Assessing Water Resources Access of Nouhao Sub-Basin, Burkina Faso

Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 the basin was covered by 1249 modern water point, main drinking water sources. On average, the sub-basin shows a ratio of 271 users per drinking water point. Communal level shows some disparity with Bittou recording the highest number of people per drinking water point, i.e., around 537. Water that can be captured in the entire sub-basin meets only 42% of the total water needs from the three mains uses: irrigation, domestic consumption and livestock. The highest demander among these uses is Irrigation with 75% of the need, i.e., approximately 12,859,995 m3. Water in 33% drinking sources of this sub basin is of poor quality. Arsenic, one of the quality parameters studied, is found in some communes of the sub-basin. 11% of the water points in Bissiga are arsenic polluted making this commune the most arsenic contaminated location. The vulnerability maps deducted from lack of water for uses;lack of drinking water works and poor water quality shows so, the exposure level of the sub-basin’ communes to some potential risks related to low water resources access.

Assessment of Climate Change’s Impacts on River Flows in the Songwe Sub-Basin

River flow in the Songwe sub-basin is predicted to alter due to climate change, which would have an impact on aquatic habitats, infrastructure, and people’s way of life. Therefore, the influence of climate change should be taken into account when making decisions about the sustainable management of water resources in the sub-basin. This study looked into how river discharge would react to climate change in the future. By contrasting hydrological characteristics simulated under historical climate (1981-2010) with projected climate (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) under two emission scenarios, the effects of climate change on river flow were evaluated (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). The ensemble average of four CORDEX regional climate models was built to address the issue of uncertainty introduced by the climate models. The SWAT model was force-calibrated using the results from the generated ensemble average for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios in order to mimic the river flow during past (1981-2010) and future (2011-2100) events. The increase in river flows for the Songwe sub-basin is predicted to be largest during the rainy season by both the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Under RCP 8.5, the abrupt decrease in river flow is anticipated to reach its maximum in March 2037, when the discharge will be 44.84 m3/sec, and in March 2027, when the discharge will be 48 m3/sec. The extreme surge in river flow will peak, according to the RCA4, in February 2023, in April 2083 under RCP 4.5, and, according to the CCLM4 and RCA4, in November 2027 and November 2046, respectively. The expected decrease and increase in river flow throughout both the dry and wet seasons may have an impact on the management of the sub-water basin’s resources, biodiversity, and hydraulic structures. The right adaptations and mitigation strategies should be adopted in order to lessen the negative consequences of climate change on precipitation, temperature, and river flow in the sub-basin.

伊宁1井和伊宁2井井水温梯度测量及结果分析

通过对喀什河断裂带上、下盘的伊宁2井和伊宁1井进行水温梯度测量和水样水化学分析,结合区域地质资料和井孔柱状图,分析两口观测井的水温梯度变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,伊宁1井水温变化以地温控制为主,伊宁2井水温受补给水源水温和地温的综合影响;伊宁1井地下水的水岩反应程度和循环深度均高于伊宁2井,不同水岩反应程度和循环深度的补给水源会在一定程度上影响观测井的水温梯度变化。地层裂隙发育程度和含水层分布情况是导致水温梯度表现出复杂变化特征的主要因素,伊宁2井所处区域岩体相对破碎,裂隙发育,水温梯度波动大;伊宁1井所处区域岩体相对完整,水温梯度相对稳定。

