Optimization of Extraction Process of Yingshan Cloud Tea Polysaccharides by Response Surface Methodology

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the optimal process conditions for hot water extraction of polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea. [Methods] Based on single factor experiments, with the extraction rate of polysaccharides as the response value and liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time as investigation factors, the optimum extraction process for tea polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea was determined by Box-Behnken central componse design and response surface analysis method. [Results] Under the conditions of the liquid-to-solid ratio of 50∶1(ml/g), the extraction temperature at 94 ℃ and the extraction time of 210 min, the extraction rate of polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea reached 2.16%. [Conclusions] This study will provide theoretical basis and reference for subsequent related research.

Forming mechanism of hydrocarbon reservoirs in Yingshan Formation of Yuqi block in Akekule arch,Tarim Basin

The reservoir conditions,oil and gas charge history and accumulation phases were studied for Yingshan Formation of Yuqi block,and an oil and gas accumulation model was established by using the techniques of reservoir prediction,fluorescence thin section and fluid inclusion analysis under the guidance of the theories of oil and gas accumulation.The results indicate that the main rock types in Yingshan Formation are micrite and calcarenite.The carbonate reservoirs are of cave,fracture-pore and fracture types,and their physical properties are intermediate;there are at least four oil/gas charges,i.e.late Hercynian,Yanshanian,early Himalayan and middle Himalayan(Cenozoic).The most important charge periods are late Hercynian,early Himalayan and middle Himalayan;the oil and gas accumulation model is self source-lateral expulsion of hydrocarbon-multistage accumulation,or hydrocarbon sourced from and preserved in the same old rocks-long term expulsion of hydrocarbon-multistage accumulation.

Strike-Slip Faults and Their Control on Differential Hydrocarbon Enrichment in Carbonate Karst Reservoirs: A Case Study of Yingshan Formation on Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin

Objective Oil and gas are abundant in the Ordovician Yingshan Formation carbonate karst reservoirs on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift in the Tarim Basin, and have extremely complicated oil-gas-water distribution, however. The difference in burial depth of the reservoirs between east and west sides is up to 1000 m. Water-bearing formations exist between oil- and gas-bearing formations vertically and water-producing wells are drilled between oil- and gas-producing wells. Macroscopically, oil and gas occur at low positions, while water occurs at high positiona on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. The mechanism of differential hydrocarbon enrichment in heterogeneous reservoirs is by far not clarified, which has affected the efficient exploration and development of oil and gas fields in this area.

Transfer Behavior of Carbendazim from Dried Yingshan Yunwu Tea Leaves into Tea Infusions

Tea infusion is the main route of human exposure to pollutants in tea,and it is vital to investigate the transfer rate of pollutants from tea leaves to infusion.Carbendazim is a commonly used systemic fungicide,the transfer behavior of which in Yingshan Yunwu tea is not clear.Hence,this study firstly established the analytical method for determination of carbendazim with great accuracy and precision via modified QuEChERS method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection(UPLC-FLD).Then,the transfer behavior of carbendazim from tea leaves and infusion was systematically investigated.Results indicated that water temperature and proportion of tea to water ration would obviously increase the transfer rate of carbendazim,but times of infusion repetition showed negative correlation with the transfer rate of carbendazim.In addition,brewing time seemed to have lesser impact on the transfer rate.This study will be helpful for the risk assessment of carbendazim residue and provide the guidance for tea brewing.

Study on Rural Ecotourism Development in Yingshan Area of Chengyu Urban Agglomeration

Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration covers a large number of rural areas.These areas have unique topographic conditions,diverse landscape types,and beautiful natural environment,but the economic conditions are underdeveloped;the ecological environment is fragile and the tourism carrying capacity is low.At the same time,they are facing the problems of lack of tourism facilities and low management level of scenic spots.Taking Yingshan area as an example,this paper evaluates the rural tourism development conditions from the aspects of location conditions,complementarity of tourism resources,highlights of tourism resources,tourist source conditions,and ecological environment,and makes a detailed plan for the functional zoning and tourism products of rural tourism development.The research shows that in order to realize the sustainable development of rural tourism resources,Chengdu Chongqing urban agglomeration should take the global tourism concept as the scientific guidance,ecological protection as the premise,agricultural resources as the basis,and culture as the soul,carry out rational,orderly,and scientific rural ecotourism development,and create high-quality rural ecotourism products.

