Modern Travelling Wave Based Fault Location Techniques for HVDC Transmission Lines

The modern travelling wave based fault location principles for transmission lines are analyzed.In order to apply the travelling wave principles to HVDC transmission lines,the special technical problems are studied.Based on this,a fault locating system for HVDC transmission lines is developed.The system can support modern double ended and single ended travelling wave princi- ples simultaneously,and it is composed of three different parts:travelling wave data acquisition and processing system,communication network and PC based master station.In the system,the fault generated transients are induced from the ground leads of the over-voltage suppression capacitors of an HVDC line through specially developed travelling wave couplers.The system was applied to 500 kV Gezhouba-Nanqiao(Shanghai)HVDC transmission line in China.Some field operation experiences are summarized,showing that the system has very high reliability and accuracy,and the maximum location error is about 3 km(not more than 0.3%of the total line length). Obviously,the application of the system is successful,and the fault location problem has finally been solved completely since the line operation.

A Novel Pilot Protection for VSC-HVDC Transmission Lines Based on Correlation Analysis

The control system of voltage source converter HVDC (VSC-HVDC) is complex and its fault tolerance ability is not sufficient, and correct rate of line protection device is not high. A novel pilot protection for VSC-HVDC transmission lines based on correlation analysis is proposed in this paper. In the principle, external fault is equivalent to a positive capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is 1;while the internal fault is equivalent to a negative capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is -1. Internal faults and external faults can be distinguished by judging the correlation coefficient. Theoretical analysis and PSCAD simulation experiments show that the new principle, which is simple, not affected by transition resistance, control type and line distributed capacitance current, can identify internal faults and external faults reliably and rapidly, having certain practical value.

Traveling Wave Characteristics Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded HVDC Transmission Line

The hybrid cascaded high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission system has various operation modes,and some operation modes have sharply increasing requirements for protection rapidity,while the traditional pilot differential protection(PDP)has poor rapidity,and even refuses to operate when faults occur on the DC line.Therefore,a novel pilot protection scheme based on traveling wave characteristics is proposed.First,the adaptability of the traditional PDP applied in engineering is analyzed for different operation modes.Then,the expressions of the forward traveling wave(FTW)and backward traveling wave(BTW)on the rectifier side and the inverter side are derived for different fault locations.From the theoretical derivation,the difference between the BTW and FTW on the rectifier side is less than zero,and the same is true on the inverter side.However,in the event of an external fault of DC line,the difference between the BTW and FTW at nearfault terminal protection installation point is greater than zero.Therefore,by summing over the product of the difference between BTW and FTW of the rectifier side and that of the inverter side,the fault identification criterion is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed pilot protection scheme can quickly and reliably identify the short-circuit faults of DC line in different operation modes.

Research on corona discharge suppression of high-voltage direct-current transmission lines based on dielectric-film-covered conductor

Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covered with dielectric film is proposed and implemented through a bench-scale setup.Compared with the bare conductor,the corona discharge suppression effect of the dielectric-film-covered conductor under positive polarity is studied from the composite field strength and ion current density using a line-plate experimental device.The influences of film thickness and film material on the corona discharge suppression effect are investigated.The charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of different film materials are also studied.The results show that the conductor covered with dielectric film has excellent ability to inhibit corona discharge.The ground-level composite field strength of the conductor covered with dielectric film is lower than its nominal field strength,and its ion current density is at the nA m^(−2) level.The corona threshold voltage can be promoted by increasing the film thickness,but the ability to inhibit corona discharge becomes weak.The larger the surface electric field strength,the more charge accumulated,but the faster the charge dissipation rate.Compared with polyvinyl chloride film,cross-linked polyethylene film has stronger charge accumulation ability and slower charge dissipation rate,which can better restrain the corona discharge of HVDC transmission lines.

Introduction of 500 kV Three Corges-Changzou Electric Power Transmission Project

To transmit electric power from ThreeGorges to East China, ±500 kV HVDC willbe adopted. The first transmission Iine will beconstructed from the Longquan (Yichang)Converter Station to the Zhengping(Changzhou) Inverter Station. This projectconnects the East China Power Network withthe Central China Power Network,coordinates the hydro and thermal electricpower, obtains the profit from timedifference and promotes the process of theinterconnection of the power networks of thewhole country.This paper gives the abstract of thesituation of the preliminary design, primaryresult and development tendency of the firstHVDC transmission project which transmitsthe electric power from Three Gorges to EastChina.

