis of structures.Numerical examples showed that the methods have the advontages of simple andconvenient program implementation and are effective for the probabilistic problems inmechanics.

A RECTANGULAR ELEMENT OF THIN PLATES BASED UPON THE GENERALIZED VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES

Based on generalized variational principles, an element called MR-12 was constructed for the static and dynamic analysis of thin plates with orthogonal anisotropy. Numerical results showed that this incompatible element converges very rapidly and has good accuracy. It was demonstrated that generalized varialional principles arc useful and effective in founding incompatible clement.Moreover, element MR-12 is easy for implementation since it does not differ very much from the common rectangular element R-12 of thin plate.

Inorganic Elements in Kernel of Amygdalus communis L. Measured Using ICP-OES Method

[Objective] The aim was to study on distribution of inorganic elements in kernel of Amygdalus communis L., providing reference for quality evaluation of A. communis L. species. [Method] Totally 26 species of inorganic elements in kernel, including Al, B, Be, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, Cd, As, Se, V, Hg, Cr and K were measured with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrum （ICP-OES） and principal components analysis （PCA）. [Result] A. communis L. of different species and in different factories showed a similar curve in content of inorganic elements; absolute contents of the elements differed significantly. In addition, the accumulated variance contribution of five principle factors achieved as high as 84.371% and the variance contribution made by the first three factors accounted for 67.546%, proving that Fe, Ti, Pb, Na, Se, Cu, Mo, K, Zn, Ni, Ca and Sr were characteristic elements. [Conclusion] The method, which is brief, rapid and accurate, can be used for determination of inorganic elements in kernel of A. communis L., providing theoretical references for further development and utilization of A. communis L.

Generalized variational principles for boundary value problem of electromagnetic field in electrodynamics

An expression of the generalized principle of virtual work for the boundary value problem of the linear and anisotropic electromagnetic field is given. Using Chien＇s method, a pair of generalized variational principles （GVPs） are established, which directly leads to all four Maxwell＇s equations, two intensity-potential equations, two constitutive equations, and eight boundary conditions. A family of constrained variational principles is derived sequentially. As additional verifications, two degenerated forms are obtained, equivalent to two known variational principles. Two modified GVPs are given to provide the hybrid finite element models for the present problem.

Kinematics and Dynamics of Deployable Structures with Scissor-Like-Elements Based on Screw Theory

Because the deployable structures are complex multi-loop structures and methods of derivation which lead to simpler kinematic and dynamic equations of motion are the subject of research effort, the kinematics and dynamics of deployable structures with scissor-like-elements are presented based on screw theory and the principle of virtual work respectively. According to the geometric characteristic of the deployable structure examined, the basic structural unit is the common scissor-like-element（SLE）. First, a spatial deployable structure, comprised of three SLEs, is defined, and the constraint topology graph is obtained. The equations of motion are then derived based on screw theory and the geometric nature of scissor elements. Second, to develop the dynamics of the whole deployable structure, the local coordinates of the SLEs and the Jacobian matrices of the center of mass of the deployable structure are derived. Then, the equivalent forces are assembled and added in the equations of motion based on the principle of virtual work. Finally, dynamic behavior and unfolded process of the deployable structure are simulated. Its figures of velocity, acceleration and input torque are obtained based on the simulate results. Screw theory not only provides an efficient solution formulation and theory guidance for complex multi-closed loop deployable structures, but also extends the method to solve dynamics of deployable structures. As an efficient mathematical tool, the simper equations of motion are derived based on screw theory.

THE MUTUAL VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE OF FREE WAVE PROPAGATION IN PERIODIC STRUCTURES

By taking infinite periodic beams as examples,the mutual variational principle for analyzing the free wave propagation in periodic structures is established and demonstrated through the use of the propaga- tion constant in the present paper,and the corresponding hierarchical finite element formulation is then de- rived.Thus,it provides the numerical analysis of that problem with a firm theoretical basis of variational prin- ciples,with which one may conveniently illustrate the mathematical and physical mechanisms of the wave prop- agation in periodic structures and the relationship with the natural vibration.The solution is discussed and ex- amples are given.

FORMULATION OF A SEMI-ANALYTICAL APPROACH BASEDON GURTIN VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE FOR DYNAMICRESPONSE OF GENERAL THIN PLATES

4 semi-analytical approach for the dynamic response of general thin plates whichemployes finite element discretization in space domain and a series of representation intime demain is developed on the basis of Curtin variational principles.The formulationof time series is also investigated so that the dynamic response of plates with arbitraryshape and boundary constraints can be achieved with adequate accuracy.