Factors controlling the development of carbonate reservoirs of Ordovician Yingshan formation in the Gucheng area, Tarim Basin

Deep carbonate rocks are important targets for oil and gas exploration in China. In recent years, significant oil/gas discoveries have been made in the deep carbonate sequences in the Tarim, Sichuan, Ordos, and Bohai Bay basins. Despite significant oil/gas discoveries, large-scale exploration has not been conducted in the Gucheng area in the Tarim Basin. To break the bottleneck restricting the petroleum exploration in the Gucheng area, this study analyzed the factors controlling the formation of carbonate reservoirs of the Yingshan Formation in the Gucheng area in detail based on the basic geological conditions of the study area and the data from cores, thin sections, well logging, testing, and 3-D seismic survey. The inner shallow-ramp in the Gucheng area acts as the main sedimentary facies zone for the development of high-quality reservoirs. The grainstones formed in the high-energy environment of the inner shallow-ramp laid the foundation for subsequent reservoir development in the study area. The dolomitized shoal grainstones in the inner shallow-ramp have well-developed intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolved pores due to later dolomitization, thus serving as high-quality reservoirs. Strike-slip faults are crucial to reservoir reformation and determine whether high production can be achieved in oil and gas exploitation in the study area. Moreover, later reformation by hydrothermal solutions also plays a constructive role in reservoir formation.

塔北地区鹰山组下段—蓬莱坝组白云岩成因及控储意义

为确定塔北地区中—下奥陶统鹰山组下段—蓬莱坝组白云岩成因,通过岩心及岩石薄片观察,利用阴极发光、X射线衍射有序度、碳氧稳定同位素、锶同位素和稀土元素组成及配分模式分析,并将岩石学与地球化学特征结合,开展了塔北地区鹰山组下段—蓬莱坝组白云石化作用研究。粉—微晶白云石和粉—细晶他形脏白云石由同生期高盐度海水白云石化作用形成,流体主要源自地表低温蒸发条件下的高盐度海水;粉—细晶自形白云石由早成岩期浅埋藏白云石化作用形成,流体主要源自奥陶纪海水,流体温度因埋藏加深而升高;鞍形白云石由早成岩期热液白云石化作用形成,流体主要源自奥陶纪海水,且有后期深部岩浆热液加入。同生期高盐度海水白云石化作用不产生储集空间,但由于区域局限,蒸发强烈,可伴随石膏沉淀,石膏溶蚀后形成储集空间;早成岩期浅埋藏白云石化作用可形成自形白云石,促进晶间孔的发育,成岩后期溶蚀流体易进入,溶蚀形成晶间溶孔和溶蚀孔隙;早成岩期热液白云石化作用不利于储集空间的形成。

川东北营山平昌地区凉高山组页岩天然裂缝发育特征及其形成演化模式研究

川东北营山平昌地区侏罗系凉高山组页岩油气显示活跃且多口井获得工业油气流,其油气资源勘探潜力巨大,而侏罗系页岩油气的富集程度及开发效果受控天然裂缝特征明显。本文综合利用野外、成像、岩心、薄片和CT扫描等多尺度裂缝表征手段,并结合脉体包裹体、碳氧同位素、岩石声发射和脉体U-Pb定年实验测试,重点揭示了研究区不同尺度天然裂缝的发育特征,明确了不同成因天然裂缝的形成期次并构建了其演化力学模式。结果表明:凉高山组页岩主要发育剪切缝、层面滑移缝、层理缝和流体超压缝等力学成因裂缝;构造变形区以发育NW和NE向高角度剖面剪切缝和网状张剪复合缝为主,裂缝密度高,纵向穿层规模大;平稳稳定区主要发育层理缝和流体超压缝及少量近EW和NNE向平面剪切缝,密度低,多充填。侏罗系主要经历了4个天然裂缝形成期:燕山早—中期(170~140 Ma)侏罗系快速埋藏形成以近SN和NE向垂直或水平的水力超压裂缝为主,纤维状方解石全充填;燕山晚期(100~80 Ma)发育NNE与近EW共轭平面剪切裂缝、NE向扩张缝和生烃超压缝;喜马拉雅早—中期(67~32 Ma)持续发育平面剪切缝、NW向剖面剪切缝和张性缝,以及层理缝;喜马拉雅晚期(15~6 Ma)表现为先存裂缝的活化和新生成少量近NNE向张性缝。受喜马拉雅晚期应力调整,早期形成近EW和NW向剪切缝开启有效,新生成的NNE向张性缝未充填较有效。该研究对于侏罗系多期构造复合下有效裂缝的定量预测和页岩油气富集有利区优选提供了重要支撑。