伊宁矿区北区西山窑组煤中稀土元素地球化学特征

煤中稀土元素具有重要的地质环境指示作用,也是潜在的稀土矿产接替资源。在伊宁矿区北区采集了西山窑组4个主采煤层的煤样进行了煤质与稀土元素地球化学测试分析。结果表明,西山窑组煤具有低灰、低硫、高挥发分、高发热量的特点,煤灰组分以Si、Al、Ca、Mg氧化物为主;煤中稀土元素含量为4.48~36.52µg/g,低于煤层顶板(36.68~191.35µg/g),其中7^(#)、6^(-2#)煤中稀土元素含量较低,为平坦型,具有Ce负异常;6^(-1#)、5^(#)煤中稀土元素含量较高,为左倾型,具有Ce轻微负异常、δEu略小于1的特点;煤中稀土元素与中酸性岩浆岩有关,以黏土矿物吸附的形式赋存。综合分析认为西山窑组沉积时期气候干热、以氧化环境为主,水深由7^(#)煤层到5^(#)煤层变浅,陆源碎屑对煤层成分影响较大。

伊宁市历史文化街区句法分析——以六星街为例

文化历史街区是城市文化遗产真实性和完整性的代表之一,蕴藏城市独有历史文化内涵。文章以伊宁市历史文化街区—六星街为研究对象,对街区分层级构建评价模型并进行空间句法分析,结合实地考察对评价模型进行验证。结果表明:句法能为六星街历史文化街区研究提供量化分析和参数表达,整合度和选择度的高值主要在工人街、赛依拉木街和黎光街三条主街道,支巷空间不易感知到街区整体空间;可理解度在主街与支巷的节点处呈现高值;庭院全局空间具有较强的开放性,可达性和可穿越性均较高且东西厢房具有一定私密性。文章揭示六星街历史文化街区空间形态特征及成因,并对街区在街区层、巷道层和庭院层存在的问题提出建议,为今后街区保护和更新提供理论参考。

基于InSAR技术的伊宁县滑坡早期识别

针对伊犁地区受冻融作用和降水影响致使境内滑坡灾害频发的现状,本文以伊宁县为研究对象,联合2020年1月至2021年12月的Sentinel-A数据和2016年5月至2020年5月的ALOS-2数据,采用Stacking-InSAR技术和SBAS-InSAR技术获取研究区地表形变信息,结合光学遥感解译共识别潜在滑坡418处,并对典型地质灾害区域滑坡识别结果进行了野外验证。分析两种时序InSAR技术的优缺点,构建了伊宁县滑坡InSAR早期识别方法。引入降水量数据结合伊宁县气候特征对胡吉尔特滑坡群时空演化特征进行分析,推断可知冻融作用和降雨为区内滑坡灾害的主要诱发因子,且冻融期形变速率大于降雨期。区内滑坡主要分布在坡度10°~30°,坡向以阴坡为主,距断裂带小于5 km的互层状较软弱以砂岩、砾岩、砂砾石和亚砂土为主的岩组。研究结果表明了InSAR技术识别伊宁县滑坡的可靠性,可为当地灾害防治提供技术参考和科学依据。

新疆伊宁地块坎苏一带LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄新资料及其地层归属

新疆伊宁地块坎苏一带原划泥盆纪坎苏组(变质)火山岩缺乏时代依据,前人或将其归为长城纪,或归为中—晚泥盆世,或归为晚石炭世,地层名称和区域对比也受此影响使用极混乱。在本区进行1∶5万区域地质调查时,对该套地层进行了层序恢复、原岩恢复,并对火山岩类进行了元素地球化学分析和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。研究认为,该套原划泥盆纪坎苏组(变质)火山岩中浅紫红色粗面岩和灰白色云母化英安岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为315.6±1.6 Ma和306.6±1.2 Ma,侵入于火山岩中的正长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为298.2±1.5 Ma,限定该套火山岩地质时代为晚石炭世。该套火山岩尽管遭受了较强烈的花岗岩类叠加变质和混染作用,但仍显示出大陆裂谷构造环境信息,总体与区域上的晚石炭世伊什基里克组可对比。据此,将原划泥盆纪坎苏组新厘定为晚石炭世伊什基里克组,为该套火山地层时代归属及区域对比提供了确凿证据。