Single-end Protection Scheme Based on Transient Power Waveshape for Hybrid HVDC Transmission Lines

The recent in-depth development of hybrid highvoltage direct current(HVDC) transmission systems poses looming adaptability challenges to protection. The various and disparate direct current(DC) transmission topologies can profoundly affect the operating characteristics of DC transmission networks, which result in the lack of performance of conventional DC protection schemes in such topologies. This significantly limits the application of hybrid HVDC technologies. This paper proposes a single-end protection scheme based on the transient power waveshape for fast and sensitive detection and classification of different types of DC faults in hybrid HVDC transmission lines. The fault characteristics and their causes under different fault conditions are analyzed in detail with a pre-introduced linearized transient model of a hybrid HVDC transmission system, demonstrating that the formation of the fluctuation characteristics of local measurements is mainly determined by the buffering and absorption effects of lumped-parameter reactors on transient traveling-wave(TW) energy. Simulation results verify the sensitivity, rapidity, reliability, and anti-interference ability of the proposed scheme when applied to hybrid HVDC transmission lines. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the proposed scheme is adaptable to symmetric voltage-sourced converter(VSC) and conventional line-commutated converter(LCC) based HVDC transmission lines.

内陆清洁能源基地±800kV/10000MW直流外送拓扑设计

大力开发大规模清洁能源基地是国家“十四五”现代能源体系规划明确的重点任务。针对藏东南地区大规模水电、光伏送出场景,计及新能源基地海拔高、输电走廊受限问题,设计了±800 kV/10000 MW多直流电压等级混合直流、多直流电压等级柔直和四端混合直流系统送出拓扑。针对沙戈荒地区风电、光伏送出场景,设计了±800 kV/10000 MW三端柔直、四端柔直和多直流电压等级混合直流系统送出拓扑。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建了各拓扑方案的仿真模型,对比分析了各拓扑的技术特点。通过研究,以期为未来相关工程实践拓扑设计提供参考。

基于IGCT抑制换相失败的关键控制策略

针对基于电网换相换流器的高压直流(LCC-HVDC)输电系统因以晶闸管作为换流器件而存在的换相失败问题,以集成门极换流晶闸管(IGCT)在中国某背靠背高压直流工程中的应用为基础,首先介绍了IGCT型高压直流的拓扑及基本运行原理。接着,从兼顾换相失败抵御效果和IGCT阀的关断应力角度,提出了适应IGCT阀的关断策略。在此基础上,研究了不同类型交流故障对故障电流峰值的影响,提出了利用故障扰动系数动态调整电流控制器参数的策略,实现故障电流抑制和故障期间直流功率的稳定输送。最后,通过实时数字仿真(RTDS)验证了所提策略的正确性和有效性。

利用电流固有频率的VSC-HVDC直流输电线路故障定位

电压源换流器型直流输电(voltage source converterHVDC,VSC-HVDC)线路故障暂态过程中具有相对于交流线路更强的固有频率信号。由于VSC-HVDC直流输电线路两侧并联大电容,在高频的固有频率下系统阻抗可等效为电容阻抗,其值很小,行波在系统侧近似为全反射,因此,VSC-HVDC直流输电线路的固有频率只与故障距离和波速度有关。据此,提出通过对单端电流运用Prony算法进行频谱分析,获取其固有频率进而实现直流输电电路故障定位的方法。仿真结果表明该方法可实现VSC-HVDC直流输电线路的快速、准确定位。

利用电流频率特性的VSC-HVDC直流输电线路纵联保护

直流输电线路具有相对于交流线路更强的固有频率信号。结合电压源换流器型直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的系统结构,可得固有频率值与线路长度具有明确的函数关系。区外故障时,两侧固有频率主频与线路全长相关,频率差理论上为零;区内故障时,固有频率主频与故障点位置相关,非中点故障时频率差为一很大的值。据此,提出了通过Prony算法对电流进行频谱分析,计算两端的固有频率主频差,进而实现直流输电线路纵联频率保护的原理和保护主判据。针对中点处死区问题,提出了辅助判据。同时在PSCAD上搭建的VSC-HVDC系统上进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,该保护原理只利用两端电流信息,频率的传输无需严格同步,原理上不受过渡电阻的影响。

基于模型识别的VSC-HVDC直流输电线路方向元件

电压源换流器型直流输电(Voltage Source Converter HVDC,VSC-HVDC)直流线路两侧并联了大电容,在高频下系统侧阻抗可等效为并联电容阻抗。根据VSC-HVDC特有的系统结构,结合模型识别的基本思想,提出了一种VSC-HVDC直流输电线路方向元件方向判别原理。在高频范围内,采用时域算法,通过两种模型的模型误差、识别的电感值和电容值与实际值的差异构成方向判据。理论分析和仿真实验表明,该方法不受故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障点位置影响,在各种工况下均可快速可靠地判别故障方向。

基于S变换的HVDC输电线路纵联保护方法

传统的直流输电线路行波保护易受故障电阻的影响,作为后备保护的纵联差动保护动作速度慢,而且需两端数据同步,对此提出一种基于S变换的高压直流线路纵联保护新方法。理论分析表明,当故障发生在保护安装处的正方向时,保护检测到的电压和电流突变量的极性相反,而反方向故障时,二者的极性相同。根据此特征,提出利用S变换相角差的方法来识别两者的极性,进而判断故障的方向。此外,对于双极输电系统的单极接地故障类型,可根据两极电压突变量的S变换零频暂态能量和的比值差异实现故障选极。仿真结果表明,所提方法在各种故障情况下都能够有效地识别区内外故障、故障极以及雷击干扰,灵敏度高,可靠性强。