Facies logging identification of intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in Huoshiling Formation of Songliao Basin

Volcanic oil and gas reservoirs are generally buried deep,which leads to a high whole-well coring cost,and the degree of development and size of reservoirs are controlled by volcanic facies.Therefore,accurately identifying volcanic facies by logging curves not only provides the basis of volcanic reservoir prediction but also saves costs during exploration.The Songliao Basin is a‘fault-depression superimposed’composite basin with a typical binary filling structure.Abundant types of volcanic lithologies and facies are present in the Lishu fault depression.Volcanic activity is frequent during the sedimentary period of the Huoshiling Formation.Through systematic petrographic identification of the key exploratory well(SN165C)of the Lishu fault-depression,which is a whole-well core,it is found that the Huoshiling Formation in SN165C contains four facies and six subfacies,including the volcanic conduit facies(crypto explosive breccia subfacies),explosive facies(pyroclastic flow and thermal wave base subfacies),effusive facies(upper and lower subfacies),and volcanogenic sedimentary facies(pyroclastic sedimentary subfacies).Combining core,thin section,and logging data,the authors established identification markers and petrographic chart logging phases,and also interpreted the longitudinal variation in volcanic petro-graphic response characteristics to make the charts more applicable to this area's volcanic petrographic interpretation of the Huoshiling Formation.These charts can provide a basis for the further exploration and development of volcanic oil and gas in this area.

裂缝角度对碳酸盐岩应力敏感性影响研究

通过实验研究了不同角度天然裂缝与人工裂缝对致密碳酸盐岩渗透率的应力敏感性的影响以及人工裂缝多次循环加压、降压对致密碳酸盐岩的渗透率应力敏感性的影响。研究表明,随着有效应力的增大,岩样渗透率先大幅度下降后小幅度下降直至趋于稳定。所有岩样渗透率应力敏感程度随着裂缝角度的增大都有下降的趋势,人工裂缝岩样的渗透率应力敏感程度整体比天然裂缝发育岩样强。

塔中北部中下奥陶统鹰山组白云岩特征及成因

塔里木盆地塔中北部中下奥陶统鹰山组中白云岩和白云石化作用相当普遍,由台地相多种白云岩、灰质白云岩、白云质灰岩和灰岩的不等厚互层组成。其中的白云岩主要包括结晶白云岩、残余颗粒白云岩、残余灰质白云岩和隐藻白云岩等类型。通过对这些白云岩的产状、岩矿和地球化学等特征的分析,认为本区鹰山组白云岩以近地表蒸发海水交代成因为主,可以用潮坪环境蒸发白云石化作用模式和回流渗透白云石云化作用模式来解释。

塔中地区鹰山组岩溶储层表征与古地貌识别——基于电成像测井的解析

针对塔中地区鹰山组顶部风化壳的储层特征,以成像测井为手段,研究了岩溶古地貌表征和识别方法。利用成像测井进行单井岩溶要素表征,可精细识别的要素包括:基岩、古土壤层、裂缝、溶孔以及洞穴等;对岩溶要素进行二维和三维空间配套,综合划分了古土壤层、垂直淋滤带、水平潜流带等结构单元;根据现代岩溶发育知识,以岩溶带划分结果为依据,刻画和解释了古地貌。研究结果表明:研究区内鹰山组顶部发育岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶洼地3种地貌单元,整体表现为由sw向NE渐低的古地貌形态,其中十号带的西部单元为高地,垂直淋滤带发育;十号带与一号带之间为斜坡,水平潜流带发育;一号带为洼地,岩溶不发育。基于以上认识构建了塔中地区鹰山组顶部风化壳储层地质模型,进一步研究表明,绝大多数油气井位于岩溶高地及其周边的岩溶斜坡带,水井多位于远离高地的东部斜坡带或洼地,这表明塔中地区鹰山组顶部岩溶古地貌对成藏具有明显的控制作用。