伊宁市冬小麦产量预报模型研究

基于1976—2019年伊宁市冬小麦单产数据和气象资料,分析伊宁市近43 a冬小麦单产的变化情况,得到伊宁市冬小麦趋势产量的计算方程;计算出小麦气象产量,选取冬小麦生长期间的气温、降水和日照时数等的旬月值,分析气象产量与气象因子之间的关系,找出影响小麦产量的关键发育时段和主要影响因子,结合小麦生长发育状况,挑选出冬小麦气象产量预报因子,建立小麦气象产量预报方程,最后得出伊宁市冬小麦产量预报方程。经近4 a实际单产数据验证,预测效果较好,可以在业务中使用。研究结果可用于指导生产,指导农民改进冬小麦种植及田间管理方式,还可为政府部门制定保障粮食安全的决策提供科学依据。

Research on Regional Land Use Structure Change and Influencing Factors——A Case Study of Yining City in Xinjiang

This paper analyzes the land use status and land use structure change in 1995-2004 in Yining City, revealing that the agricultural land area has decreased rapidly, and construction land has increased dramatically. Moreover, this paper inves- tigates the relation of economy, urbanization, location, land system policy with land use structure, and puts forward rationalization proposal for optimization of land use structure, to provide reference for land use measurements in the future.

伊宁市降水酸碱度变化趋势与气象因子的关系

利用1993—2020年伊宁市酸雨观测资料,结合相关地面气象资料,统计分析伊宁市pH值和电导率(K值)变化趋势,研究其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:近年来伊宁市年平均pH值呈波动下降趋势,2003—2005年、2015—2020年已发展为轻酸雨区;降水酸性在秋冬两季显著增强,冬季降水pH值最低、酸雨发生概率最大;pH值在2002年发生由大到小的突变,酸雨呈增多趋势;年平均K值明显上升,1997年发生由小到大的突变,说明大气降水洁净程度降低,污染呈增加趋势,利于酸雨形成;酸雨发生概率在小雨量级出现最大,随量级增大呈显著下降趋势;降水呈酸性时地面主导风向为偏西风,pH值与降水量呈负相关、与风速呈正相关,K值与降水量呈负相关、与风速呈负相关;雾有利于增强降水酸度和酸雨发生概率;硫化物排放量增大致使大气污染日趋严重,酸雨发生概率呈上升态势。

Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary characteristics and extension model of the Northwest Sub-basin,South China Sea

Based on the interpretations of three seismic profiles and one wide-angle seismic profile across the Northwest Sub-basin,South China Sea.stratigraphic sequences,deformation characteristics and an extension model for this sub-basin have been worked out.Three tectonic-stratigraphic units are determined.Detailed analyses of extension show that the event occurred mainly during the Paleogene and resulted in the formation of half-grabens or grabens distributed symmetrically around the spreading center.Sediments are characterized by chaotic and discontinuous reflectors,indicating clastic sediments. Farther to the southwest,the sub-basin features mainly continental rifting instead of sea-floor spreading. The rifting would have been controlled by the shape of the massif and developed just along the northern edge of the Zhongsha-Xisha Block,rather than joined the Xisha Trough.After 25 Ma.a southward ridge jump triggered the opening of the Southwest Sub-basin.The NW-directed stress caused by the sea-floor spreading of the Northwest Sub-basin may have prevented the continuous opening of the sub-basin.After that the Northwest Sub-basin experienced thermal cooling and exhibited broad subsidence.The deep crustal structure shown by the velocity model from a wide-angle seismic profile is also symmetrical around the spreading center,which indicates that the Northwest Sub-basin might have opened in a pure shear model.