利用模量模型识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护新原理

电压源换流器型高压直流(VSC-HVDC)输电控制系统复杂,故障承受能力差,线路保护装置动作正确率不高。文中提出了一种利用模量模型识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护新原理。该原理将区外故障等效为正的电容模型,差动电流和差动电压导数相关系数为1;将区内故障等效为负的电容模型,差动电流和差动电压导数相关系数为-1。通过判别相关系数的正负,即可区分区内、区外故障。在实际运行中,VSC-HVDC输电系统多为双极运行,为降低极间电磁耦合的影响,采用了1模和0模量构成判据。理论分析和PSCAD仿真实验表明,新原理无需补偿输电线路电容电流,原理简单、易于整定,不受过渡电阻和控制特性的影响,在各种工况下均能快速可靠地区分区内、区外故障。

考虑直流控制系统影响的HVDC输电线路后备保护研究

在考虑直流控制系统影响的情况下,详细分析了HVDC输电线路区内、区外的故障特征以及直流控制系统的动作特性和控制状态。引入并分析了基于开关函数的交直流系统二次谐波计算等值模型。通过分析故障期间换流器触发角和直流侧二次谐波量的变化特征,提出了一种新的以换流器触发角为保护动作量,利用二次谐波分量闭锁的直流线路后备保护方案,给出了保护整定的理论计算方法。与直流线路纵联差动保护相比,该保护不因直流电流波动影响而被闭锁,保护动作时间较快;与微分欠压保护相比,具有更高的抗过渡电阻能力。通过PSCAD/EMTDC大量仿真计算,验证了该保护能可靠区分直流线路区内、区外故障,与直流线路纵联差动保护和微分欠压保护相比具有明显的优越性。

双极HVDC线路离子流电场计算及影响因素

高压直流输电线路运行时电晕形成的独特离子流电场对环境的影响已成为线路设计和环境影响评价的重要内容,而离子流电流密度和电场强度是表征离子流电场的重要特征参数。为此运用解析法计算了地面最大离子流电流密度和最大电场强度分布并分析了导线设计参数对它的影响。研究发现,运行电压较高时,导线高度、极间距是影响离子流电场的主要参数,与美国电力科学研究院的半经验公式法表达的规律一致。

多重网格法在HVDC线路离子流场数值计算中的应用

简要介绍了一种求解偏微分方程边值问题的有效方法——多重网格法,它比有限差分法和有限元法具有更高的计算效率和收敛速度。通过对HVDC线路非线性离子流场的计算表明,由多重网格法计算得到的结果比采用有限元法更接近于实际测量值。

基于PSCAD/EMTDC的HVDC接地极线路故障仿真

目前对接地极线路的故障保护研究还不够全面,在故障情况下不能快速可靠地判别故障类型,无法准确测算出故障距离,难以满足系统瞬时稳定性能的要求。为此,以PSCAD/EMTDC为分析仿真平台,建立高压直流(HVDC)输电系统模型。针对HVDC输电系统接地极线路可能出现的故障进行设置与仿真,分析接地极线路的故障特点,并进行单端行波故障测距。仿真结果与理论分析一致,表明所建立的模型符合实际,为更好地研究接地极线路的保护与故障测距提供了理论分析平台。

利用零模电流的VSC-HVDC输电线路单端量保护原理研究

电压源换流器型直流输电(Voltage Source Converter HVDC,VSC-HVDC)控制系统复杂,故障承受能力差,研究适用于VSC-HVDC系统的高性能保护十分必要。分析了三相两电平VSC-HVDC系统的结构特性及VSC-HVDC系统的零模网络,并在此基础上提出了一种单端电气量保护。该方法仅需单端电流量,对直流线路一端正负极电流之和进行积分得到零模电流,根据零模电流的幅值大小可以判断出区内单极故障,适用于正负极对称运行的三相两电平VSC-HVDC系统。算法简单可行,在时域进行,计算量小,对采样率要求低。利用PSCAD搭建VSC-HVDC系统进行仿真,仿真结果表明,该原理能够快速可靠地动作区内单极故障。

基于并联电容参数识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护

电压源换流器型高压直流(VSC-HVDC)输电线路两端并联有大电容,在故障发生瞬间,大电容迅速向故障点放电,对高频故障分量系统侧可等效为并联大电容。根据VSC-HVDC这种特有的系统结构,提出了一种基于并联电容参数识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护新原理。该保护原理采用时域算法,通过识别VSC-HVDC输电线路两侧的电容值来区分区内、区外故障。当直流输电线路发生区内故障时,能同时准确识别出线路两端的电容值;当直流输电线路发生区外故障时,不能同时准确识别出线路两端电容值。根据此特征,构造纵联保护判据。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该原理不受过渡电阻、故障类型、故障位置、控制方式和线路类型的影响,在各种工况下均能快速可靠地区分区内、区外故障,而且该方法计算简单,易于实现,具有一定的实用价值。