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系鹰山组储层特征及岩溶模式

通过岩心观察、孔洞缝统计、测井、成岩演化等综合研究,指出玉北地区不同构造带之间奥陶系鹰山组风化壳储集空间类型及其性能存在较大差异,其中玉北NE向构造带鹰山组风化壳叠加多期岩溶,发育洞穴、孔洞、裂缝等多种储集空间,储集性能较好;平台区、玉东断洼区仅发育加里东中期Ⅰ幕岩溶,储集性能较差且多以裂缝+弱溶蚀孔为主;而鹰山组下部岩溶内幕在白云岩化作用下,发育大量顺层状溶蚀孔洞和裂缝性储层,但孔洞呈孤立状,连通性较差,未—半充填(油或方解石)。建立了该地区鹰山组岩溶储层发育模式,指出加里东中晚期—海西早期构造运动是控制古地貌、影响岩溶储层发育的主要原因。

塔里木盆地奥陶系鹰山组台内滩的特征与分布

塔里木盆地早奥陶世晚期进入伸展转向挤压的区域构造背景,造成台缘带挠曲下沉与台内地貌起伏,有利中下奥陶统鹰山组台内滩的发育。钻井资料表明鹰山组台内滩以中高能砂屑滩为主,台内滩主要分布在鹰山组上部,纵向上多旋回叠置,横向呈透镜状尖灭。通过井—震标定,鹰山组台内滩在地震响应上多具有平缓顶底面的丘状外部形态,内部多出现高频杂乱反射,有的出现多层斜交或前积反射,翼部围岩具有超覆与斜交反射,具有不同于围岩的强振幅特征。结合地震响应特征,利用地层厚度、地震属性等作图方法,可以进行台内滩的预测与识别。地震区域追踪判识表明,塔里木盆地中西部鹰山组台内滩发育,多呈团块状形态,大小不一,一般规模在100～300 km2,发育总面积达12 000 km2,集中分布区有塔北南缘、塔中北斜坡、和田河气田及其周缘等三大区块,并多沿古隆起斜坡分布。塔里木盆地台内滩类型多、分布广,是下古生界碳酸盐岩从台缘带向台内扩展的值得深入研究的有利探索领域。

塔北哈拉哈塘加里东期多期岩溶古地貌恢复与洞穴储层分布预测

为了认识塔里木盆地北部哈拉哈塘加里东期多期岩溶作用对奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层发育的控制机理，选择不同方法对各期古地貌进行恢复。结果表明良里塔格岩溶期古地貌以丘丛洼地、谷地为主，由北向南发育了多条深切河流，地震剖面证实河流常切穿至一间房组；前志留纪岩溶期，由北向南可划分为潜山岩溶区、碎屑岩浅覆盖岩溶区和厚层覆盖岩溶区，地势北高南低，北部潜山区以微岩溶地貌为主，未发育深切河谷，南部厚层覆盖区为碎屑岩山地，由北向南的水系，汇入碎屑岩尖灭线附近岩溶湖。通过钻录井、岩心、测井解释等资料统计，总结浅覆盖区洞穴型储层主要发育在两个带：一间房组顶面以下0—30m及50～110m，对应层位分别为一间房组和鹰山组，厚层覆盖区洞穴型储层主要发育在一间房组顶面以下0—40m，分带性不明显。结合断裂、古地貌、古水系等因素，认为浅覆盖区下部洞穴型储层及厚层覆盖区洞穴储层主要受控于良里塔格岩溶期径流带岩溶作用，该期南部深切河流为排泄点，控制了储层发育规模及走向。而浅覆盖区上部洞穴型储层受控于前志留纪岩溶期径流带岩溶作用，岩溶湖为径流排泄区，控制了上部洞穴储层发育。