Identification and Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Heihe River, Northwest China

Hydro-chemical characteristics of groundwater and their changes as affected by human activities were studied in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, to understand the groundwater evolution, to identify the predominant geochemical processes taking place along the horizontal groundwater flow path, and to characterize anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater environment based on previous data. The concentrations of major ions and total dissolved solids （TDS） in the groundwater showed a great variation, with 62.5% of the samples being brackish （TDS ≥ 1 000 mg L^-l）. The groundwater system showed a gradual hydro-chemical zonation composed of Na^＋ -HCO3^-, Na^＋ -Mg^2＋ -SO4 ^2 -Cl^-, and Na^＋ -Cl^-. The relationships among the dissolved species allowed identification of the origin of solutes and the processes that generated the observed water compositions. The dissolution of halite, dolomite, and 2- gypsum explained, in part, the presence of Na^＋, K^＋, Cl^-, SO^4 , and Ca^2＋, but other processes, such as mixing, Na^＋ exchange for Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋, and calcite precipitation also contributed to the composition of water. Human activity, in particular large-scale water resources development associated with dramatic population growth in the last 50 years, has led to tremendous changes in the groundwater regime, which reflected in surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality. Solving these largely anthropogenic problems requires concerted, massive and long-term efforts.

Petrogenesis of Early Carboniferous Alkaline Basalt from the Wusun Mountain:Implications for Tectonic Evolution of the Western Yining Block,NW China

Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks are well exposed in the Yining Block,NW China,and are predominately composed of andesites,rhyolites and volcaniclastics as well as minor basalts.Study of the petrology,whole-rock geochemistry and zircon U-Pb dating for the Early Carboniferous alkaline basalts from Wusun Mountain,western Yining Block,constrains their petrogenesis and tectonic evolution.The alkaline basalts consist mainly of plagioclases,mostly albite and labradorite,as well as clinopyroxenes and olivines;zircon U-Pb dating indicates their formation at ca.350 Ma.Geochemically,the basaltic samples have low SiO_(2)contents,and high TiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3)and alkaline contents,coupled with high Na_(2)O/K_(2)O ratios,displaying an alkaline basalt affinity.They show remarkable LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion.Meantime,these samples have relatively high TFe_(2)O_(3),MgO,and Mg#values as well as Ni and Cr,relatively high Sm/Yb and U/Th,suggesting origination from a mantle source metasomatized by slab fluids.They formed in a transitional tectonic setting from arc to intraplate,showing a typical affinity of back-arc basin basalts.The alkaline basalts were likely generated in a nascent back-arc extension setting resulting from slab rollback of the southern Tianshan oceanic lithosphere.A bidirectional subduction model seems more reasonable for the evolution of the southern Tianshan Ocean.These new data will provide a new tectonic model for Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the western Yining Block.

Analysing the relationship between drought and soil erosion using vegetation health index and RUSLE models in Godavari middle sub-basin,India

Drought is a natural phenomenon posing severe implications for soil,groundwater and agricultural yield.It has been recognized as one of the most pervasive global change drivers to affect the soil.Soil being a weakly renewable resource takes a long time to form,but it takes no time to degrade.However,the response of soil to drought conditions as soil loss is not manifested in the existing literature.Thus,this study makes a concerted effort to analyze the relationship between drought conditions and soil erosion in the middle sub-basin of the Godavari River in India.MODIS remote sensing data was utilized for driving drought indices during 2000-2019.Firstly,we constricted Temperature condition index(TCI)and Vegetation Condition Index(VCI)from Land Surface Temperature(LST)and Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI)derived from MODIS data.TCI and VCI were then integrated to determine the Vegetation Health Index(VHI).Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)was utilized for estimating soil loss.The relationship between drought condition and vegetation was ascertained using the Pearson correlation.Most of the northern and southern watersheds experienced severe drought condition in the sub-basin during2000-2019.The mean frequency of the drought occurrence was 7.95 months.The average soil erosion in the sub-basin was estimated to be 9.88 t ha^(-1)year^(-1).A positive relationship was observed between drought indices and soil erosion values(r value being 0.35).However,wide variations were observed in the distribution of spatial correlation.Among various factors,the slope length and steepness were found to be the main drivers of soil erosion in the sub-basin.Thus,the study calls for policy measures to lessen the impact of drought and soil erosion.

Climate Change Induced Vulnerability of Smallholder Farmers: Agroecology-Based Analysis in the Muger Sub-Basin of the Upper Blue-Nile Basin of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is also frequently identified as a country that is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. The potential adverse effects of climate change on Ethiopia’s agricultural sector are a major concern, particularly given the country’s dependence on agricultural production, which is sensitive to climate change and variability. This problem calls the need to understand agroecology based vulnerability to climate change and variability to better adapt to climate risks and promote strategies for local communities so as to enhance food security. The objective of this study is to estimate and compare the level of vulnerability of smallholder farmers’ to climate change and variability from three agroecology representing Muger River sub-Basin of the upper Blue Nile basin using Livelihood Vulnerability Index. The research used quantitative and qualitative data collected through Focussed Group Discussions, key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey of 442 sampled households across three different agro-ecologies in the sub-basin. The results reveal that along with the different agro-ecological zone, households and communities experienced different degrees of climate vulnerability. These differences are largely explained by differences in exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers. The livelihood vulnerability analysis reveals that Kolla agroecology exhibits relatively low adaptive capacity, higher sensitivity and higher exposure to climate change and variability that is deemed to be the most vulnerable agroecology. These contributing factors to a vulnerability in Kolla agroecology are largely influenced by assets, livelihood diversification, innovation, infrastructure, socio-demographic factors, social capital, agriculture, food security, and natural disasters and climate variability. The result furthermore shows that Dega agroecology has least vulnerable owing to its higher adaptive capacity. These results suggest that designing agroecology based resilience-building adaptation strategies is crucial to reduce the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability.

3D Modelling from New and Existing Gravity Data of an Intrusive Body in the Northern Part of Kribi-Campo Sub-Basin in Cameroon

A new gravity survey was carried out in the northern part of the onshore Kribi- Campo sub-basin in Cameroon. The data were incorporated to the existing ones and then analyzed and modeled in order to elucidate the subsurface structure of the area. The area is characterized in its north-western part by considerably high positive anomalies indicative of the presence of a dense intrusive body. We find, 1) from the analysis of the gravity residual anomaly map, the high positive anomalies observed are the signature of a shallow dense structure;2) from the multi-scale analysis of the maxima of the horizontal gradient, the structure is confined between depths of 0.5 km and 5 km;3) from the quantitative interpretation of residual anomalies by spectral analysis, the depth to the upper surface of the intrusive body is not uniform, the average depth of the bottom is h1 = 3.6 km and the depths to particular sections of the roof of the intrusion are h2 = 1.6 km and h3 = 0.5 km;4) and the 3D modeling gives results that are suggestive of the presence of contacts between rocks of different densities at different depths and a dense intrusive igneous body in the upper crust of the Kribi zone. From the 3D model the dense intrusive igneous block is surrounded by sedimentary formations to the south-west and metamorphic formations to the north-east. Both formations have a density of about 2.74 g/cm3. The near surface portions of this igneous block lie at a depth range of 0.5 km to 1.5 km while its lower surface has a depth range of 3.6 km to 5.2 km. The shape of the edges and the bottom of the intrusive body are suggestive of the fact that it forms part of a broader structure underlying the Kribi-Campo sub-basin with a great influence on the sedimentary cover.

Geochemistry of Cretaceous Mudrocks and Sandstones from Douala Sub-Basin, Kumba Area, South West Cameroon: Constraints on Provenance, Source Rock Weathering, Paleo-Oxidation Conditions and Tectonic Environment