塔里木盆地西克尔地区中奥陶统鹰山组生物礁沉积特征

在塔里木盆地中奥陶统鹰山组上段中发现生物礁(丘),造礁生物主要为Calathium,其次为钙藻、苔藓虫、海绵等。生物礁发育于开阔台地内隆起部位,属于台内点礁,形成于海退的大背景下,但未见暴露痕迹。礁体无礁前、礁后和礁翼之分,但自下而上可划分出礁基、礁核和礁盖3个亚相,礁基以棘屑灰岩为主,礁核以Calathium障积岩、藻-托盘粘结障积岩、缝洞及沟道充填物为主,礁盖以亮晶砂屑灰岩为主。生物礁演化经历了5个阶段,发育2个生态群落。

塔中地区下奥陶统鹰山组白云岩成因研究

塔中地区下奥陶统鹰山组作为塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的重要层系,发育大量白云岩优质储层,但受白云岩埋藏深度大、勘探程度低等因素的影响,对其成因方面的认识有待深入研究。文中利用8口井的钻井取心资料,对鹰山组白云岩的岩石学特征及地球化学特征进行了分析。结果表明:研究区发育5种类型的白云岩,白云岩的C和O同位素偏轻,Sr同位素含量较高。结合微量元素、阴极发光等地化特征,认为鹰山组白云岩具有深埋藏、热液和近地表蒸发海水成因。

塔里木盆地台盆区中西部中下奥陶统鹰山组沉积环境研究

关于鹰山组的等时性,前人已作过论述,在此基础上,通过露头、地震相、地层等厚图和岩心分析等手段,恢复了鹰山组沉积环境,明确了以下几个问题:1)道保湾阶和大湾阶台地边缘相带展布及台地边缘类型,指出台带边缘相带上高能礁滩体分布的不连续性;2)碳酸盐台地台缘滩和台内滩广泛发育,滩体形状多为长条形或椭圆型,其走向多平行于台地边缘;3)台地内部有台内洼地存在,台内洼地周围有颗粒滩和生物丘分布,通常在迎风面为滩体,在背风面为生物丘。台内洼地内的沉积物通常是"深水"的富含有机质的碳酸盐,具有较好的生油条件。

塔北哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层特征及成因模式

塔里木盆地北部哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系岩溶型储层油气勘探近年来获得了重大突破,其主要勘探目的层系为鹰山组—一间房组碳酸盐岩,进一步深化碳酸盐岩岩溶储层认识对于加快塔里木盆地海相油气勘探具有重要意义。在分析区域地质背景的基础上,结合钻井、岩心、测井、地震等资料,对研究区鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层特征以及储层发育主控因素和成因演化模式进行了深入研究。研究认为,鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层基质孔渗条件差,基质孔隙不能单独成为有利的油气储集空间,储层储集空间主要为溶蚀孔洞以及裂缝系统。储层经历的岩溶作用类型主要有(准)同生岩溶作用、风化岩溶作用以及埋藏热液岩溶作用等,各种岩溶作用的多期叠加改造使得鹰山组—一间房组岩溶储层极为发育。通过对储层成因过程的研究分析,认为构造隆升为岩溶储层的发育提供了有利条件并控制了储层发育格局;多期岩溶作用是形成岩溶储层的关键因素;断裂及裂缝的发育促进了岩溶储层的形成并改善了储层的储集性能。

断裂活动对塔中地区鹰山组碳酸盐岩储集层的影响

塔中地区下奥陶统鹰山组碳酸盐岩储集层由于受到断裂活动的影响而发生了一系列的变化,其主要体现在3个方面:断裂附近的储集层中形成了与断裂活动相关的裂缝,产生了一个高孔-渗带,多级次、多方位裂缝的发育与沟通使得碳酸盐岩的储集性能得以改善;断裂及其所产生的裂缝可作为深部流体的运移通道,由此储集层中大多发生了溶蚀作用、交代作用和白云岩化作用等建设性的改造作用;近地表断裂活动沟通地表水,使岩溶作用深度加大,导致溶蚀和裂缝的发育深度增加,有效储集空间增大。