Geochemical data of fifteen Cretaceous sediment samples from Kumba area in the Douala sub-basin are presented to determine the provenance, source rock weathering, tectonic setting and paleo-oxidation conditions of the depositional setting of these rocks. For this purpose, the whole-rocks were analyzed for their major and trace element, including rare earth elements (REEs), contents by ICP-AES and ICP-MS methods respectively. On the basis of their major element composition, the rocks have been classified mainly as Fe-shale, shale, arkose and Fe-sandstone. For the provenance, the plot of Zr vs. TiO2, Y/Ni vs. Cr/V, TiO2 vs. Al2O3 diagrams, high LREE/HREE ratios (5.84 to 20.91) and negative and positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.87 to 1.62) suggest that the studied rocks were mainly derived from felsic igneous rocks with lesser contribution of mafic components. The higher values of paleo-weathering indices such as Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA) and Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), ranging from 79.63 to 99.90 and 87.57 to 99.92 respectively, suggest that the sediments and their potential source rocks experienced intense weathering. Whereas the variable Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values (63.01 to 99.50) coupled with high content of K2O (up to 7.5) in most samples could be indicative of K-addition diagenetic processes. The A-CN-K plot also suggests a possible K-addition. The redox conditions during the sedimentation were suboxic to oxic as evidenced by the Ce anomalies of 0.88 to 1.03. This is also confirmed by the values of Ni/Co (less than 7), U/Th (less than 1.25) and Cu/Zn (mostly less than 1). Tectonic discrimination diagrams (e.g., SiO2-K2O/Na2O and Th-Sc-Zr/10) show that these rocks were deposited mainly in an active continental margin setting, and in various tectonic environments. This reflects probably the recycling effect experienced by the samples studied.

Mineralogic Characterization and Petroleum Potential of Clays (Shales) of the N’Kappa Formation (Paléocene-Eocene) in the Douala Sedimentary Sub-basin (South-West Cameroon)

The aim of this research work was to report a facies analysis of the N’Kappa formation, identified the clay minerals present in those facies and evaluate their oil potential. For that to be done, Lithostratigraphic descriptions were performed on three natural outcrops chosen in three different localities of the northern border of Douala sedimentary basin. Ten shaly samples were then collected on those outcrops and submit to X ray diffraction and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Lithologically, the N’Kappa formation is made up of dark to grey shales and fine to coarse sandtones. The mineralogic content of the shales is made up of Kaolinite, dickite, low quartz and vaterite. Those shaly facies present high amount of immature organic matter (average TOC content around 2%). The petroleum potential is fair to poor (average S2 for all the samples around 3.33 mg HC/g of rock) though some samples (M1 and M2) presenting a good petroleum potential up to 6.62 kg HC/t of rock and 6.44 kg HC/t of rock respectively. They have undergone a low degree of diagenesis (early to burying diagenesis). This is evidenced by the predominance of kaolinite and dickite, low quartz and vaterite which are minerals stable at low temperature.

Discovery and Significance of the Wusunshan Early Carboniferous NbEnriched Arc Basalts in the Yining Block,West Tianshan

Nb-enriched arc basalts,an extremely special rock type,were formed in a specific tectonic setting,which have attracted much attention in recent years.Although Nbenriched basalts in the Yining Block were interpreted as arc-affinity basalts,some geologists suggested that they should be Nb-enriched continental basalts and not arcrelated.Recently,the Nb-enriched arc basalts have been first identified from the Dahalajunshan Formation in southern Wusunshan,Yining.

Thermal structure about southwest sub-basin of South China Sea

There are some factors, such as the topographic relief, sedimentary thickness and thermal conductivity, magmatic activity and thermal cooling, influencing the seafloor heat flow and the evolution of lithosphere structure in southwest sub-basin （SWSB）, South China Sea. On the base of the geological structure characteristic of SWSB this paper will discuss some other factors including thermal anomaly area, dike produced by magma intrusion and lithosphere relief, by modeling and calculating. Calculating results indicate partial areas where temperature is higher than vicinity in the lithosphere, which we call thermal anomaly here containing thermal anomaly area and dike in this paper, could decrease heat flow below, increase above, and gradually increase to two sides; heat flow in upwelling parts of lithosphere is usually higher than sinking parts, and in the middle is of a gradual transition.